海藻酸钠-多聚赖氨酸-海藻酸钠微囊化胰岛细胞移植治疗糖尿病的实验研究

采用Ｓｕｎ海藻酸钠－多聚赖氨酸－海藻酸钠（ＡＰＡ）微囊制作技术,分别包裹大鼠胰岛和胰岛素分泌细胞系,移植于糖尿病小鼠腹腔。结果表明ＡＰＡ微囊化大鼠胰岛或胰岛素分泌细胞移植,均可使糖尿病小鼠血糖降低至接近正常水平达３周至１１０天;移植微囊无明显的组织学反应。证明该ＡＰＡ微囊化胰岛细胞移植具有较好的治疗效果,微囊具有较好的生物相容性和免疫隔离作用。为进一步发展生物型人工胰岛奠定了基础。     

海藻酸钠—多聚赖氨酸—海藻酸钠微囊化胰岛细胞移植治疗糖尿 …

采用Ｓｕｎ海藻酸钠－多聚赖氨酸－海灌酸钠（ＡＰＡ）微囊制作技术，分别包裹大鼠胰岛素分泌细胞系，移植于糖尿病小鼠腹腔。结果表明ＡＰＡ微囊化大鼠胰岛或胰岛素分泌细胞，均可使糖尿病小鼠血糖降低至拉近正常水平达３周至１１０天，移植微囊无明显的组织学反应。证明该ＡＰＡ微囊化胰岛细胞移植具有较好的治疗效果，微囊具有较好的生物相容性和免疫隔离作用。进一步发展生物型人工胰尊定了基础。     

微囊技术在生物医学中应用的研究进展

微囊技术（encapsulation）是指用半透膜包被生物活性物质以形成微囊的技术，形成的微囊可以阻遏免疫细胞以及大分子抗体通过半透膜，同时允许氧气、营养物质和一些具有生物活性的小分子物质自由出入，因此，微囊技术是目前细胞治疗、组织和器官替代治疗的主要方法之一。微囊技术的应用可以追溯到1933年，Bisceglie运用复合膜包被肿瘤细胞移植到猪的腹腔，结果发现移植的细胞并没有受到免疫系统的破坏。1964年，Chang再次引用微囊技术进行细胞移植，并首次提出“人工细胞”的概念。随后的20年问，人们不断尝试用这种方法包埋胰岛细胞来控制糖尿病小动物模型的高血糖。1980年，Lim等首次成功地用微囊化胰岛细胞移植纠正糖尿病动物高血糖。1986年，0’Shea等在已有基础上对成囊物质进行了革新，制成了海藻酸钠多聚赖氨酸海藻酸钠（APA）微囊。近几年来，许多实验室探索采用其他方法和材料研制新型微囊，试图改善微囊的一些生物学和化学特性，以使其能够在代谢性疾病的治疗、药物缓释控制、体内和体外细胞培养等领域得到广泛应用。本文仅就微囊技术在生物医学领域中的应用进行综述。     

微囊化大鼠胰岛移植物的制备与异种移植

为降低胰岛移植中排斥反应，用海藻酸钠－聚赖氨酸生物膜制备微囊化大鼠胰岛，体外培养，胰岛素释放试验功能良好，胰岛素释放量与单纯胰岛差异无显著意义；异种移植可成功地纠正糖尿病小鼠的高血糖状态平均达４个月之久。表明：大鼠，胰岛微囊化可在不便用免疫抑制剂的情况下，有效地延长胰岛在糖尿病小鼠体内的生存期。     

糖尿病犬经肝动脉肝内移植微囊化猪胰岛细胞的安全性和有效性

目的评估移植于I型糖尿病犬肝脏中的微囊化新生猪胰岛细胞(NPI)的生物相容性、免疫学特性及生理学特性。方法I型糖尿病犬分为A、B两组,每组15只,A组每只犬分别经肝动脉灌注微囊化新生猪胰岛细胞40～60万个,B组每只犬分别经肝动脉灌注未微囊化新生猪胰岛细胞40～60万个,两组动物移植后均不使用免疫抑制治疗。移植前后分别测量移植受体的肝脏功能及淋巴细胞CD4 /CD8 比值。移植6个月后所有移植受体的肝脏均进行病理学检查。结果移植后A组外源性胰岛素用量从移植前的22 u逐渐降至5 u,B组所需外源性胰岛素从移植前的24 u下降至10 u。移植后2～3周B组胰岛素用量恢复到移植前的水平,而A组的部分动物的胰岛素剂量继续减至8 u。B组受体移植后血的CD4 较移植前升高,而A组的CD4 和CD8 细胞移植后无明显变化。移植后所有受体的肝功能及组织结构未见异常。结论微囊化的新生猪胰岛细胞在受体犬的肝脏中有很好的生物相容性。微囊可以延长移植物的存活,且异种移植微囊化的新生猪胰岛细胞能够纠正糖尿病犬的高血糖状态。     

微囊化周围神经组织腹腔移植的实验研究

目的 观察微囊化周围神经组织移植体内后的生物活性,分析其在体内存活的时效. 方法 采用注射的方法 将微囊化周围神经组织移植到小鼠的腹腔. 结果 微囊化周围神经组织移植6周后,在小鼠的腹腔内保持了原有的形状和结构,囊内的细胞正常生存并保持增殖功能. 结论 微囊化神经组织可在体内保持活性至少6周,完善微囊化技术有望延长其存活时效,提高其促进神经损伤修复的效果.     

微囊化猪甲状腺组织移植治疗甲状腺功能减退大鼠的实验研究

海藻酸钠－多聚赖氨酸－海藻酸钠（ＡＰＡ）微囊化猪甲状腺组织移植治疗２８只实验性甲状腺功能减退大鼠，对照组１７只移植非微囊化猪甲状腺组织。结果显示，移植后两组受体的Ｔ３、Ｔ４水平升高，其中对照一更为显著，但９周后明显下降，甚至低于移植前水平。而实验组保持持续升高，超过４０周；移植后两组受体的ＴＳＨ水平均明显下降，但以实验组为显著，而且持续降低超过４０周。而对照组维持时间较短，移植９周后开始回升。移植     

微囊化的ANP cDNA转染细胞降低高血压大鼠血压

目的：探讨微囊化的转基因细胞表达产生药物活性心房肽（ANP）的治疗体系。方法：将人ANP基因(cDNA)转染入CHO细胞，然后将细胞包被在聚已内酯（PCL）管内形成微囊化，并移植到盐敏感高血压鼠腹腔内检测其长时间CHO细胞存活情况和分泌的心房肽（ANP）。结果：微囊化的转基因细胞植入2d后，明显的延迟了高血压的发展，此作用至少持续5个月。同时，增加了肾血流，肾小球滤过率，钠排泄，尿液分泌，提高了血浆ANP浓度。结论：微囊化的ANPcDNA转染的CHO细胞提供了一种心房肽治疗高血压的新途径。     

植入微囊化hANP cDNA转染细胞治疗大鼠高血压的观察

目的 研究植入微囊化的人类心房肽(hANP)cDNA转染细胞对高血压大鼠的治疗效果,为临床应用基因工程细胞治疗高血压提供新方法。方法 将转染有hANP cDNA的CHO细胞包被在具有免疫隔离作用的聚己内酯(PCL)管内形成微囊化基因转染细胞,其后移植至二肾一夹(2KlC)高血压大鼠腹腔内,检测微囊植入对高血压大鼠的血压及多项生理生化指标的影响,并用放射免疫分析法(RlA)检测血浆hANP水平,用免疫组化结合图像分析法半定量检测肾脏心房肽A型受体(NPR-A)的表达。结果 微囊化的hANP cDNA转染细胞移植10d后,血浆hANP水平显著升高;移植30d后高血压大鼠的血压明显降低,而尿量、尿钠排出量(USO)和尿cGMP明显增加;移植45d后肾小球滤过率(GFR)和肾血流量(RBF)明显增加,同时高血压大鼠肾脏NPR-A的表达下调被抑制。结论 植入的微囊化hANP cDNA转染细胞能产生和向囊外排出hANP,引起明显的利尿利钠和降血压效应;本研究结果为高血压的心房肽基因治疗提供了新途径。     

微囊化牛嗜铬细胞移植于脊髓蛛网膜下镇痛作用的研究

采用微囊化牛嗜铬细胞（ＢＣＣ）异种移植于大鼠和癌痛病人疹髓蛛网膜下方法,观察ＢＣＣ镇痛作用和海藻酸钠－聚赖氨酸－海藻酸钠（ＡＰＡ）微衰对异种移植物的免疫保护作用。结果显示,移植后微囊组和非微囊组织大鼠基础热痛阈和尼古丁激发热痛阈明显升高,微囊组８０％受试鼠的镇痛特续时间超过２７０天,将微囊化ＢＣＣ樾入８例癌痛疾人朱网膜下,除１例痛效果不明显外７例缓解,减少或停止使用止痛药,镇痛作用持续时间〉６０天     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.