PCR技术检测血液中和蚊体内班氏丝虫的研究

目的：寻找一种敏感、特异的班氏丝虫病的检测方法。方法：根据班氏丝虫Ssp I重复序列,合成班氏丝虫特异性引物一对;运用PCR技术检测血液中的班氏丝虫微丝蚴和蚊体内幼丝虫,并将此技术应用于原班氏丝虫流行区的疾病监测。结果：该方法可检出100μl阳性血样中的1条班氏丝虫微丝蚴;50只致倦库蚊中含有一只仅感染1条班氏幼丝虫阳性蚊亦能准确检出。马来丝虫等其它寄生虫样本的PCR结果均为阴性。用该方法检测广东省班氏丝虫监测点540份血液样本和14708只致倦库蚊样本,所有样本均为阴性。结论：该PCR反应系统灵敏度高、特异性强,可作为一种新的班氏丝虫病监测方法在现场中使用。     

残存微丝蚴血症动态变化与蚊媒关系观察

目的：了解残存微丝蚴血症者在自然条件下的动态变化，为消灭丝虫病提供依据。方法：于1994－2001年按丝虫病常规采血检查。捕蚊管吸捕人房致倦库蚊并解剖镜检。结果：人群微丝蚴率1994年为0．57％，2001年0．39％；血微丝蚴密度逐年下降，而1999年2例复阳，2001年1例阴性，1例密度14条。8年捕获致倦库蚊3098只，阳性蚊12只，蚊体内幼丝虫43条。结论：8年连续观察，残存班氏微丝蚴血症在自然条件下，微丝蚴密度可逐渐降低直至转阴，滋生新的传染源机会极小。     

温岭县基本消灭班氏丝虫病后期动态监测

本文报告1989～1992年在基本消灭班氏丝虫病的浙东南沿海地区姆坑村纵向监测结果,始监测时人群微丝蚴率为0.17%,平均微丝蚴密度为9.25条/60μl,致倦库蚊幼丝虫感染率为1.24%。1991年复查人群微丝蚴率为0.1992年蚊媒监测未发现蚊体内感染幼丝虫,结果表明监测区丝虫病的传播流行已被终止。     

广东省班氏丝虫病防治后期人群和媒介感染情况观察

目的 探索人群微丝蚴率降至1％以下,终止防治措施后人群和媒介感染情况。方法 终止防治措施后,1988～2000年在原广东省班氏丝虫病流行区抽查30％以上流行镇,重点村居民夜间采血120μl血检微丝蚴,在血检点捕集致倦库蚊解剖,观察自然感染情况;选定10个县原丝虫病流行较严重的村,纵向观察人群和媒介感染情况。结果 1988年人群微丝蚴率为0．33％(575／172631),此后人群微丝蚴率和致倦库蚊自然感染率逐年下降,1997年后无微丝蚴血症者;1992．2000年共解剖致倦库蚊248115只,无发现自然感染幼丝虫;1988～1995年纵向观察,1988年人群微丝蚴率和蚊自然感染率分别为0．14％和0.07％,1994年后两者均为0。结论 班氏丝虫病经防治后,人群微丝蚴率降至1％以下则可阻断传播,10年后人群微丝蚴血症消失。     

免疫色谱技术在班氏丝虫病监测中的应用研究

目的　评估免疫色谱快速诊断技术 (ICT)用于班氏丝虫病防治后期监测的效果。方法采用ICT对班氏微丝蚴血症者、其他寄生虫病患者等进行检测 ;对原班氏丝虫流行区和非流行区的 7～ 1 2岁人群用ICT进行检测 ,阳性者用常规血检法检测微丝蚴 ;评价其灵敏度和特异性。结果　 6例班氏微丝蚴血症者ICT为阳性 ;3例微丝蚴阴性的象皮肿患者、4例马来丝虫微丝蚴患者和 51例其他寄生虫病患者ICT均为阴性 ,其灵敏度和特异性均为 1 0 0 %。在班氏丝虫病流行区监测试点用ICT检测 776人 ,阳性 1例 ;用常规血检法对该阳性者进行 3次血检和对其周围人群 58人血检 ,均未检出微丝蚴血症者 ;该阳性者经海群生间歇双疗程法治疗后 ,ICT检测为阴性。在非流行区用ICT检测 1 95人 ,全部阴性。结论　ICT快捷简便、灵敏度高、特异性强 ,可用于班氏丝虫病的诊断和监测。     

班氏丝虫病防治后期残存微丝蚴血症传播作用的研究

<正> 我国淋巴系统丝虫病流行区主要分四种类型:以中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊嗜人亚种为媒介的马米丝虫病流行和以淡色库蚊、致倦库蚊为媒介的班氏丝虫病流行区。商邱地区柘城县胡襄乡张庄村系以淡色库蚊为媒介的班氏丝虫病流行区。为了解该区班氏丝虫病的防治效果及其巩固情况,并监测其残存中低密度微丝蚴血症者(微丝蚴简写为mf、微丝蚴血症及微丝蚴阳性简写为mf~+,微丝蚴感染率简写为mfr,下同)对丝虫病的传播作用;为制定消灭     

免疫色谱技术在班氏丝虫病监测中的应用研究

目的：评估免疫色谱快速诊断技术（ICT）用于班氏丝虫病防治后期监测的效果。方法采用ICT对班氏微丝蚴血症、其他寄生虫病患等进行检测;对原班氏丝虫流行区和非流行区的7－12岁人群用ICT进行检测,阳性用常规血检法检测微丝螺;评价其灵敏度和特异性。结果：6例班氏微丝蚴血症ICT为阳性;3例微丝蚴阴性的象皮肿患,3例马来丝虫微丝蚴患和51例其他寄生虫病患ICT均为阴性,其灵敏度和特异性均为100％。在班氏丝虫病流行区监测试点用ICT检测776人,阳性1例;用常规血检法对该阳性进行3次血检和对其周围人群58人血检,均未检出微丝蚴血症;该阳性经海群生间歇双疗程法治疗,ICT检测为阴性。在非流行区用ICT检测195人,全部阴性。结论：ICT快捷简便、灵敏度高、特异性强,可用于班氏丝虫病的诊断和监测     

舟山市消灭丝虫病的措施与监测

目的 调查舟山市人群微丝蚴感染和防治效果。方法 通过以消灭传染源为主的综合防治,采用海群生拌盐、拌酱油等服药方法,辅以晚期病人治疗、防治蚊措施。结果 至1979年人群微丝蚴率降至1％以下（0．59％0。1985年后未发现微丝蚴血症者,1986年后未检出人体幼丝虫感染蚊。在全面监测阶段,以县（区）为单位,经考核基本消灭丝虫病均在10年以上,达到：①病原学监测,乡镇及人口覆盖率分别在30％和3％以上,无微丝蚴阳性;②监测致倦库蚊,解剖3000只以上,未发现幼丝虫。结论 舟山市已消灭传染源,丝虫病传播完全被阻断,达到了卫生部制订的消灭丝虫病标准。     

单一查治措施防治班氏丝虫病的远期效果观察

1974～1977年,广东省阳山县犁头镇以单一查治措施防治班氏丝虫病。防治前人群微丝蚴率为15.08％,致倦库蚊自然感染率为9.33％。经4年4次查治后,微丝蚴率降为 0.45％,来发现致倦库蚊自然感染。防治后12年,分层随机抽样进行远期效果观察,血检5711人,解剖致倦库蚊672只,未发现微丝蚴血症者和蚊媒感染。结果表明,单一查治措施防治班氏丝虫病的效果巩固,即使个别村残存低密度微丝蚴血症者较多(2.67％),仍不引起流行传播,且微丝蚴血症者逐年转阴。     

阳西县丝虫病流行状况及防治效果分析

目的了解阳西县丝虫病流行状况,制定并实施防治方案,最终消除淋巴丝虫病。方法通过对人群进行血检调查确定流行范围;在流行区进行反复查治和监测,消除传染源。结果阳西县全县9个乡镇104个管理区为班氏丝虫病流行区,防治前(1970年)人群平均微丝蚴率为3.59%,传播媒介为致倦库蚊。1959~1985年,全县共血检调查634 209人次,治疗患者12 575例,全民服药防治6 852人。1985年防治效果考核,在3个镇3个管理区共血检5 292人,检出微丝蚴血症者3例,微丝蚴率为0.06%,达到基本消除丝虫病标准。1986~1997年进行防治后期监测,共血检35 453人,检出微丝蚴血症者1例。解剖雌性致倦库蚊4 210只,未发现幼丝虫感染。1990年后已无微丝蚴血症者。结论1998年经省卫生厅审评,阳西县已达到卫生部消除淋巴丝虫病标准。在阳西县流行区进行反复查治和系统监测,可达到消除淋巴丝虫病的目的。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.