DMSO induced modulation of c-myc steady-state RNA levels in a variety of different cell lines

The nuclear proto-oncogene c-myc is believed to play a regulatory role in eukaryotic cellular growth and differentiation. Several studies have demonstrated rapid down-regulation of the steady-state levels of c-myc RNA during DMSO induced differentiation of the human 'promyelocytic' cell line, HL-60. However, little is known about the effect of DMSO on c-myc regulation in cells which are not induced to differentiate by DMSO. We have examined the effect of DMSO on c-myc RNA levels in a number of cell lines with different lesions in the c-myc gene, including those which do not differentiate in response to DMSO treatment. Here we demonstrate that DMSO induces a rapid, but transient, reduction in the steady-state level of c-myc RNA in human 'erythroid' K562 cells, Burkitt lymphoma lines Daudi and Raji, human T cell lymphoblastoid line CEM and mouse lymphoma line L1210. However, DMSO treatment does not produce a similar effect in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line COLO 320 or HeLa epithelial cervical carcinoma cells. These observations demonstrate that the DMSO induced modulation of c-myc RNA levels is a more common phenomenon than previously recognised, and is not necessarily correlated with either the induction of cellular differentiation or growth arrest.     

Increased c-myc RNA levels associated with the precommitment state during HL-60 myeloid differentiation

The dynamics in levels of HL-60 (a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line) c-myc RNA due to retinoic acid-induced myeloid differentiation were measured. An increase in levels of c-myc RNA occurred early in this process when the cells are known to be in a precommitment early regulatory state. The increased levels of c-myc RNA occurred before any G1-0-specific growth arrest or phenotypic differentiation. Cells in G1 and S had similar levels of c-myc RNA during this process. Onset of growth arrest and phenotypic differentiation preceded an apparent decline of c-myc RNA levels. Levels of c-myc RNA decreased only in advanced cultures with growth arrest and differentiation essentially completed. The kinetics and cell cycle dependence of the early increase in c-myc levels paralleled previously reported nuclear structural changes characteristic of the precommitment state. Since c-myc encodes a putative nuclear matrix protein, the results suggest a regulatory role for increased c-myc expression in mediating the nuclear structural change characteristic of precommitment early in the retinoic acid-induced process of HL-60 terminal myeloid differentiation. The results argue against a change in c-myc RNA levels as a requirement for G1 to S transit or for G1-0-specific growth arrest during terminal differentiation. In contrast, the results argue for a putative regulatory role for c-myc in induction of the precommitment early regulatory state. C-myc may thus act in a homeotic regulatory capacity during HL-60 terminal myeloid differentiation.     

曲古抑菌素A对HL-60细胞分化的影响

目的 探讨曲古抑菌素A(TSA)在体外诱导急性早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60分化的作用.方法 采用溴化四甲基偶氮唑蓝法检测TSA对HL-60细胞增殖的影响,流式细胞术检测细胞周期;通过检测细胞分化特异性抗原CD11b的表达研究细胞分化作用;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测c-myc基因mRNA的表达.结果 经TSA作用后,细胞增殖受抑制,细胞周期阻滞在G0和G1期,P<0.01;TSA作用48 h后,细胞分化率达15.24%;c-myc表达随TSA作用时间延长而降低.结论 TSA对HL-60细胞具有抑制增殖和诱导分化作用.     

The influence of the cell cycle, differentiation and irradiation on the nuclear location of the abl, bcr and c-myc genes in human leukemic cells

abl and bcr genes play an important role in the diagnostics of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The translocation of these genes results in an abnormal chromosome 22 called the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). The chimeric bcr-abl gene is a fundamental phenomenon in the pathogenesis of CML. Malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells is also accompanied by the c-myc gene changes (translocation, amplification). Nuclear topology of the abl, bcr and c-myc genes was determined in differentiated as well as in irradiated HL-60 cells using dual-colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation and image analysis by means of a high resolution cytometer. After the induction of the granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells with all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the abl and bcr homologous genes were repositioned closer to the nuclear periphery and the average distances between homologous abl-abl and bcr-bcr genes as well as between heterologous abl-bcr genes were elongated as compared with untreated human leukemic promyelocytic HL-60 cells. Elongated gene-to-gene and centre-to-gene distances were also found for the c-myc gene during granulocytic differentiation. In the case of the monocytic maturation of HL-60 cells treated with phorbol esters (PMA), the abl and bcr homologous genes were repositioned closer to each other and closer to the nuclear centre. The position of the c-myc gene did not change significantly after the PMA stimulus. The proximity of the abl and bcr genes was also found after gamma irradiation using 60Co (5 Gy). Immediately after the gamma irradiation c-myc was repositioned closer to the nuclear centre, but 24 h after radiation exposure the c-myc position returned back to the pretreatment level. The c-myc gene topology after gamma irradiation (when the cells are blocked in G2 phase) was different from that detected in the G2 sorted control population. We suggest that changes in the abl, bcr and c-myc topology in the case of gamma irradiation are not the effects of the cell cycle. It is possible, that differences in the cell cycle of hematopoietic cells after the gamma irradiation and concurrent proximity of the abl, bcr and c-myc genes could be important from the point of view of contingent gene translocations, that are responsible for malignant transformation of cells.     

RNA干扰对白血病细胞系HL-60增生的影响

 目的 研究针对c-myc基因的小分子干扰RNA片断（small interfering RNA, siRNA）对白血病细胞系HL-60细胞增生的影响,探讨应用siRNA进行白血病基因治疗的可能性。方法 制备特异性对应c-myc基因的siRNA转染HL-60细胞,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态学改变,MTT法检测细胞增生状态,流式细胞仪进行细胞周期分析。结果 siRNA转染HL-60细胞后,细胞生长受抑,增生能力减弱,其增生抑制作用于转染后48 h、72 h最明显,增生抑制率分别为53.2 %和51.5 %;S期细胞比值由（56.1±4.7）%降至（17.8±3.2）%,细胞阻滞在G0／G1期。结论 针对c-myc基因的siRNA对HL-60细胞增生有明显抑制作用,有望为白血病提供新的治疗途径。     

Retinoic-acid-induced modulation of c-myc not dependent on its continued presence: possible role in pre-commitment for HL-60 cells

Induced differentiation of HL-60 human promyelocytic cells along the myeloid or monocytic lineages has been previously shown to involve an intermediate regulatory state, the pre-commitment state. Pre-commitment cells have completed the early events in the processes leading ultimately to terminal differentiation and require only an abbreviated subsequent exposure to inducer for onset of terminal differentiation. The pre-commitment state has 2 properties relevant to the present communication: (1) when induced by retinoic acid (RA), it has a characteristic duration following removal of the RA; and (2) it can also be induced by a pulse exposure to hydroxyurea. In the present studies, it was observed that after exposure of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells to RA for 24 hr (ca. one division cycle) their levels of c-myc RNA were elevated. The c-myc RNA level then remained elevated for several subsequent division cycles despite the removal of retinoic acid. Thus, retinoic acid induced a change in HL-60 c-myc RNA levels which was sustained regardless of the continued presence or absence of RA. The elevation, decreasing to control levels 3 division cycles after termination of the pulse exposure, paralleled the known duration of the pre-commitment memory state. Furthermore, a pulse exposure of HL-60 cells to a subcytotoxic dose of hydroxyurea, which is also known to induce a pre-commitment state, also induced an elevation of c-myc RNA levels. The observed changes in c-myc levels were not common to all oncogenes. C-fos responded differently to the retinoic acid treatment. Furthermore, although hydroxyurea affected c-myc levels, it did not alter c-fos levels. Most significantly, the present results suggest a cellular function for the c-myc gene product, which is derivation of the pre-commitment state.     

Differentiation of F9 cells is independent of c-myc expression.

The level of c-myc expression rapidly decreases during in vitro induced differentiation of mouse F9 embryonic teratocarcinoma to endoderm cells, raising the question of whether down regulation of c-myc expression is a part of the mechanism regulating differentiation. We have investigated the effect of enforced increases or decreases in c-myc RNA expression in F9 cells on growth and differentiation. The enforced expression of c-myc RNA in clones transfected with sense c-myc did not inhibit their terminal differentiation. Dramatically decreased c-myc RNA expression in antisense c-myc transfected clones also did not substantially alter the differentiation pathway, although the transformed cells withdraw from the cell cycle slightly earlier than control cells during the differentiation induction. These results suggest that the mechanism controlling differentiation operates independently of the level of c-myc RNA expression in F9 teratocarcinoma cells.     

抑制c-myc基因表达对HL-60细胞表面分化抗原CD13、CD33的影响

目的：利用重组反义c-myc腺病毒载体（Ad-AS-c-myc）抑制HL-60细胞c-myc基因表达,检测细胞表面分化抗原CD13、CD33变化,了解抑制HL-60细胞c-myc表达,对细胞分化及分化抗原的影响。方法：重组Ad-AS-c-myc病毒按感染强度（MOI）为100的转染剂量,转染HL-60细胞。RT-PCR检测c-myc表达。流式细胞仪检测CD13、CD33阳性细胞率。同时对转染细胞行Wright＇s染色,观察细胞形态变化。结果：Ad-AS-c-myc转染HL-60细胞后,c-myc基因表达降低,CD13阳性细胞率升高,CD33阳性细胞率降低。结论：抑制c-myc基因表达,使HL-60细胞CD13表达增强,CD33表达降低。细胞形态向成熟粒细胞方向分化。     

抑制c-myc基因表达对HL-60细胞表面分化抗原CD13、CD33的影响

目的:利用重组反义c-myc腺病毒载体(Ad-AS-c-myc)抑制HL-60细胞c-myc基因表达,检测细胞表面分化抗原CD13、CD33变化,了解抑制HL-60细胞c-myc表达,对细胞分化及分化抗原的影响。方法:重组Ad-AS-c-myc病毒按感染强度(MOI)为100的转染剂量,转染HL-60细胞。RT-PCR检测c-myc表达。流式细胞仪检测CD13、CD33阳性细胞率。同时对转染细胞行Wright’s染色,观察细胞形态变化。结果:Ad-AS-c-myc转染HL-60细胞后,c-myc基因表达降低,CD13阳性细胞率升高,CD33阳性细胞率降低。结论:抑制c-myc基因表达,使HL-60细胞CD13表达增强,CD33表达降低。细胞形态向成熟粒细胞方向分化。