后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗肾肿瘤

目的探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗肾肿瘤的可行性及临床效果。方法 2009年6月至2011年5月,共施行后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术21例,男13例,女8例,平均年龄43(21～58)岁。肿瘤均为单发,左侧12例,右侧9例,其中含孤立肾2例。肿瘤平均直径2.5(1.8～4.0)cm。7例良性肿瘤行剜除术,14例恶性肿瘤行楔形切除术。结果 21例手术均获成功。手术时间85～185min,中位数115min;肾脏热缺血时间17～29min,中位数25min。术中失血约55～450ml,中位数105ml。术中腹膜破裂2例,肾蒂周围小血管损伤出血3例,肾静脉破裂1例,术中即时缝合。术后病理示所有切缘均阴性。术后平均随访10(2～23)个月,全部无瘤生存,无1例局部复发或穿刺通道处发生种植转移。结论后腹腔镜保留肾单位术能安全、有效地治疗直径≤4.0cm的肾脏单发肿瘤。     

Surgical outcomes of nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumors

PURPOSE: We retrospectively assessed the surgical outcomes of nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for patients with renal tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1985 to March 2001, a total of 99 NSSs were performed on 94 patients with renal tumors. The patients were divided into three groups. Group I comprised of 22 patients who underwent imperative surgeries for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The tumors were found in 18 patients bilaterally (including 8 patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease), in 3 with solitary kidney, and in 1 with chronic renal failure. The mean +/- standard deviation of patient age and tumor diameter was 46 +/- 23 years and 36 +/- 23 mm, respectively. Twenty-three in situ NSSs were performed on 18 patients in Group I, and the remaining 4 patients were treated with 3 simultaneous operations for bilateral renal tumors with or without 2 ex vivo surgeries. Group II consisted of 49 patients who had small RCCs with the normal contralateral kidney and underwent NSSs (elective indication). The mean age and tumor diameter was 54 +/- 10 years and 28 +/- 11 mm, respectively. Group III consisted of 23 patients with non-RCC tumor (10 angiomyolipomas, 8 cystic tumors, 2 adenomas, 2 metastatic tumors, and 1 degenerative lesion), all of whom were treated with NSS. The mean age and tumor diameter was 47 +/- 14 years and 41 +/- 29 mm, respectively. RESULTS: In Group I, 3 patients died of cancer including 2 patients who had had multiple lung metastases preoperatively. The five-year tumor specific survival rate was 87.3% with a postoperative follow-up of 49 +/- 36 months. In Group II, there were few peri-operative complications or no local recurrence at follow-up of 52 +/- 38 months. A patient developed lung metastasis, which was removed surgically with no evidence of recurrence at 159 months after NSS. Postoperative renal scintigraphy on 35 patients showed well-preserved renal function of the operated kidney. Improvement in surgical techniques resulted in less-invasive surgery in 22 operations during the last 4 years. The patients of Group III were also operated uneventfully, although 1 experienced postoperative bleeding. In 12 patients with solitary kidney (11 in Group I and 1 in Group III) serum creatinine level increased transiently, decreased to 1.3 times of preoperative values within 3 months, and almost recovered at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Excellent outcomes in cancer control and preservation of renal function support the validity of nephron-sparing surgery to treat renal tumors. The candidate patients may include those with bilateral kidney tumors, tumor occuring in the solitary kidney or small renal cell carcinomas with the normal contralateral kidney. Earlier detection of small lesions and less invasive surgical techniques will facilitate a wider indication of NSS.     

Conservative surgery of renal pelvic tumors]

In a large series of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors in Belgrade (Jugoslavia), 26 cases of renal pelvic tumors were operated with conservation of the kidney. The indications must be strictly observed, the possibility of a relapse being maximally excluded. The results, under strict indications, are quite well: from 26 operated cases the 12 from 16 followed longer that 5 years are alive and with good kidney function plus 1 with lost kidney. So the 74% success for 5 or more years completely justifies the conservation of the kidney. In other cases the nephroureterectomy must be practised. The author did in 188 cases.     

Parenchymal sparing surgery for central renal tumors in patients with hereditary renal cancers

PURPOSE: Nephron sparing surgery has become accepted surgical practice for removing of renal tumors. The resection of central lesions has been thought to be more surgically challenging than that of peripheral tumors. We analyzed our experience with renal preservation surgery in patients with small hereditary central renal tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1992 to 2000 we performed 116 partial nephrectomies with 44 kidneys (38%) demonstrating central renal masses. Central renal tumors were defined radiologically as those completely encircled by parenchyma or transgressing the interpapillary line on computerized tomography. We compared this group to a similar series of 67 patients with hereditary renal cancer with only peripheral based tumors. RESULTS: Mean tumor size was 3.2 cm (range 1.5 to 7.5). Mean operative time was 352 minutes (range 70 to 830). Renal hypothermia and vascular clamping were used in 19 of 44 procedures (41%). Mean ischemic time was 55 minutes (range 16 to 143). Mean blood loss was 4.6 l (range 0.1 to 23). The complication rate was 23% (10 of 44 cases) and with 18% (8 of 44) directly related to surgical technique. The mean transfusion requirement was 6.7 U (range 0 to 32) and 12 of 44 procedures (27%) required no blood products. Mean preoperative and postoperative serum creatinine was 1.05 (range 0.6 to 1.8) and 1.08 mg/dl (range 0.6 to 2.1), respectively. Mean followup was 33.7 months. No metastasis developed during followup. CONCLUSIONS: Central renal tumors are a common manifestation of hereditary renal cell carcinoma. There was no statistical difference found between common operative parameters when central and peripheral nephron sparing surgeries were compared. However, mean operative blood loss and transfusion requirements were increased in the central tumor group.     

保留肾单位的腹腔镜肾肿瘤切除手术方法及技巧

目的 介绍腹腔镜下钳夹法肾蒂阻断、锐性切除肿瘤以及创面直接缝合行保留肾单位的肾肿瘤切除术方法及手术技巧.方法 2003年6月至2005年6月,收治肾外生性实性肿瘤患者16例.男5例,女11例.年龄29～56岁,平均46岁.肿瘤位于左侧9例,右侧7例.肾细胞癌5例,肿瘤直径2.0～3.5 cm;肾错构瘤11例,肿瘤直径3.0～5.5 cm,其中1例肾错构瘤继发出血.经腹腔路径行保留肾单位的腹腔镜肾肿瘤切除术,手术在无损伤钳钳夹肾蒂控制血管后距肿瘤0.5～1.0 cm正常实质处锐性切除,创面缝合止血.结果 16例手术均成功.手术时间70～150 min,平均104min.肾蒂阻断时间14～32 min,平均21 min.术中出血量50～700 ml,平均158 ml.5例肾细胞癌患者病理检查示切缘阴性.16例术后无尿瘘、无继发出血,肾功能未见异常.2～4 d肛门排气,平卧1周出院.随访1～24个月,16例B超复查、11例CT检查肿瘤无复发,IVU复查肾显影良好.结论 可靠的肾血管控制是腹腔镜下行保留肾单位的肾肿瘤切除术的基本保证,无烟雾锐性切除肿瘤和创面的缝合处理能有效减少肾缺血时间,是保留、保护肾单位的有效手段,也是最有效的止血方法.本手术创伤小、出血少、痛苦少、并发症少、恢复快,能有效切除肿瘤和保留或保护肾功能.     

CT血管成像技术在腹腔镜下肾肿瘤保留肾单位手术中的应用价值

目的 探讨CT血管成像(CTA)技术对肾血管解剖形态的评估,以及在腹腔镜下肾肿瘤保留肾单位手术(LNSS)中对肾动脉的控制指导价值. 方法 肾肿瘤患者87例,均行LNSS.CTA组40例,术前行CTA检查,采用容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)等重建技术评估肾动脉血管解剖形态;未行CTA检查47例作为对照组.比较2组手术时间,术中热缺血时间、出血量、中转开放手术率,住院时间,术后并发症发生率及疗效. 结果 CTA组和对照组手术时间分别为94(76～118)和115(90～190)min,术中热缺血时间分别为23(12～39)和29(18～40)min,2组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术中出血量分别为90(20～160)和130(90～600)ml,2组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);中转开放手术分别为0例和1例,中转原因为术中分离肾动脉时出血严重,影响视野;术后住院时间分别为4.1(3～5)和5.5(3～9)d,2组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组肾癌患者病理检查切缘均为阴性.术后随访4～32个月,平均16个月,2组患者均无肾功能损害和肿瘤复发或转移,2组各有1例尿瘘. 结论 CTA作为LNSS术前了解肾动脉的有效方法,能指导操作者术中更快速、准确地处理肾动脉,缩短手术时间和热缺血时间,减少术中出血量及术后并发症的发生,同时并不增加患者经济负担.     

Nephron sparing surgery for central renal tumors: experience with 33 cases

PURPOSE: Nephron sparing surgery is standard treatment for small, peripherally located renal cell carcinoma. In patients with a solitary kidney, bilateral tumors or impaired renal function nephron sparing surgery provides the only option to nephrectomy and subsequent hemodialysis or transplantation. We retrospectively investigated the value of nephron sparing surgery for centrally located renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1969 and 1997, 311 renal tumor enucleations were performed at our institution. The tumor was centrally located in 33 cases. The indication for enucleation was elective in 7 cases and imperative in 26, including bilateral tumor in 16 (metachronous in 9 and synchronous in 7), chronic renal failure in 4 and solitary kidney in 6. Four patients had metastasis at enucleation. RESULTS: Convalescence was unremarkable in 28 cases. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient, a urinary fistula in 2 and a local abscess secondary to a urinary fistula in 1. One patient died postoperatively of heart failure. Average serum creatinine was 1.25, 1.63 and 1.33 mg./dl. preoperatively, at hospital discharge and at a mean followup of 33 months, respectively. Hemodialysis was necessary transiently during convalescence in 1 patient and permanently starting 6 years after enucleation in another. Definitive histology revealed oncocytoma in 4 cases and renal cell carcinoma in 29. Disease was stages pT1 to pT3 in 9, 18 and 2 cases, and grades 1 to 3 in 6, 18 and 5, respectively. Local recurrence developed in 2 patients. Mean followup was 5.2 years (range 0.3 to 16.7). At a mean followup of 6.2 years (range 0.7 to 16.7) 20 patients were free of disease. In addition to the patient who died postoperatively, 9 died of renal cell carcinoma at a mean of 1.6 years (range 0.3 to 5.3) and 3 died of other causes at 5, 11 and 12 years postoperatively, respectively. No patient who underwent elective enucleation died. CONCLUSIONS: Nephron sparing surgery for centrally located kidney tumors is technically feasible and associated with an acceptable complication rate. Local tumor control is excellent, and the overall prognosis depends on contralateral disease and metastasis. Benign tumors may be diagnosed and removed without loss of the kidney. By avoiding hemodialysis quality of life is improved.     

Mayo Clinic Scottsdale experience with laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery for renal tumors

PURPOSE: Nephron sparing surgery is an accepted treatment for small renal masses, of which many have been detected incidentally due to the widespread use of advanced imaging techniques. We report our experience with laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2000 to May 2002 a total of 20 laparoscopic partial nephrectomies were performed in 19 patients. The kidney was mobilized to allow adequate dissection, hemostasis and inspection of the kidney. Cautery, a harmonic scalpel and a TissueLink (TissueLink Medical, Inc., Dover, New Hampshire) device were variably used for dissection and hemostasis. Further hemostasis was then achieved using an argon beam laser with Fibrillar (Fibrillar Ethicon, Somerville, New Jersey), fibrin glue or the TissueLink device. Intact removal and biopsy of the lesion base were done to assess margin status. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 66 years (range 41 to 80). Mean tumor size was 2.1 cm. (range 1 to 7) and average operative time was 130 minutes (range 60 to 210). Mean hospital stay was 2.2 days. Mean estimated blood loss was 120 ml. (range 20 to 400) and no blood transfusions or conversions to an open procedure were required. Complications included intraoperative fragmentation of a tumor in 1 case, postoperative dyspnea, postoperative bleeding and pneumonia in 1. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for small renal tumors was performed safely and effectively. Technique depended on the size and location of the mass. Long-term followup is required to compare cancer control with that of open nephron sparing surgery.