荧光原位杂交技术在遗传病诊断中的应用

目的探讨荧光原位杂交(fluorescenceinsituhybridization,FISH)技术在遗传病和产前诊断中的应用价值。方法应用着丝粒探针、特异性序列探针及染色体涂染探针等对36例常规核型分析疑有染色体异常患者的外周血和45例进行产前诊断的孕妇羊水间期细胞或中期分裂相进行FISH检测。结果检出的染色体异常类型有45,X、45,X/46,XX、45,X/46,Xr(X)、46,X,i(Xq)、47,XXY、46,XX,t(4;7)、47,XYY、47,XXX、47,XXY,inv(7)、46,XY,inv(7)、47,XX, 21,同时产前诊断出两例异常胎儿,分别是47,XX, 18和46,XY,der(15)t(Y;15)。结论FISH技术可以准确、快速地诊断各种染色体异常,是传统细胞遗传学的必要补充,可广泛用于遗传病诊断及产前诊断。     

性腺发育不全患者荧光原位杂交和BAC-FISH的诊断

目的 探讨荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)和BAC-FISH(bacterial artificial Chromosonle-FISH)在性腺发育不全患者临床医学遗传学诊断中的应用.方法 对5例临床检查诊断为性腺发育不全患者进行染色体荧光Q显带、G显带核型分析、FISH和BAC-FISH等分子-细胞遗传学检查诊断.结果 5例性腺发育不全患者中2例为46,XY核型的单纯性性腺发育不全,另外3例分别为45,X/47,XXX;45,X/46,XY或45,X/46,X,der(Y)嵌合体核型的混合性性腺发育不全.结论 性染色体的异常是导致患者性腺发育不全的原因,结合应用FISH和BAC-FISH等分子-细胞检测技术可为性腺发育不全患者的临床诊断和治疗提供准确的医学遗传学依据.     

羊水细胞荧光原位杂交技术及染色体核型分析在特纳综合征中的应用

目的探讨羊水细胞荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术与染色体核型分析联合检测特纳(Turner)综合征,并结合产前超声筛查结果,评价FISH技术在产前诊断中的应用价值。方法对2010年1月至2012年12月来院产前遗传学诊断6455例孕妇,抽取羊水体外细胞培养后用常规G显带技术染色体核型分析为Turner综合征5例,正常对照2例,同时用FISH检测间期细胞13、18、21及X\Y的染色体数目。结果 Turner综合征5例中2例为染色体核型及FISH检测45,X,超声筛查结果异常;3例为染色体核型46,X,i(X)(q10),FISH检测正常,超声筛查结果异常;2例为染色体核型46,XX,FISH检测正常,超声筛查结果未见明显异常。结论 (1)FISH技术应用于产前诊断较常规核型分析方法有效缩短报告时间,但在Turner综合征染色体结构异常的患者,单纯使用FISH将发生漏诊。(2)FISH检测不能完全替代常规染色体核型分析,必须同时行羊水细胞染色体核型分析。     

用间期细胞FISH技术快速分析性腺发育不全患者的性染色体数目异常

目的探索用间期细胞FISH快速分析男性性腺发育不全患者染色体数目异常的方法.方法应用生物素和地高辛分别标记X染色体特异性人工细菌染色体(BAC)DNA以及Yq12区域重复序稽pY3.4 DNA,对15例男性性腺发育不全患者外周血淋巴细胞间期核进行双色荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析.结果淋巴细胞间期核FISH和常规染色体分析结果一致,可发现47,XXY、46,XX和46,XY/47,XXY嵌合体等.结论间期双色FISH可以快速分析男性性腺发育不全患者的性染色体数目异常,为临床诊断提供依据.     

18例闭经患者的分子-细胞遗传学研究

目的探讨荧光原位杂交（fluorescencein situhybridization,FISH）和高分辨比较基因组杂交（highresolution-comparative genomic hybridization,HR-CGH）技术在闭经研究中的应用价值。方法17例原发闭经和1例继发闭经患者经常规妇科检查、B超及内分泌功能检查后,应用染色体核型分析,部分染色体异常患者采用FISH和HR-CGH技术相结合的分子-细胞遗传学检查诊断结果,并对其临床症状及发病机制进行了探讨。结果17例原发闭经患者中,7例为46,XX的正常女性核型;10例携带有异常染色体核型,所占比例为58.8%,其中3例为46,XY的女性患者,2例为45,X及45,X/46,XX的Turner＇s患者;其余5例均为携带有X染色体结构异常,包括X染色体部分单体、X等臂染色体和X/Y嵌合体等异常核型患者;1例继发性闭经患者为X染色体与常染色体易位的异常核型。结论应用FISH和HR-CGH技术与高分辨染色体显带技术,精确诊断患者的染色体核型,可为临床的诊断和治疗提供医学遗传学依据。     

Xp11.22等臂双着丝粒型Turner综合征2例的产前诊断及遗传学分析

目的探讨Turner综合征(TS)中Xp11.22等臂双着丝粒结构异常的遗传学特征。方法选取分别于2020年10月与2020年6月就诊于成都市妇女儿童中心医院的2例孕妇及其疑似性染色体异常或超声结果提示异常的胎儿为研究对象。收集2例孕妇的羊水样品进行G显带染色体核型分析、染色体微阵列(CMA)及荧光原位杂交(FISH)检测, 并进行遗传学诊断。结果胎儿1的染色体核型均为45, X[47]/46, X, psu idic(X)(p11.2)[53], 胎儿2染色体核型为46, X, psu idic(X)(p11.2)。CMA结果提示2例胎儿均存在Xp22.33p11.22区域缺失及p11.22q28区域重复。FISH结果提示2例胎儿的着丝粒位于1条等臂X染色体上。结论染色体核型分析、FISH和CMA联合检测诊断出2例Turner综合征胎儿, 对染色体复杂结构异常的诊断具有一定辅助作用。高分辨率CMA可以精确定位染色体断裂重排位点, 对断裂重排机制研究可提供依据。     

新疆地区荧光原位杂交产前诊断非整倍体的应用价值

目的探讨荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术产前诊断常见染色体非整倍体的应用价值。方法采用21、18、13、和Y染色体特异性DNA探针对96例孕18～23周孕妇的未培养羊水细胞进行FISH检测,同时行羊水细胞染色体核型分析。结果 FISH检测98例成功96例（97.9%）,其中染色体数目正常93例（48例为46,XX;45例为46,XY）染色体数目异常3例（2例47,XX,＋21;1例47,XX＋18）。FISH诊断结果与核型分析结果一致,染色体数目异常的3例与传统核型分析结果完全一致。结论 FISH技术用于产前诊断常见染色体非整倍体,具有简便、快速、特异性强敏感性高、所用样本量少等优点。     

应用荧光原位杂交诊断性染色体异常和绒毛细胞的产前诊断

本文应用近年发展起来的荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,对非整倍体染色体45,XX、47,XXX、47,XXY、47,XYY等性染色体异常以生物素标记的X着线粒探针和Y长臀探针进行检测,同时与正常46,XX和46,XY核型作对照,并对两例绒毛细胞作了产前性别诊断,都取得了良好的诊断效果。与常规的诊断有快速、准确、特异等优点。诊断非整倍体性染色体异常和绒毛细胞的产前性别诊断技术性能可靠。为临床多种材料的FISH技术检测打下了基础。     

用荧光原位杂交和核型分析技术对200例羊水标本的产前诊断

目的探讨荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术和羊水细胞培养、核型分析技术在产前诊断胎儿染色体数目和结构异常中的价值。方法对200例孕18-23w、有产前诊断指征者,在B超引导下经腹抽取羊水后,一部分羊水应用13、18、21及X、Y染色体探针,对未培养的羊水间期细胞进行荧光原位杂交检测(FISH)。另一部分羊水进行细胞培养,进行染色体核型分析。结果 200例产前诊断者中,经FISH检测,羊水间期细胞染色体数目正常者189例,染色体数目异常者11例(其中7例47,XN,+21,1例47,XX,+18,2例45,X,1例47,XXY),此11例经引产后取脐血,经核型分析证实。进行细胞培养的标本中有2例培养失败,再次抽取羊水后培养成功。异常12例,其中数目异常11例,结构异常1例(新发罗氏易位),多态性9例。结论 FISH可以快速、准确的诊断胎儿染色体数目异常,核型分析可以全面的诊断胎儿染色体数目和结构异常,产前诊断中应将两者结合运用。     

外周血性染色体异常患者精子染色体分析及植入前遗传学诊断

目的探讨外周血性染色体异常患者的精子染色体组成，评估其胚胎性染色体异常的风险，为胚胎植入前遗传学诊断（preimplantation genetic diagnosis，PGD）的应用提供客观依据。方法应用三色荧光原位杂交技术fluorescence in situ hybridization，FISH）对3例性染色体异常的患者（例1为46，XY／47，XXY，例2为45，XO／46，X，Yqh-，例3为47，XYY）进行精子X、Y和18号染色体分析，并对例2进行PGD。结果例2的X18：Y18精子的比例为2．05：1，总异常精子比例达29．71％，其中XY18、O18和XO均明显高于其它组。例3总异常精子比例占4．91％，XY18占1．87％。对例2进行PGD，移植1个XX1818胚胎。结论通过FISH检测性染色体异常患者的精子，有助于评估其胚胎性染色体异常的风险，从而选择性应用胚胎植入前遗传学诊断。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.