Dermatoglyphic patterns in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a case-control study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to compare digital and palmar dermatoglyphics in subjects with dementia of Alzheimer type and in mentally healthy elderly controls. DESIGN--This design was a case-control study. SETTING--The study was carried out in geriatric units and retirement communities in the Paris area. PARTICIPANTS--Cases were women with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer type dementia according to DSM III-R criteria (n = 82), mainly with late onset of the disease. Controls were women aged 85 years or older without cognitive deterioration (n = 76). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Finger and palm prints obtained from both hands by the classical ink method were examined. Fingerprints were classified into four types of figures. On palms, palmar flexion creases, palmar axial triradii, true patterns of the hypothenar area, and main line terminations were described. Examinations were performed by two examiners blind to the subjects's diagnostic category. For the different patterns studied, no major differences between dementia patients and elderly controls were found. Nor was there evidence of high frequencies of features commonly observed in Down's syndrome (trisomy 21), which have previously, though sporadically, been reported. CONCLUSIONS--On one of the largest samples of Alzheimer dementia patients studied, and with evaluation blind to diagnosis, no evidence has been found that particular dermatoglyphic patterns occur like those observed in Down's syndrome, a disease which is related to dementia of the Alzheimer type.     

A case-control study of dementia of the Alzheimer type

A case-control study to assess factors of possible etiologic significance to dementia of the Alzheimer type was conducted with 78 male cases diagnosed in 1979-1982 at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota and age-race-sex-matched hospital and neighborhood controls (14 of 16 autopsied cases were histopathologically confirmed). Information was obtained on variables relevant to vital, genetic, and immunologic hypotheses, and on possible occupational and environmental exposures, drug use, psychologic stress, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The only major difference between patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and controls was a significantly greater occurrence of antecedent head trauma in the patients (odds ratio = 4.50). This finding is consistent with the literature on posttraumatic dementia but its importance is presently unclear.     

阿尔茨海默病患病危险因素调查分析

目的分析影响阿尔茨海默病(AD)的相关危险因素。方法在宁波市北仑区中医院和宁波市康宁医院2009年1月～2010年12月间就诊的阿尔茨海默病患者,共入组78例,对照组按照性别、年龄(±3岁)、文化程度作为配对条件,1∶2配比在社区选择健康老年人入组,完成基线调查。包括简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、总体衰退量表、Hachinski缺血指数量表、临床痴呆评定量表等评定。结果多因素分析证实:参与社会活动,阅读或写作,棋牌或麻将,躯体疾病,健身、悠闲生活,丧偶/离异,家族史与阿尔茨海默病的发生相关,OR值(95%CI)分别为0.413(0.264～0.783),3.572(2.674～5.828),0.512(0.316～0.869),2.265(1.543～3.474),0.761(0.451～0.946),2.738(1.414～4.609)、1.532(1.016～2.316)。结论参与社会活动、阅读或写作、棋牌或麻将、健身悠闲生活是阿尔茨海默病的保护因素,而躯体疾病、丧偶/离异、家族史是影响阿尔茨海默病的重要危险因素。     

Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: a case-control study in southwestern England

To investigate risk factors for sporadic infection with Giardia lamblia acquired in the United Kingdom, we conducted a matched case-control study in southwest England in 1998 and 1999. Response rates to a postal questionnaire were 84% (232/276) for cases and 69% (574/828) for controls. In multivariable analysis, swallowing water while swimming (p<0.0001, odds ratio [OR] 6.2, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 2.3 to 16.6), recreational fresh water contact (p=0.001, OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.9 to 15.9), drinking treated tap water (p<0.0001, OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.5 for each additional glass per day), and eating lettuce (p?=0.01, OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.3) had positive and independent associations with infection. Although case-control studies are prone to bias and the risk of Giardia infection is minimized by water treatment processes, the possibility that treated tap water is a source of sporadic giardiasis warrants further investigation.     

Risk factors for maternal death in the highlands of rural northern Tanzania: a case-control study

Background  

Tanzania has one of the highest maternal mortality ratios in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to the paucity of epidemiological information on maternal deaths, and the high maternal mortality estimates found earlier in the study area, our objective was to assess determinants of maternal deaths in a rural setting in the highlands of northern Tanzania by comparing the women dying of maternal causes with women from the same population who had attended antenatal clinics in the same time period.     

Risk factors for fibroadenoma: a case-control study in Australia.

Risk factors for fibroadenoma were examined in a case-control study involving 117 fibroadenoma cases ascertained by a major private pathology laboratory in Adelaide, Australia, between January 1983 and October 1985. For each case a population control was randomly selected from the electoral roll in Adelaide and matched to the corresponding case by sex, age, and socioeconomic grading of area of residence. Another 189 women whose first biopsy for benign breast disease was examined in the same laboratory during the same time period as those of the cases, but did not show evidence of epithelial proliferation, were also included in the study as a biopsy control group. Risk of fibroadenoma was associated inversely with the Quetelet index, but there was no evidence of an association with age at menarche or menopausal status. The risk of fibroadenoma decreased with an increasing number of full-term pregnancies and was increased in association with use of oral contraceptives at an early age (under 20 years); however, these two associations were observed only when cases were compared with the population controls. Alcohol consumption and dietary fat intake were found not to be associated with altered risk of fibroadenoma, while in multivariate analyses, duration of cigarette smoking and daily vitamin C intake were both shown to have inverse associations with risk of fibroadenoma. Although fibroadenoma does share some risk factors with breast cancer, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that it represents a precursor state.     

97例胆结石危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨胆结石患病的主要危险因素。方法 病例对照研究。结果 多因素Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析表明,有统计学意义的危险因素依次为：家族史（ＯＲ＝２２．２５,Ｐ〈０．０１）、油腻饮食（ＯＲ＝８．１９,Ｐ〈０．０５）、血脂增高（ＯＲ＝６．３０,Ｐ〈０．０１）、饮酒（ＯＲ＝４．８４,Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论 家族史、油腻饮食、血脂产高和饮酒是胆结石患病的主要危险因素。     

Risk factors in male infertility: a case-control study

A case-control study was undertaken to evaluate environmental risk factors potentially involved in male infertility. One hundred twelve azoospermic or oligospermic subjects and 127 controls were interviewed, before sperm count results were available, about coffee and alcohol consumption, smoking habits, x-ray exposure, usual sitting posture, drug consumption, other nonoccupational risk factors, socioeconomic status, education level, and occupational history. An unmatched analysis was then conducted. None of the occupational risk factors appeared to be related to azoospermia or oligospermia. A high relative risk was associated with (1) occupation in the radioelectric industry, (2) nonsedentary clerical workers, (3) clerical work in the typographic industry, and (4) occupation in the textile industry, but none of these figures were statistically significant. Because of the population from which cases and controls were drawn, certain occupational risks could not be investigated in this study, e.g., exposure of agricultural workers to chemicals.     

Risk factors for self-reported uterine fibroids: a case-control study.

To identify risk factors for uterine fibroids, a case-control design used to analyze data from control subjects enrolled in the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. Case patients were 201 women who reported a history of uterine fibroids, and control subjects were 1503 women without fibroids, individually matched by age to case patients. Reporting of fibroids was more frequent among premenopausal women, women who had frequent Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, women who used oral contraceptives and had infrequent Pap smears, and women with higher education. Reporting of fibroids was less frequent among women with a lower body mass index who were current or long-time smokers.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病发病危险因素病例-对照研究

据世界卫生组织(WHO)报告，1998年全球的糖尿病患总数约为1．43亿，预计到2025年将上升到3亿，糖尿病已成为继心血管病、脑血管病、癌症之后的第四号杀手。糖尿病中最主要的有非胰岛素依赖型(Ⅱ型)和胰岛素依赖型(Ⅰ型)糖尿病两种，其中大多数患是Ⅱ型糖尿病。Ⅰ型糖尿病的病因较明确，但Ⅱ型糖尿病的病因尚不很清楚，多认为与饮食等因素有关。本采用病例-对照研究拟对Ⅱ型糖尿病的发病危险因素进行初步探讨。     

单纯性尿道下裂发病影响因素病例对照研究

目的了解单纯性尿道下裂发病的影响因素,为预防和减少单纯性尿道下裂的发病提供理论依据。方法采用以医院为基础的1:1病例对照研究方法对2010年5月—2011年4月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院住院的85例先天尿道下裂患儿及同期住院的85例其他疾病患儿父母进行面访调查。结果病例组父亲高中及以上文化程度、母亲高中及以上文化程度、胎儿低出生体重、母亲孕前月经不调、孕前用药、孕早期摄入蛋白质、孕早期服用叶酸、孕期出现异常情况、孕前及孕早期接触化学物及父亲职业接触化学物和家庭从事农牧业生产的比例分别为23.5%、28.2%、32.9%、28.2%、32.9%、47.1%、20.0%、50.6%、42.4%、68.2%和49.4%;对照组分别为50.6%、47.1%、5.9%、15.3%、18.2%、63.5%、36.5%、25.9%、16.5%、42.4%和32.9%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Lo-gistic回归分析结果表明,胎儿低出生体重(OR=2.12,95%CI=1.18,4.14)、母亲孕期出现异常情况和孕前(OR=3.09,95%CI=1.41,6.80)及孕早期接触化学物是单纯性尿道下裂发病的危险因素;父亲高中及以上文化程度(OR=2.12,95%CI=1.18,4.14)是单纯性尿道下裂发病的保护因素。结论胎儿低出生体重、母亲孕期出现异常情况和母亲孕前及孕早期接触化学物的儿童更易患单纯性尿道下裂。     

Risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke: a case-control study

A hospital based pair-matched case-control study was undertaken to identify risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke. The study took place in the Government Medical College Hospital, Nagpur, India, a tertiary care hospital. The study consisted of 166 hospitalised computerised tomography scan proved cases of haemorrhagic stroke (International Classification Diseases 9, 431-432), and an age and sex matched control per case. The controls were selected from patients who attended the study hospital for conditions other than stroke. The study included hypertension, serum total cholesterol, alcohol intake, smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical inactivity, type A personality, use of anticoagulants/antiplatelets, family history of stroke, history of cardiac diseases, past history of transient ischaemic attack, history of claudication and oral contraceptive use in women, as risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke. Bivariate analysis included odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) for OR and McNemar's chi2 test. Multivariate analysis was carried out by conditional multiple logistic regression analysis. Attributable Risk Percent (ARP), Population Attributable Risk Percent (PARP) and their 95% CI were estimated for significant factors. On conditional multiple logistic regression five risk factors-hypertension (OR=1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.5), serum total cholesterol (OR=2.3, 95% CI 1.4-4.9), use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents (OR=3.4, 95% CI 1.1-10.4), past history of transient ischaemic attack (OR=8.4, 95% CI 2.1-33.6) and alcohol intake (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.6) were significant. Estimates of ARP and PARP for these factors confirmed their etiological and preventable role respectively. The current study recognised the significance of five risk factors, which are preventable. These risk factors may be considered for devising effective risk factor intervention strategy for haemorrhagic stroke.     

Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma: a case-control study

The objective of this study was to identify possible risk factors associated with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). A case-control study included patients seen at an ophthalmologic clinic. Cases were all consecutive new patients with either unilateral or bilateral OAG detected during the study period. Controls were a random sample of all other patients aged 30 or more, seen in the same department in the same period. Data on demographic, anthropometric and diet habits as well as medical characteristics were collected from 144 patients by medical examination and interview. The study took place at the University Department of Ophthalmology and general private practice of ophthalmology, both in the city of Kinshasa. Forty consecutive patients with OAG and 104 controls were chosen randomly between all consecutive non OAG patients. Odds ratio (OR) are presented for the relation between OAG and age, sex, ethnicity, family history of glaucoma, the length of stay in Kinshasa, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, alcohol, diet habits. Adjusted odds ratio resulting from stepwise logistic regression was employed. Results indicate: family history of glaucoma (OR, 18; 95% CI, 5.80-59.00; P < 0.001), age (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09; P = 0.025), body mass index (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18; P = 0.05), hyperopia (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.05-7.08; P = 0.03), Mongo ethnic group (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.11-12.20; P = 0.03) and consumption of rice (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.65-12.20; P = 0.004) conferred a significantly greater risk of OAG. This study seems confirm that Mongo ethnic group is associated with an increased risk of OAG.     

Risk factors for cryptorchidism: a nested case-control study

Summary. .A nested case-control study of cryptorchidism (i.e. undescended testicles) was undertaken as part of a hospital-based cohort study of 6699 singleton male neonates in New York City. Since some of the cryptorchid infants experienced spontaneous descent of their testes, separate analysis was performed for this third group of late descenders' ( n = 140). Cases ( n = 63) represented infants whose testes remained undescended at the one year assessment. Controls ( n =219) represented the next male infant who was delivered immediately after an infant who was cryptorchid at birth. The only independent risk factors for cryptorchidism were Asian ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.90,95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-12.41), swollen legs or feet during pregnancy (adjusted OR=2.16, 95% CI = 1.15-4.04), a family history of cryptorchidism (adjusted OR=4.32, 95% CI = 1.91-9.80), low birthweight (adjusted OR = 4.10, 95% CI = 1.39-12.08), and use of analgesics during pregnancy (adjusted OR = 1.93/95% CI = 1.03-3.62). Multiple logistic regression analysis was also performed to identify those factors that were associated with late testicular descent. In this analysis the independent risk factors were black or Hispanic ethnicity (adjusted OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.09-3.83), a family history of cryptorchidism (adjusted OR = 4.25,95% CI = 1.84-9.78), consumption of cola-containing drinks during the pregnancy (adjusted OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.10-3.99), a low birthweight delivery (adjusted OR = 9.78, 95% CI = 3.39-28.20), and preterm birth (adjusted OR = 4.01, 95% CI = 1.66-9.70).     

Risk factors and protective factors of pelvic inflammatory disease: a case-control study.

Risk factors and some protective factors for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women were assessed in a case control study. Use of intrauterine device (OR = 3.98, p < 0.0001), sexual activity with multiple partners and younger age (ORs = 3.97, 1.9 and p = 0.0003, 0.0034, respectively), history of previous PID (OR = 4.08, p = 0.004) and history of minor gynecologic operation (OR = 3.07, p = 0.0158) were significant risk factors for PID. Pregnancy was a significant protective factor (OR = 0.25, p = .0074). Sterilisation had a significant protective effect (OR = 0.37, p = 0.0443) on multivariate analysis but not significant on univariate analysis. The results indicated that, almost half of the PID load on the population can be reduced by proper handling of four risk factors namely, use of IUD, sexual activity with multiple partners, history of previous PID and history of minor gynecologic operation (PARP = 0.2146, 0.1101, 0.0824 and 0.0794, respectively).     

Risk factors for alcohol dependence: a case-control study

Several possible risk factors for ICD-10 alcohol dependence were studied by comparing cases (117 men, 188 women) with controls (248 men, 300 women). Logistic regression analyses showed that parental alcohol problems and high trait anxiety were significantly related to high occurrence of alcohol dependence in both men and women. In women, high antisocial behaviour, high impulsivity, and high externality were also related to high occurrence of alcohol dependence. High facial flushing and high stimulation when intoxicated were related to low occurrence of alcohol dependence in both men and women. In men, this was also the case for high social support. Several interactions were observed. In contrast to earlier studies, there was no significant association between alcohol dependence and left-handedness.     

景宁县居民2型糖尿病危险因素病例对照研究

目的 了解浙江省景宁县居民2型糖尿病相关危险因素,为采取相应的干预措施提供参考依据.方法 采用以医院为基础病例对照研究方法对2009年1-12月在浙江省景宁县人民医院就诊的501例2型糖尿病患者及同期健康体检的501名非糖尿病健康人群进行2型糖尿病相关危险因素的问卷调查.结果 病例组一级亲属糖尿病史、喜食糖与甜食、常吃油炸食品、经常饮酒、常喝饮料、高血压史、高血糖史、平时精神易紧张和激动、生育巨大胎儿比例分别为19.36%,72.46%,60.08%,40.52%,28.74%,34.33%,10.98%,16.97%,16.97%;对照组分别 5.39%,36.73%,25.55%,29.94%,21.16%,5.99%,1.00%,4.59%,4.79%,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);多因素条件Logistic回归分析结果表明,一级亲属糖尿病史、喜食糖与甜食、常吃油炸食品、经常饮酒、常喝饮料、高血压史、高血糖史、平时精神易紧张和激动、生育巨大胎儿是景宁县居民患2型糖尿病的主要危险因素.结论 遗传、有不良饮食习惯、有慢性病史、精神紧张和生育巨大胎儿的居民更易患2型糖尿病.     

Risk factors for human cysticercosis morbidity: a population-based case-control study.

A population-based case-control study to determine social and behavioural risk factors for Taenia solium cysticercosis in humans was carried out in a rural area. Shandong province, China. Forty-eight cases with cysticercosis were ascertained through a prevalence survey conducted among 7281 persons in 1993. For each case, four controls residing in the same village and matched for age and sex were randomly selected. Information regarding demographic, social and behavioural factors was collected during house visits through interviews and direct observation. Risk factors strongly associated with human cysticercosis included poor personal hygiene, being unable to recognize cysticerci-containing meat, poor pig-raising practices and a history of passing tapeworm proglottides. The results indicate that health education in combination with chemotherapy for taeniasis is required for the control of cysticercosis in humans.     

Risk factors relevant to cystic breast disease: a case-control study.

A total of 188 women aged 40-54 with cystic breast disease and 2213 asymptomatic controls were questioned in Edinburgh between 1974 and 1978 concerning marital, reproductive, and menstrual status, history of oral contraception use, history of previous breast complaints, and a family history of breast cancer. Women with a history of breast biopsy were at an increased risk of the disease and those past the menopause were at a decreased risk. These results agree with previous findings that the disease is most prevalent among premenopausal women and suggest that benign cystic disease of the breast does not share a common aetiology with breast cancer in the age range 40-54.