The mattress sutures: vertical,horizontal, and corner stitch

The interrupted vertical and horizontal mattress suture techniques are two of the most commonly used skin closure methods. These mattress sutures promote wound edge eversion and less prominent scarring. Vertical and horizontal mattress sutures allow for skin edges to be closed under tension when wound edges have to be brought together over a distance. The corner stitch, a variation of the horizontal mattress suture, is commonly used for closure of angled skin flaps or wounds. Although mattress sutures can produce surface scarring or "railroad marks," early removal of these sutures can limit this damage.     

动态与静态空气床垫预防神经内科卧床患者压疮效果的比较

目的比较静态空气床垫与动态空气床垫对预防神经内科卧床患者压疮发生的效果。方法便利选取2012年5-8月南京军区南京总医院的神经内科患者90例,根据随机数字表法分为静态空气床垫组和动态空气床垫组各45例,两组均每2h翻身1次,预期观察14d,比较两组患者的压疮发生率、压疮严重度、Braden压疮危险评估结果及成本效益。结果两组患者观察期内压疮发生率均为0;Braden压疮危险评估结果分别为(14.45±2.07)分和(14.25±2.49)分,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);静态空气床垫价格比动态空气床垫价格低350元,且无医疗耗电;静态空气床垫和动态空气床垫的平均护理时间分别为(8.87±3.03)、(9.00±3.10)d,平均每人翻身次数分别为(108±37.16)、(106±36.33)次,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论静态空气床垫与动态空气床垫比较,其预防压疮的效果相当,但成本投入少于动态空气床垫。     

Preventing pressure ulcers: an evaluation of four operating-table mattresses.

Pressure is a major factor in the development of pressure ulcers. This research focused on assessing the pressure-reducing effects of operating-table mattresses. Five mattresses were tested: a standard operating-table mattress, a foam mattress, a gel mattress, a visco-elastic polyether mattress, and a visco-elastic polyurethane mattress. Four intraoperative postures were evaluated: supine, lateral, fossa, and the Miles-Pauchet position. Interface pressure measurements were performed on 36 healthy volunteers. The foam mattress and the gel mattress seem to have little or no pressure-reducing effect; the polyurethane mattress and the polyether mattress reduce interface pressure significantly better (p < .001); but none of the mattresses reduce pressure sufficiently to prevent the occurrence of pressure ulcers.     

两种减压床垫用于手术患者的便利性和舒适度评价

目的评价静态和动态空气床垫用于手术患者预防压疮的便利性和舒适度,为临床优选减压床垫提供依据。方法选取12所医院的1074例术后患者为研究对象,其中562例使用静态空气床垫,512例使用动态空气床垫,其他护理措施相同,观察术后0～5d医院获得性压疮发生率和分期、护士操作便利性和患者舒适度。结果两组患者压疮发生率、护士评价两种减压床垫操作便利性和患者总体舒适度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;普通外科手术患者评价静态空气床垫的舒适度优于动态空气床垫（P〈0．01）。结论静态和动态空气床垫用于手术后患者预防压疮的便利性和舒适度接近,均可选择使用。但在缺乏电源时优选静态空气床垫,普通外科手术患者可优选静态空气床垫。     

Randomized comparison trial of the RIK and the Nimbus 3 mattresses

A randomized comparison trial was carried out at Queen's Hospital, Burton-on-Trent, to compare patient outcomes on the RIK mattress (KCI) and the Nimbus 3 mattress (Huntleigh Healthcare). One hundred and fifty-eight patients, who were assessed to be at particular risk of development of pressure ulcers using the Waterlow score (85 on RIK mattress, 83 on Nimbus), completed the trial. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline parameters at recruitment or pressure ulcer progress. Lack of difference can be as useful as evidence of superiority. Other factors such as nursing interventions required accessible equipment, and costs are important when making equipment choices. For a significant proportion of patients, a static (RIK) mattress can be as effective as an active (Nimbus 3) mattress for management of pressure ulcers.     

应用多功能床垫降低妊娠期高血压病病人血压的研究

[目的]探讨妊娠期高血压病病人使用多功能床垫降低血压的临床价值。[方法]根据孕妇的生理体态设计多功能床垫。随机将110例产妇分为两组,实验组52例使用多功能床垫,对照组58例使用传统床垫。[结果]应用多功能床垫可降低收缩压和舒张压,同对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]妊娠期高血压病病人应用多功能床垫可及时有效的控制血压,延长孕周,减少母婴并发症。     

管理干预对控制综合医院普通病房床垫细菌污染的研究

目的了解综合医院普通病房床垫细菌污染状况,制定干预措施。方法对3个病区普通病房的床垫分别进行干预前后细菌监测。结果管理干预前后床垫合格率有较大差异。结论管理干预可有效地控制普通病房床垫污染。     

Introducing the pressure support surfaces from Kaymed

The range of support surfaces available is quite varied. It is important that both the purchaser and the users are satisfied with the quality, comfort and the pressure-reducing properties of the mattress. The mattress needs to be versatile, in that it can be used both in a patient's home or in a hospital or nursing home and also on profiling beds. The Kaymed range of mattresses offers increased comfort with low interface pressures for patients up to and including high risk. This product focus examines the Kaymed mattress and looks at the design and results of tests performed on the visco-elastic foam used in the manufacturing of the mattresses.     

A novel method to decrease mattress compression during CPR using a mattress compression cover and a vacuum pump

Background

Mattress compression causes feedback devices to over-estimate the chest compression depth measurement during CPR. We propose a novel method to decrease the mattress compression using a vinyl cover. This mattress compression cover encloses the foam mattress and is compressed by a vacuum pump immediately prior to performing CPR.

Methods

Nine CPR providers performed chest compressions on manikins placed on a conventional foam mattress on a bed frame (surface CONV), a backboard and foam mattress on a bed frame (surface BB), and a foam mattress, compressed with a vacuum pump, on a bed frame (surface VAC). Dual accelerometers were used to simultaneously measure the mattress compression and chest compression depths.

Results

The mattress compression depth levels decreased from 14.9 mm (SD 1.4 mm) on surface CONV to 7.0 mm (SD 0.6 mm) on surface VAC (p < 0.001) whereas 14.0 mm (SD 1.3 mm) on surface BB. The total compression depth was 65.4 mm (SD 3.8 mm) on surface CONV, and 58.3 mm (SD 3.0 mm) on surface VAC (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Using a mattress compression cover and a vacuum pump appears to increase the rigidity of the mattress and allow for efficient chest compressions. This novel method could decrease the mattress compression depth and increase the efficiency of chest compression during CPR in hospitals.     

Effect of mattress and bed frame deflection on real chest compression depth measured with two CPR sensors

Aim

Implementation of chest compression (CC) feedback devices with a single force and deflection sensor (FDS) may improve the quality of CPR. However, CC depth may be overestimated if the patient is on a compliant surface. We have measured the true CC depth during in-hospital CPR using two FDSs on different bed and mattress types.

Methods

This prospective observational study was conducted at Tampere University Hospital between August 2011 and September 2012. During in-hospital CPR one FDS was placed between the rescuer's hand and the patient's chest, with the second attached to the backboard between the patient's back and the mattress. The real CC depth was calculated as the difference between the total depth from upper FDS to lower FDS.

Results

Ten cardiac arrests on three different bed and mattress types yielded 10,868 CCs for data analyses. The mean (SD) mattress/bed frame effect was 12.8 (4) mm on a standard hospital bed with a gel mattress, 12.4 (4) mm on an emergency room stretcher with a thin gel mattress and 14.1 (3) mm on an ICU bed with an emptied air mattress. The proportion of CCs with an adequate depth (≥50 mm) decreased on all mattress types after compensating for the mattress/bed frame effect from 94 to 64%, 98 to 76% and 91 to 17%, in standard hospital bed, emergency room stretcher and ICU bed, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The use of FDS without real-time correction for deflection may result in CC depth not reaching the recommended depth of 50 mm.     

两种床垫对非特异性腰痛影响的双盲研究

目的：比较独立袋装弹簧床垫与硬弹簧床垫对非特异性腰痛的影响。方法：非特异性腰痛患者12例,分别选用独立袋装弹簧床垫（A组）与硬弹簧床垫（B组）作为常规睡眠床进行随机双盲对照研究。2组分别于实验前及实验后1及3周时进行改良Oswestry腰痛问卷、腰部活动度、腰痛VAS及仰卧位腰部压力检测。结果：不同时间点2组改良Oswestry腰痛问卷、腰部活动度及腰痛VAS检测与实验前比较均差异无统计学意义;2组间比较亦无统计学意义。但仰卧位腰部压力检测,A组明显高于B组（P〈0.01）。结论：短期使用独立袋装弹簧床垫与硬弹簧床垫后对非特异性腰痛患者的疼痛症状、功能及腰部活动度的改善无明显作用,但独立袋装弹簧床垫对承托腰部有较好作用,可维持腰部正常生理曲线。     

Interface pressure comparison of healthy premature infants with various neonatal bed surfaces

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine interface pressure between the occiput of healthy premature infants and 5 different bed surfaces used in special care nurseries. SUBJECTS: Thirteen healthy premature infants comprised the convenience sample enrolled 1 to 3 weeks prior to discharge. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design was used with the dependent variable being the interface pressures obtained under the occiput and the independent variables as the bed surfaces. METHODS: Order of bed surfaces was randomized and standardization of the infant positioning and measuring procedure maintained. Measurements were made between the infant's occiput and the bed surface and interface pressures recorded in millimeters of mercury. The 5 bed surfaces were standard crib mattress with or without foam, gel donut, gel mattress, and water pillow. MEASURES: Interface pressure measurements were obtained using the Mini-Texas Interface Pressure Evaluator (Mini-TIPE, Tee-Kay Applied Technology, Inc, Stafford, Texas). RESULTS: A 1-way blocked analysis of variance was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the mattress surfaces and the interface pressure measurements. A significant difference in the mean of the interface pressures among the 5 mattress bed surfaces was determined, F(4,46) = 33.267, P < .001, with the lowest being the foam overlay. The standard crib mattress had the highest interface pressure that exceeded 100 mm Hg. Post hoc comparisons showed a significant difference between the standard crib mattress with and without foam and the other surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: Interface pressure is an important consideration when choosing a support surface for premature infants susceptible to tissue compromise and head molding. Variations in interface pressures between neonatal bed surfaces are apparent. Comparison studies of interface pressures using these and other neonatal bed surfaces will be valuable in determining appropriate products for both premature and neonatal populations with lengthy intensive care stays.     

Effectiveness of mattress overlays in reducing interface pressures during recumbency

This study evaluates the pressure-reduction characteristics of seven mattress overlays. Thirty subjects were evaluated on each support surface to determine the interface pressures that are generated under the most common pressure sore sites. The results of this study indicate that there is great variability in the effectiveness of traditional mattress overlays. The most effective overlays are the Roho and Akros DFD mattresses; whereas 2-inch thick convoluted foam provides no significant protection for the trochanter when the subjects were lying on their sides (lateral position).     

病床床垫新型防污染保护罩防护性能观察

目的研究新型床垫防污染保护罩防污染性能,评价其防污染效果。方法采用现场采样检测方法进行了试验观察。结果使用中的床垫经过清洁与紫外线照射消毒,污染菌数平均为27 cfu/cm2,使用1周后细菌总数增加到728 cfu/cm2,使用2周后细菌总数增加到1072 cfu/cm2。用新型防污染保护罩加以保护,使用1周后细菌总数增加到84 cfu/cm2,使用2周后细菌总数仅增加到122 cfu/cm2。试验组和对照组均以下层采样点污染菌数多;未使用保护罩的床垫在使用1周后菌数比刚消毒后增加近30倍;使用防污染保护罩的床垫使用2周后菌数增加不到5倍。结论新型防污染保护罩对医院病床床垫具有良好的防污染效果,使用方便,适合在医院病床及家庭病床中推广应用。     

A comparison of mite populations in mattress dust from hospital and from private houses in Cardiff, Wales.

Fifty mattress dust samples from private houses were examined--all were mite infested. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus occurred in all samples and accounted for 81% of all mites. In thirty-two paired samples the total mite population of bedroom floor dust was only 10% of that found in the corresponding mattress dust. D. pteronyssinus was the dominant species in both and the population of this mite amounted to 7-5% of that found in the mattress dust. An analysis of mattress dust from 100 hospital beds showed that ninety-four mattresses were mite free; the other six contained only seven mites, all D. pteronyssinus. It is suggested that frequent changing and washing of bed linen and brushing and cleaning of mattresses were the main factors in preventing mite infestation in the Cardiff hospitals.     

A Phantom-Based Method to Assess X-Ray Table Mattress Interface Pressures

BackgroundPressure redistribution performance of x-ray table mattresses can influence the development of pressure ulcers in at-risk populations. Interface pressure analysis, with human participants, is a common method to assess mattresses. This approach has limitations that relate to the lack of standardisation between and within humans.AimThis study aimed to develop and validate an anthropomorphic phantom-based method to assess x-ray table mattress interface pressures as an index of mattress performance.MethodsA three dimensional phantom simulating an adult’s head, pelvis, and heels was printed from x-ray computed tomography image data and attached to a metal frame 175 cm in length. Dry sand was added to the phantom head, pelvis, and heels to represent a range of human weights. Pressure distribution was assessed using XSensor. Phantom validation was achieved by comparing phantom mattress interface pressure characteristics, for five human equivalent weights, against 27 sets of human mattress interface pressure data.ResultsUsing the correlation coefficient R, phantom and human pressure data showed good correlation for the five phantom weights (R values: head = 0.993, pelvis = 0.997, and heels = 0.996).ConclusionA novel method to test x-ray mattresses for interface pressure was developed and validated. The method could have utility in the testing of x-ray mattresses that are in routine use and for new mattress development. Phantom interface pressure data could be provided by manufacturers to help inform procurement decisions when matching mattress characteristics to medical imaging demands and the underlying patient populations.     

早产儿专用卧垫的研制及临床应用研究

目的研制适合早产儿在暖箱内安全舒适地进行仰卧、俯卧姿势的专用卧垫并观察其临床应用效果。方法将胎龄34周的60例早产儿随机分为早产儿专用卧垫实验组(30例)与不使用专用卧垫对照组(30例),进行临床观察及资料分析。结果实验组与对照组患儿出生年龄、胎龄、体重、喂养方式及治疗方式比较差异无显著意义(P0.05);而呼吸暂停发作次数、发生喂养不耐受的次数,生长发育的指标比较,P0.05。结论早产儿专用卧垫能使早产儿在暖箱内安全舒适地进行仰卧、俯卧姿势,让早产儿重新感受到母体子宫的感觉,有效地减少早产儿呼吸暂停及喂养不耐受的发生率,有利于其生长发育。     

简易翻身枕、翻身褥用于卧床患者预防压疮的效果研究

目的 探讨简易翻身枕、翻身褥用于卧床患者预防压疮的效果.方法 将自行研制的简易翻身枕、翻身褥用于1300例易患压疮患者,观察应用效果.结果 1300例患者出院时均皮肤完好,无压疮发生.结论 简易翻身枕、翻身褥确为一种预防压疮的有效方法,具有一定的应用价值,值得推广.     

MEASUREMENTS OF INTERFACE PRESSURE BETWEEN BODY SITES AND THE SURFACES OF FOUR SPECIALISED AIR MATTRESSES

SUMMARY Four specialised air mattresses had interface pressure measured under six body sites prone to pressure sores in 10 subjects, supine and sitting. The mattresses were the Clinirest (SSI) and FirstStep (KCI) continuous airflow mattress overlays, and Airwave (Pegasus) and Nimbus (Huntleigh) alternating pressure air mattresses. On the mattress overlays, average supine interface pressures were 2.33 kPa (scapula), 4.15 kPa (elbow), 1.94 kPa (sacrum) and 2.79 kPa (buttock), although they were higher at the occiput (7.97 kPa) and heel (11.7 kPa). The alternating pressure air mattresses had an average minimum interface pressure close to zero for three sites, rising to 4.28 kPa under the heel. Average maximum interface pressures were 8.61 kPa (occiput), 5.21 kPa (scapula), 4.90 (elbow), 4.85 kPa (sacrum), 4.61 kPa (buttock) and 13.2 kPa (heel). No accepted scientific method exists for comparing the two types of mattress. Our data suggest a clinical benefit at the occiput and heel (supine) in using an alternating pressure air mattress and a benefit in using a continuous airflow mattress overlay at other sites.     

压疮防治进展

介绍了体位不当、压力、年龄、认知功能、意识、不良生活习惯、营养不良等引起压疮的原因.强调压疮预防的重要性,可使用喷气式床垫、充水床垫、聚硅酮床垫、新型全自动翻身床、侧身床、程控按摩床;改进翻身方法;药物预防等方法,同时根据病人的情况采取不同的治疗方法以减轻病人的痛苦,节省护理人力资源.