儿童创伤性胸主动脉假性动脉瘤一例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨创伤导致的儿童胸腹主动脉损伤的诊疗方法,以增加大家对这种临床罕见病的认识.方法 报道1例4岁女孩的创伤性胸主动脉瘤的诊断及治疗,并通过PubMed检索Medline数据库、检索Springer Link和Google Scholar等检索平台、及Embase、Ovid、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)、万方和维普数据库,对儿童创伤性胸腹主动脉损伤的中英文文献进行系统性的综述.结果 一共43例年龄在14岁以下的创伤性胸腹主动脉损伤的患儿纳入本研究.交通伤26例是最常见的致伤机制.7例(16.3％)患儿伤后未及时诊断或初诊时漏诊.6例患儿随访中存在不同程度的后遗症.主动脉损伤以假性动脉瘤(20例)最常见,其次为内膜剥离(7例)及主动脉夹层(7例).27例患儿行开放主动脉修复术,7例行血管内治疗,7例患儿保守治疗,2例患儿行急诊手术,并在围手术期死亡.结论 血流动力学不稳或主动脉完全破裂的患儿需要急诊手术.而主动脉内膜环形剥离患儿发生并发症的可能性较高,需要限期手术.没有明显症状的内膜部分剥离或是迟发型假性动脉瘤的患儿可以保守治疗,但需要密切观察,如果假性动脉瘤进展,则需要手术.     

Incidence and mortality of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in children: A ten year population-based cohort study in Norway

ObjectiveIn this study we wanted to estimate population-based rates of incidence and mortality of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children in one specific region in Norway.MethodsIn the region there are seven acute care hospitals (ACHs) in addition to a Level 1 trauma centre. Of 702 869 inhabitants (2014), 145 395 were children aged 0–16 years. Data were collected during ten years (2004–2014). All children aged 0–16 years with moderate (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 9–13) or severe (GCS score ≤ 8) TBI admitted to the Level 1 trauma centre were prospectively included. Children treated outside the Level 1 trauma centre were retrospectively included from the ACHs. Children who died from TBI prehospitally were included from the National Cause of Death Registry. Poisson regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (with a 95% confidence interval) comparing age, sex, and time periods.ResultsA total of 71 children with moderate or severe TBI were identified. Crude incidence rates were 2·4 (95% CI 1·7–3·3) for moderate and 2·5 (95% CI 1·8–3·4) for severe TBI per 100 000 person-years (py). Mortality rate from TBI was 1·2 (95% CI 0·7–1·9) per 100 000 py, and 88% were prehospital deaths.ConclusionThe incidence rates and mortality of moderate and severe TBI were low compared to international reports. Most likely explained by successful national prevention of TBI.     

儿童脾脓肿1 例报告及文献复习

目的总结儿童脓毒症并发脾脓肿的临床特点及治疗。方法回顾分析1例脓毒症并发脾脓肿患儿的临床资料,检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed中的相关文献并进行总结分析。结果男性患儿,11月龄,以反复发热为主要表现。血培养示屎肠球菌感染,抗感染治疗效果不理想。腹部超声及磁共振成像示脾脏多发脓肿。经超声引导下脓肿抽液后患儿仍发热,最终行脾脓肿切除术。手术1周后患儿体温恢复正常。共检索到国内外相关文献15篇,共59例儿童脓毒症并发脾脓肿病例。临床主要表现为发热、咳嗽、腹痛或腹胀,4例有基础疾病;其中血培养阳性12例,4例为球菌阳性,8例为杆菌阳性。59例患儿均接受抗感染治疗,2例同时行抗结核治疗,1例行脾穿刺,5例行脾切除术。55例患儿预后良好,2例好转,2例病情反复。结论儿童脓毒症并发脾脓肿以发热为主要表现,部分患儿有基础疾病,以足量、足疗程抗感染治疗为主,必要时需行脾脓肿切除术。     

Lawnmower injuries in children: a 10-year experience

Approximately 77,800 annual lawnmower-related injuries are treated in the USA, with 9,300 involving children. This work reviews the literature and reports our 10-year experience with lawnmower injuries. We retrospectively reviewed patients with lawnmower injuries admitted to the Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo from 1995 to 2005 and reviewed the literature. Sixteen patients with mower-related injuries were admitted to our institution, with three due to walk-behind mowers and 13 due to riding mowers. The mean age was 7.5 years. Riding mower injuries had a higher average injury severity score (14.3 vs. 9) and a longer average length of hospital stay (15 vs. 2 days). All of the walk-behind mower injuries were extremity injuries, with two requiring amputations. Eleven of the riding mower injuries had extremity injuries alone, one had isolated torso injuries, and one had both extremity and torso injuries. Three required amputations, and the two patients with torso injuries required extensive surgical reconstructions. Pediatric lawnmower injuries, particularly due to riding mowers, are a highly preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. Increased public safety awareness and further manufacturer safety modifications should be strongly encouraged in order to limit this cause of pediatric trauma.     

Candida species bloodstream infections in hospitalised children: A 10‐year experience

In a 10‐year retrospective study we assessed the epidemiology of candidemia and the association between the presence and removal of indwelling central venous catheters, antifungal use and clinical outcomes among hospitalised children. Demographic and clinical information were retrieved from the electronic medical records. One hundred six episodes of candidemia were identified in 83 unique patients. Candida parapsilosis was the most prevalent (52%) species, followed by C. albicans (25%). Non‐oncologic children receiving fluconazole within 30 days of developing candidemia were most likely to develop C. parapsilosis infection (40%, P = 0.006), independent of total parenteral nutrition (odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6–11, P = 0.3). Crude mortality rate was 12% and significantly higher for children less than 2 years (OR: 6.7, 95% CI: 1.9–23, P = 0.003), and those infected with C. lusitaniae (OR: 9, 95% CI: 1.6–51, P = 0.02). The aggregate use of antifungal agents decreased overtime (χ²: 16.7, P < 0.0001). Fluconazole remained the most common antifungal agent used during the study.     

Current management of liver and splenic blunt trauma in children

Thirty-nine children with blunt liver and/or splenic injury were treated in our department from 1979 to 1987; 23 had a splenic injury, 10 a hepatic injury, and the remaining 6 had both. The diagnosis was suggested by the history and physical examination and was confirmed by CT and radioisotope scanning. Every hemodynamically stable patient was initially managed non-operatively. The children who failed to respond to conservative treatment and had unstable vital signs indicating intractable hemorrhage were eventually operated upon. Every effort was made to preserve the liver and spleen during the operation. Liver repair, splenorraphy alone or in combination with splenic artery ligation, and autotransplantation of splenic tissue were widely used procedures. Sixteen patients were successfully managed nonoperatively, but the remaining 23 required surgery. Only 5 children became completely asplenic and no liver lobe resection was performed. It is suggested that conservative management of children with liver and/or splenic injury is both safe and effective. When surgical intervention is inevitable great effort should be made to preserve liver and spleen.Presented at the XII International Congress of Greek Association of Paediatric Surgeons in Rhodes, 1987 Offprint requests to: G. Tryfonas     

Partial Splenic Embolization in Hypersplenism

ABSTRACT. Four patients with portal hypertension, oesophageal varices and severe hypersplenism were treated by partial splenic embolization. All showed improvement of blood and platelet counts early in the postoperative period. Three months after embolization IgA and C₃ levels increased significantly. All patients had a decrease in the incidence of variceai bleeding and this procedure provides an acceptable alternative to splenectomy.     

Splenic abscess caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus

A case of a pyoderma complicated with splenic abscess and bacteraemia caused by group A streptococcus was treated successfully with antibiotics alone for 4 weeks. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of splenic abscess associated with group A streptococcal bacteraemia. Advances in antibiotic therapy and imaging techniques have improved the management and outcomes of splenic abscesses. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of splenic abscess after a pyoderma or a sepsis-like episode. CONCLUSION: Splenic abscesses can be diagnosed by serial ultrasound or CT scan examinations and should be treated with antibiotics for 4-6 weeks.     

Evolution of non-operative management for blunt splenic trauma in children

Until the late 1960s, splenectomy was routinely performed in children who had sustained blunt splenic injury. There was based on the ability to perform splenectomy without obvious consequence; the cited 90-100% mortality for splenic trauma and the possibility of delayed rupture of the spleen. In contrast, contemporary findings in immunology and surgery demonstrated that non-operative management was not only feasible but desirable in view of the potential for overwhelming post-plenectomy infection. The history of universal splenectomy following blunt splenic trauma has been reviewed and we outline the findings that have resulted in the current standard of non-operative management following blunt splenic trauma.     

Congenital para esophageal hernia: A 10 year experience from Saudi Arabia

Objective  Para esophageal hiatal hernia is a rare childhood condition and reported series have had scant number of children which makes diagnosis a challenge. The authors sought to study the presentation and the outcome of treatment of congenital para esophageal hernias (CPEH) over a period of 10 years from a single tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Methods  The records of 9 patients presenting between 1997 and 2007, were retrospectively analyzed for demographics, presenting features, referral diagnoses, investigations, management including operative procedures, their outcome and follow-up. Results  Nine patients (3 males and 6 females) aged between 8 days to 34 months were seen. Respiratory distress (n=6), vomiting (n=5) and frequent respiratory tract infections (n=3) were the most common presentations. Cyanosis (n=2), cough and excessive crying were the other important symptoms. The referral diagnoses in these patients included congenital Bochdalek’s hernias, lung abscess, bronchogenic cyst, pneumatocoele, bronchiolitis, and pneumonias which reflected a misinterpretation of their clinical findings and chest X-rays. Seven of these patients had other associated congenital anomalies. Three had cardiovascular abnormalities and 2 had lesions of the central nervous system. A pair of siblings had Marfan’s syndrome. All the patients had abnormal chest C-rays and an UGS (upper GI series) proved to be diagnostic in 8 patients. The CT scans done in 4 patients corroborated the findings of the UGS. A laparotomy was done on most patients (n=8) which comprised of reduction of the stomach, resection of the hernial sac, tightening of the hiatus and a gastropexy or a gastrostomy. One patient, who underwent thoracotomy died of surgical complications. Two others died of causes unrelated to the surgery. The remaining six operated patients have been followed up for a median of 3.5 years and are doing well. Conclusion  CPEH is uncommon in children, presented with respiratory tract symptoms and vomiting, and may be associated with Martan’s syndrome. It should be considered in the workup of a child with vomiting or frequent chest infections. Abnormal chest X-rays may indicate the diagnosis and a subsequent UGS, is confirmatory. The present study found the aparotomya good approach for repair of the wide hiatus. A gastropexy and a floppy fundoplication were added to prevent reherniation and post operative reflux though given the small numbers it is not possible to determine the place of either of these procedures. CPEH may be frequently associated with other congenital problems which may impact survival.     

Child booster seats and lethal seat belt injury

A 7-year-old boy travelling in the rear seat of a sedan car was wearing a lap-shoulder seat belt and sitting on a booster seat. Following a collision the boy 'submarined' under the seat belt sustaining trauma to the anterior aspect of his neck, cardiac arrest and subsequent death from hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. This case demonstrates a potential problem with unsecured older-style booster seats. Movement of a seat in a collision may cause a child to slip under a seat belt and sustain significant neck injuries. Seatbelts for children must be correctly fitted, booster seats or capsules must be securely fastened and manufacturer's recommendations for size and weight limits should be followed. Unfortunately older booster seats may not have attached instructions for installation and use, may not fit later model vehicles, may not conform to current safety recommendations and may have worn webbing. For these reasons their use should be discouraged.     

Gaucher Disease: Treatment of Hypersplenism with Splenic Embolization

ABSTRACT. Hypersplenism is a frequent complication of Gaucher disease requiring splenectomy. A patient with Gaucher disease and severe hypersplenism was treated with partial splenic embolization to avoid the increased risk of serious infectious complications and deterioration of the disease associated with splenectomy. A first embolization (25% ablation) was performed at 4 years. Because of persisting abdominal discomfort, failure to thrive and signs of hypersplenism a second embolization (40–50% ablation) was performed 18 months later. Subsequently, the patient's health improved remarkably and 4 years later he achieved normal growth, maintains normal haematologic parameters, is free of symptoms and has no skeletal abnormalities. No serious infections have occurred. The size of the liver and the spleen has not changed appreciably. It appears that partial splenic embolization may be preferable to splenectomy in patients with Gaucher disease, especially in those of young age.