急性心源性肺水肿机械通气患者呼气末正压设定的临床研究

目的探讨急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)时不同呼气末正压(PEEP)水平对血流动力学与肺参数的影响。方法39例呼吸衰竭机械通气患者根据心排血指数(CI)分为两组。观察心功能正常组(n=18,CI≥2.0L·min-1·m-2)与心功能低下组(n=21,CI<2.0L·min-1·m-2)在双水平气道正压通气(BIPAP)模式下不同PEEP水平对血流动力学〔心排血量(CO)、CI、肺毛细血管血流(PCBF)、中心静脉压(CVP)、外周血管阻力(SVR)〕、肺参数〔内源性呼气末正压(PEEPi)、气道峰压(Ppeak)、平均气道压(Pmean)、每分通气量(MV)、肺泡通气量(Vtalv)〕及经皮血氧饱和度(SpO2)、血压(BP)、心率(HR)等的变化。结果心功能正常组PEEP在0～13cmH2O(1cmH2O=0.098kPa)对血流动力学无明显影响,肺参数中Ppeak、PEEPi随着PEEP增高而相应增高,气道阻力(R)下降;心功能低下组随着PEEP变化SVR、CO、CI呈曲线性变化,以PEEP0～7cmH2O时CO、CI值较高而SVR较低,10～13cmH2OCO、CI值较低而SVR较高,对肺参数影响以PEEP5～7cmH2O时PEEPi较小。结论ACPE患者机械通气调节应结合血流动力学变化并兼顾肺机械参数变化,PEEP使用具有明显个体化倾向,以PEEP5～7cmH2O(一般<10cmH2O)为宜。     

胸腔阻抗法血流动力学监护系统在ICU的应用对病人费用和预后的影响

目的:探讨在ICU危重病人应用胸腔阻抗法无创血流动力学监护系统所测心功能结果与超声心动图结果的相关性,评估其早期揭示循环功能不良和在早期高危病人复苏治疗中的指导作用,以及早期应用对病人费用和预后的影响。方法:2005年10月至2006年7月入住我科、ICU住院时间24h以上以及APACHEⅡ评分区间相似的60例ICU危重病人,40例(APACHEⅡ评分26.3±6.6)常规监护,20例(APACHEⅡ评分25.5±5.8)入ICU后加用胸腔阻抗法无创血流动力学监护系统持续监测并在期间行超声心动图,将两种心功能方法所得结果进行相关性比较;最后比较两组病人的费用和预后。结果:无创血流动力学监护系统所获得的左室射血分数(LVEF)、心输出量(CO)和心脏指数(CI)值与彩色超声心动图所获得的值接近,LVEF的相关性为0.85,CO的相关性为0.75,CI的相关性为0.76,CI的偏差和精确度为(0.78±0.48)L/(min·m2)。常规组与无创血流动力学监护系统持续监测组的ICU人均日费用分别为(5095±2626)元和(3701±2045)元,差异有显著性(P<0.05);两组病死率分别为25%和20%,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:在ICU危重病人早期应用胸腔阻抗法无创血流动力学监护系统与彩色超声心动图对心功能的评估有良好的相关性,为早期复苏治疗提供直观、可靠、连续性的依据,对预防由于长时间组织低血流量和低灌注所致的休克、器官衰竭和一系列并发症有一定的指导作用,使ICU危重病人的治疗管理更科学合理,可能有利于降低病人的费用,对其可否改善病人预后有待进一步观察。     

急性心源性肺水肿机械通气治疗效果及对血流动力学的影响

目的研究急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)机械通气治疗方法,比较持续气道正压成比例压力支持(CPAPPPS)、持续气道正压压力支持通气(CPAPPSV)两种模式对血流动力学的影响。方法77例ACPE患者进行无创、有创机械通气治疗,对其中机械通气时间超过24h的61例患者在有创机械通气开始与低辅助通气时用部分CO2重复呼吸法(无创心排血量,NICO)监测血流动力学变化,在药物干预下,对照研究两种模式下血流动力学变化。结果61例ACPE患者中33例行无创机械通气,成功24例(72.7%),33例有创机械通气(5例为无创转为有创机械通气),11例失败。控制通气应用双水平气道正压/压力支持通气(BIPAP/PSV),高水平压力(Phigh)16～24cmH2O(1cmH2O=0.098kPa),高水平压力时间(Thigh)1.5s,呼气末正压(PEEP)6～15cmH2O,吸入氧浓度(FiO2)0.5;有创机械通气撤机成功患者心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI)较有创机械通气撤机失败患者明显改善,低辅助通气采用PPS模式患者的CO和CI较采用PSV模式患者改善更明显(P均<0.001),有创机械通气撤机失败患者在药物干预下仍CI<1.5L·min-1·m-2。结论对ACPE患者应在血流动力学监测下进行药物干预及无创/有创机械通气治疗,宜采用压力控制模式,个体化调节PEEP,一般6～15cmH2O,依据临床情况尽快过渡到自主通气模式,对撤机困难者可应用CPAPPPS模式。     

两种复苏措施对犬海水浸泡弹烧复合伤血流动力学的影响

目的 比较标准Parkland公式复苏与改良液体复苏对弹烧复合伤后海水浸泡犬血流动力学的 影响,为早期救治提供理论依据。方法 海水浸泡弹烧复合伤模型犬20只随机分为海水浸泡弹烧复合伤组 (浸泡组,n=8)、标准Parkland公式复苏组(标准组,n=6)与改良液体复苏组(改良组,n=6),动态监测伤前 及伤后4、7、10、20和28 h共6个时间点的中心体温、尿量、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、平均肺动脉压 (MPAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、心脏指数(CI)的变化,计算每搏输出指数(SVI)、外 周循环阻力指数(SVRI)、肺循环阻力指数(PVRI)、左室每搏功输出指数(LVSWI)和右室每搏功输出指数 (RVSWI),并观察动物死亡率。结果 采用标准Parkland公式复苏,血流动力学、中心体温、尿量均有明显改 善,但复苏早期(伤后7 h)CVP偏高,达(14.7±3.1)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa);实验后期血流动力学稳 定性较差;尿量在伤后7 h偏多,达(2.38±0.18)ml·h-1·kg-1。改良组血流动力学指标改善明显优于标准 组,不仅纠正了标准组复苏早期容量超载的风险,而且在实验后期。血流动力学较标准组更稳定。改良组动物 在观察期内全部存活.而浸泡组死亡4只,标准组死亡1只。结论 改良液体复苏较Parkland公式复苏更适 合于弹烧复合伤后海水浸泡     

高血压患者的血流动力学变化临床分析

高血压是一种常见的、多发的心血管疾病。高血压归根结底是血流动力学的异常 ,其实质上是心输出量、外周阻力、血容量等血流动力学参数的异常。本研究采用美国Cardiodynamics公司生产的无创血流动力学监护系统观察了高血压患者的血流动力学变化 ,并对其特征加以临床分析。1　资料与方法1.1　对象　①高血压组 :共 10 6例 ,男 6 2例 ,女 4 4例 ,年龄4 3～ 72岁 ,平均 (5 0± 2 )岁。按照 1999年JNCⅥ制定的标准 ,即收缩压 (SBP)≥ 14 0mmHg(1mmHg =0 .133kPa) ,和(或 )舒张压 (DBP)≥ 90mmHg ,确诊为高血压。按高血压的严重程度的分级…     

无创氧动力学监测在ICU危重病人早期氧复苏治疗中的作用

目的　观察ICU危重病人早期的氧动力学变化特点,探讨无创氧动力学监测在ICU危重病人早期氧复苏治疗中的作用。方法　应用美国Novametric公司的经皮氧监测仪对ICU危重病人在入ICU后立即进行连续动态经皮氧(PtcO2 )监测,并同时在入ICU后(0、1、2、3、4h)抽取动脉血测PaO2 和监测SaO2 ,观察PtcO2 /FiO2 、PaO2 /FiO2 的变化趋势。结果　6 2例病人中,存活5 4例,死亡8例,死亡率为12 .90 %。存活组与死亡组的PtcO2 /FiO2 、PaO2 /FiO2 的变化为2 94 .7±70 . 4 6、98. 6±18. 97和2 83 .15±6. 3 7、10 1. 32±4 1 .85 (P <0 . 0 5 )。结论　无创氧动力学监测在危重病人早期的氧复苏治疗中安全有效,动态监测对危重病人的早期氧复苏治疗有明显的指导作用,并且为迅速纠正氧代谢紊乱提供科学的依据。早期使用无创氧动力学监测和合理应用监测值指导临床治疗能明显降低早期危重病人的死亡率。     

脓毒症液体过负荷与急性肾损伤

脓毒症在重症监护病房(ICU)较为常见,早期充足的液体复苏是脓毒症和脓毒性休克血流动力学支持的核心,有助于纠正早期低血容量和最大限度地减少组织低灌注,特别是在血流动力学不稳定的患者中.虽然脓毒性休克患者早期静脉补液至少给予30?mL/kg这一观点还缺乏证据支持,但多数观察性研究将此作为早期容量复苏的常规治疗剂量.在容量...     

1，6二磷酸果糖治疗心肌梗死后心力衰竭的临床观察

采用 1,6二磷酸果糖 (FDP)治疗心肌梗死 (心梗 )后心力衰竭 (心衰 )疗效满意 ,报告如下。1　病例与方法1.1　病例 :80例心梗患者 ,心衰均为 ～ 级 (NYHA标准 )。其中男 47例 ,女32例 ;年龄 2 2～ 78岁 ,平均 40岁 ;原发病 :前壁梗死 43例 ,前间壁梗死 2 1例 ,下壁梗死 16例。表 1　 80例患者 FDP治疗前后心功能参数变化 (x± s)EF SV(ml) CO(L/min) CI(L·m in- 1·m- 2 ) E/A治疗前 0 .2 3± 0 .17　 3 7.0± 4.0 　 3 .2 9± 0 .78　 1.89± 0 .5 4　 0 .90± 0 .5 1　治疗后 0 .42± 0 .13 * 62 .1± 9.1* 4.66± 1.14 * 3 .1…     

经颅彩色多普勒测定大脑中动脉血流量的应用

目的　探讨多普勒超声无创性定量检测脑血流量 (CBFV)的应用价值。方法　采用多普勒超声联合磁共振血管成像 (MRA)技术对 78例正常人 (A组 )和 49例脑血管病患者 (B组 )的大脑中动脉(MCA)进行CBFV测量 ,并与133Xe吸入法测定结果比较。采用经颅多普勒超声 (TCD)和彩色多普勒能量图 (CDE)技术测量平均血流速度 (Vm) ,以CDE和MRA测量血管面积 ,CBFV (ml/min) =(D/ 2 ) 2 ·π·Vm·6 0。结果　TCD和CDE测量的Vm 均数间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,前者明显低估CDE测值 ;CDE测量的血流束内径与MRA的血管面积测值在A、B两组高度相关 (r =0 .93 ,0 .90 ) ;CDE测量的CBFV在A组中右侧 (5 0 8.7± 71.7)ml/min ,左侧 (5 2 6 .6± 73 .2 )ml/min ;B组为 (4 4 7.1± 96 .7)ml/min ;TCD MRA、TCD CDE、CDE MRA和CDE 4种技术测量CBFV的指标中 ,后二者与133Xe吸入法的相关最佳(r =0 .89,0 .88,P <0 .0 1)。B组中CBFV在不同流速中的测值与133Xe吸入法测定结果高度相关 (r =0 .86～ 0 .89,P <0 .0 1)。结论　采用CDE和TCD联合MRA技术是一种可靠的非侵入性测定CBFV的方法 ,可以反映脑梗死患者的脑血流动力学变化及血管病变的程度     

搏动性导管泵在绵羊心脏复苏中的应用

目的探讨搏动性导管(pulsatile catheter, PUCA)泵在心脏复苏中的应用,为临床抢救心跳骤停的患者提供一种新的思路.方法健康绵羊11只,致室颤心脏停跳行心脏复苏,根据有无PUCA泵辅助及辅助是否及时分三组无辅助(n=3)、延迟辅助(n=2)和即时辅助(n=6),记录并比较3组复苏所持续时间和成败率.分别于复苏后5 min、60 min和180 min监测并记录血流动力学参数.结果无辅助、延迟辅助和即时辅助复苏持续时间分别为(38.3±5.8) min、(43.5±9.2) min和(48.7±23.8) min,3组比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05);3组成败比分别为0/3、0/2和5/1,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).复苏成功的5只绵羊在支持期间血流动力学逐步恢复并趋向稳定,血压在辅助180 min与5 min相比有明显的统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论心跳骤停中,在PUCA泵即时辅助下行心脏复苏明显提高复苏成功率,并能恢复和稳定复苏动物的血流动力学;该结果可望拓展PUCA泵在临床上新的应用.     

Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of Critical Patients in the Emergency Department

Objective : To evaluate the feasibility of multicomponent noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring in critical emergency patients and to compare this technique with simultaneous invasive monitoring by the pulmonary artery thermodilution catheter.
Methods : A prospective observational study was done comparing invasive monitoring and noninvasive monitoring in 60 critically ill or injured patients who required hemodynamic monitoring shortly after entering the ED of a university-affiliated county hospital. Cardiac output (CO) values measured by the standard thennodilution pulmonary artery catheter technique were compared with simultaneously obtained measurements using a noninvasive bioimpedance method. Concurrent measurements were made of pulse oximetry to screen pulmonary function and transcutaneous oximetry to assess tissue perfusion.
Results : The impedance CO values closely approximated those for the thermodilution method; r 0.81, p < 0.001. Significant circulatory abnormalities, including hypotension, reduced cardiac index, arterial hemoglobin desaturation, tissue hypoxia, reduced O₂ delivery, and consumption, were found in 54 of the 60 (90%) patients. The cardiac index decreased in 44% of the patients, the transcutaneous O₂ decreased in 39%. and the O₂ saturation by pulse oximetry fell in 22% during the observation period in the ED (commonly lasting 2–8 hours).
Conclusions: Noninvasive monitoring can provide hemodynamic and perfusion information previously available only by invasive thermodilution catheters. Such noninvasive monitoring can display continuous on-line real-time data, allowing immediate recognition of circulatory abnormalities and providing a means to titrate therapy to appropriate therapeutic goals.     

Mathematical program for outcome prediction and therapeutic support for trauma beginning within 1 hr of admission: a preliminary report

OBJECTIVES: The aims were a) to noninvasively monitor acute emergency trauma patients beginning within 1 hr after admission to the emergency department; b) to prospectively predict outcome; and c) to evaluate the relative effectiveness of various modes of therapy. DESIGN: Prospective outcome prediction study using a mathematical search and display model based on noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring. SETTING: A level I trauma service in a large university-run inner-city public hospital. PATIENTS: We studied 185 consecutively noninvasively monitored emergency patients. INTERVENTIONS: We noninvasively monitored cardiac index, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulse oximetry, and transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions beginning within 1-hr after emergency admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The cardiac index, pulse oximetry, transcutaneous oxygen tension, transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension, and mean arterial blood pressure were higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors in the initial resuscitation period and at the hemodynamic nadir. Heart rate and transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension were higher in the nonsurvivors. The calculated survival probability in the first hour observation period of survivors averaged 85 +/- 14% vs. 69 +/- 16% for nonsurvivors (p = .0001). Misclassifications of the series as a whole were 11.3%; after excluding brain death from severe head injury, there were 6.4% misclassifications. A decision support system evaluated the effects of various therapies based on responses of patients with similar clinical-hemodynamic states. CONCLUSION: Noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring and an information system provided a feasible approach to predict outcome early and to evaluate prospectively the efficacy of various therapies.     

Autonomic activity in trauma patients based on variability of heart rate and respiratory rate

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity on the heart rate and other hemodynamic variables in acute emergency patients with mild to moderately severe trauma. DESIGN: Clinical study. SETTING: Level 1 university-run trauma service. PATIENTS: Fourteen trauma patients studied immediately after admission to the emergency department. INTERVENTIONS: We measured heart rate and respiratory rate variability by spectral analysis in the early period of mildly to moderately injured patients and compared the patterns of the low- (Lfa) and high-frequency (Hfa) areas of variability. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The Lfa is the area under the spectral analysis curve within the frequency range of 0.04-0.10 Hz. This area reflects primarily the tone of the sympathetic nervous system as mediated by the cardiac nerve. The respiratory area or Hfa is a 0.12 Hz-wide frequency range centered around the fundamental respiratory frequency defined by the peak mode of the respiratory power spectrum. It is indicative of vagal outflow reflecting parasympathetic nervous system activity. The Lfa/Hfa, or "L/R ratio," reflects the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The hemodynamic effects of bursts of autonomic activity in response to injury were explored by heart rate and respiratory rate variability measured with non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring consisting of bioimpedance cardiac output, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure to measure cardiac function and transcutaneous oxygen (PtcO2) to reflect tissue perfusion. During sudden surges of autonomic activity, we described increased heart rate variability reflecting increased Lfa and to a lesser degree to Hfa. Slightly later there was increased heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and cardiac index but decreased tissue perfusion indicated by the decreased PtcO2/FIO2 ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Surges in autonomic activity in the period immediately after emergency department admission of trauma patients were associated with pronounced increases in cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate and reduced tissue oxygenation.     

Non-invasive measurement of intrapulmonary shunt during inert gas rebreathing

We tested the agreement between non-invasive measurement of intrapulmonary shunt, using oxygen uptake and pulmonary capillary blood flow measurement obtained by nitrous oxide rebreathing, with that measured using mixed venous blood sampling. Nine patients were recruited pre- and post-cardiac surgery resulting in 20 sets of measurements overall. Mean shunt fraction was 12.5%, and bias between methods (+/-95% confidence limits) was -0.7% (+/-0.8%). The standard deviation of the difference was 1.7% with limits of agreement between the two methods of +2.6% and -3.9%. Correlation coefficient r was 0.90. Agreement with the invasive standard was less accurate and precise where cardiac output was measured by bolus thermodilution (mean bias +1.6%, standard deviation of the difference 2.2%, limits of agreement between the two methods of +5.8% and -2.8%, r = 0.86). Good agreement was demonstrated between the non-invasive method and the invasive reference standard.     

Base deficit development and its prognostic significance in posttrauma critical illness: an analysis by the trauma registry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für unfallchirurgie

This prospective, multi-center, observational study of 2069 multiple trauma patients evaluated the prognostic significance of the posttrauma base deficit (BD) on hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission to hemodynamic changes, volume and transfusion requirements, lactate and coagulation, as well as mortality. Furthermore, the importance of the BD development throughout a patient's course of critical illness from the time of injury to ICU admission is analyzed as a prognostic factor for fatal outcome. The data were obtained by the trauma registry of the 'Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie.' The patients were subdivided into five categories of increasing BD values on hospital and ICU admission: Category I, BD < or = -2; Category II, -2 < BD < or = 2; Category III, 2 < BD < or = 6; Category IV, 6 < BD < or = 10; and Category V, BD > 10. A statistical analysis was performed by means of the ANOVA and chi-square tests. In 1264 (61.1%) of 2069 multiple trauma patients (age 39 +/- 19 years, 70.0% males, injury severity score 22 +/- 13, 18.6% mortality), the BD was documented on hospital and in 1536 (74.2%) patients on ICU admission. At both points in time, an increase in the BD category was associated with a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and prothrombin time as well as increases in heart rate, lactate level and mortality (P < 0.0001). Also transfusion requirements (Category I: 4.5 +/- 7.7 and Category V: 13.7 +/- 13.0 packed red blood cells) increased significantly on hospital admission (P < 0.0001) with a worsening in the BD category. Mortality increased significantly (P < 0.0001) with a worsening of BD from hospital to ICU admission (from a mortality of 13% in patients with a hospital and an ICU admission BD of <6 to 45% in patients with a hospital and an ICU admission BD of >6). These data show that the base deficit is an early available important indicator to identify trauma patients with hemodynamic instability, high transfusion requirements, metabolic and coagulatory decompensation, as well as a high probability of death. The base deficit development may help to guide an early and aggressive therapy for the trauma/hemorrhage induced tissue hypoxia.     

Lack of agreement between bioimpedance and continuous thermodilution measurement of cardiac output in intensive care unit patients

BACKGROUND: Bolus thermodilution is the standard bedside method of cardiac output measurement in the intensive care unit (ICU). The Baxter Vigilance monitor uses a modified thermodilution pulmonary artery catheter with a thermal filament to give a continuous read-out of cardiac output. This has been shown to correlate very well with both the 'gold standard' dye dilution method and the bolus thermodilution method. Bioimpedance cardiography using the Bomed NCCOM 3 offers a noninvasive means of continuous cardiac output measurement and has been shown to correlate with the bolus thermodilution method. We investigated the agreement between the continuous bioimpedance and continuous thermodilution methods, enabling acquisition of a large number of simultaneous measurements. RESULTS: A total of 2390 paired data points from seven patients were collected. There was no correlation (r2 = 0.01) between the methods. The precision (1.16 l/min/m2) of agreement between the Vigilance and the Bomed, assessed by the Bland-Altam method, was very poor although the bias (-0.16 l/min/m2) appeared fair. CONCLUSIONS: The Bomed NCCOM 3 bioimpedance monitor shows poor agreement with the Baxter Vigilance continuous thermodilution monitor in a group of general ICU patients and cannot be recommended for cardiac output monitoring in this situation.     

Non-invasive Cardiac Output by Transthoracic Electrical Bioimpedence in Post-cardiac Surgery Patients: Comparison with Thermodilution Method

OBJECTIVE: Thoracic electrical bioimpedance (TEB) cardiac output (CO) is being explored increasingly as a non-invasive alternative to the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). This study compared TEB-CO measured using a new instrument - NICOMON (Larsen & Toubro Ltd. India) with thermodilution (Td) CO in post-cardiac surgery patients. METHODS: Postoperative cardiac surgical patients requiring a PAC for their management were studied. TEB-CO was measured by passing a 4 mA RMS alternating current across the chest and measuring the analog bioimpedence across the thorax. Kubicek equation was used to estimate TEB-CO. Td-CO was measured using a PAC. Bland-Altman analysis was used to compare paired data. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-seven pairs of CO measurements were made by the two methods among 35 patients. Mean TEB-CO was 5.15 +/- 1.27 l/min and mean Td-CO was 5.22 +/- 1.28 l/min. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) for these measurements was 0.856 (P < 0.01), with bias -0.0651 l and precision: +/-1.37 l/min. The percentage error of measurement of this precision was 26.44%. Cardiac index also correlated among the two methods (r = 0.789; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic electrical bioimpedance cardiac output compares favorably with thermodilution method among post-cardiac surgery patients. Further studies are indi- cated with this instrument to validate its efficacy in various clinical situations and utility in monitoring hemodynamic interventions.     

Endogenous vasopressin and copeptin response in multiple trauma patients

Endogenous arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels in multiple trauma patients are unknown. Arginine vasopressin is considered to play an important role in severe hemorrhage. In this prospective study, 87 multiple trauma patients (Injury Severity Score >15) and 50 healthy volunteers were enrolled. On admission to the emergency department (ED), demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were documented, and blood was sampled for determination of AVP (radioimmunosassay) and copeptin, a stable fragment of the AVP precursor (immunoluminometric assay). In patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) therapy, blood and data sampling were repeated at 4, 6, and 24 h after ED admission. Linear logistic and mixed-effects regression analyses were used for statistical analysis. On ED admission, AVP plasma concentrations (43.2 +/- 84.9 pM) were significantly increased when compared with controls (0.92 +/- 0.44 pM, P < 0.001). Plethysmographic oxygen saturation was the only parameter independently associated with AVP (regression coefficient, -0.126; 95% confidence interval, -0.237 to -0.014; P = 0.03). No correlation was observed between AVP and survival (P = 0.62), hemodynamic variables (systolic arterial pressure, P = 0.24; MAP, P = 0.59; diastolic arterial pressure, P = 0.74; central venous pressure, P = 0.36), or brain trauma (P = 0.46). In ICU patients, AVP decreased during the first 24 h (P < 0.001) and was independently associated with heart rate (P = 0.02) and blood glucose (P = 0.009). Copeptin concentrations were correlated with AVP (r2 = 0.718, P < 0.001). In conclusion, AVP was significantly increased in multiple trauma patients and seems to be an integral part of the neuroendocrine response to severe injury. In ICU patients, AVP decreased to moderately elevated levels within 24 h after ED admission.