抑郁症发病机制的研究进展

抑郁症是一种常见的精神障碍疾病,主要表现为兴趣缺失、心境低落、意志活动减退、思维迟缓、认知功能受损,甚至引发患者的自杀倾向,且抑郁症具有高发病率、高复发率、高致残率和高自杀率的特点.WHO 预测,到2030年抑郁症将成为全球最大的疾病负担,威胁着人类的健康和社会的和谐[1].超过25％的抑郁症患者无法被治愈[2],因此,探索抑郁症的发病机制以求得研究得到更有效的治疗方法显得尤为重要.抑郁症的发病机制十分复杂,本文主要从神经元细胞的凋亡和增殖、5－HT 活性、线粒体功能障碍及神经炎性反应4个方面对抑郁症的相关发病机制进行综述。     

抑郁症症状维度与诊治效应研究进展北大核心CSCD

抑郁症具有高患病率、高致残率、高疾病负担等特点[1-2],2010年全球疾病负担研究结果显示,抑郁症已成为中国伤残损失健康生命年（years lived with disability）的第二大主因[1],由抑郁症导致的疾病负担正逐年增加,据估计至2030年,抑郁症所占伤残损失健康生命年将达到全球第1位[2]。     

N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体与抑郁症相关性研究进展

<正>抑郁症是常见的心理精神障碍,是一种以明显而持久的心境低落为主要特征的临床综合征。随着社会生活节奏的加快,压力的剧增,抑郁症已经成为临床上常见病、高发病,且其发病率呈上升趋势[1]。《世界卫生组织2002年度报告》中指出,按目前发病增长的速度,到2020年抑郁症可能成为仅次于心脏病的致残性疾病[2],然而,当前近乎一半的抗抑郁药物疗效欠佳,所以重新认识抑郁症的发病机制对抗抑郁新药的研发十分必要。抑郁症的确切发病机制尚不完全清     

抑郁症与生物钟基因的研究进展

<正>抑郁症是具有高患病率、高致残率、高复发率及高疾病负担等特点的精神疾病。2019年研究显示,我国抑郁症的终身患病率为6.8%[1]。抑郁症的发病机制复杂,其中,神经递质分泌异常、脑功能改变、神经回路失调等因素都在     

抗抑郁药的研究进展

<正>抑郁症已经成为一种高发病率和高死亡率的疾病,预计在2020年将会成为影响人类健康的第二类疾病[1]。抑郁症是遗传和环境因素共同引起的,机制可能是诱发中枢5-羟色胺(5-HT)或去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)和神经肽等神经递质含量降低及其受体功能下降有关,近年来还有发现可能与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴负反馈失调[2]、谷氨酸传导障碍[3]、神经免疫异常[4]等因素有关。目     

抑郁与痴呆:不可忽略的联系

随着对精神障碍研究的深入,研究者发现 ,精神障碍伴有神经病理改变 ,和有关的神经疾病有共同的病理过程[1 ] .抑郁症是最常见的精神障碍之一 ,以显著而持久的情绪低落为主要特征.研究表明 ,全球抑郁症发病率约为3.1% ,发达国家的发病率约为6% ,我国为3% ~5% .有25% ~30% 的抑郁症患者有过自杀行为 ,11% ~19% 自杀身亡[2 ] .世界卫生组织预测,到2020年抑郁症将成为最重要的致残疾病 ,对于个体和家庭都是一个沉重的负担[3 ] .痴呆是老年人常见疾病,65岁以上的老年人中约1/5有认知功能损害.65岁以后,每增加5岁 ,痴呆的风险就会翻倍.80岁以上的老年人 ,其痴呆患病率达到40% [4 ] .     

磁共振成像预测老年抑郁症治疗效果的研究进展

<正>老年抑郁症(late-life depression,LLD)包括早发型老年抑郁症(早期抑郁发作持续至年龄大于60岁或60岁以后抑郁复发)及晚发型老年抑郁症(首次抑郁发作年龄大于60岁)~[1]。LLD是一种患病率很高的情感性精神障碍,主要表现为精神运动性迟滞、情感低落、焦虑、自知力差、躯体疾病共患率高、行为能力差等~[2],并伴有显著的认知功能损害~[3]和高自杀率~[4],严重危害老年人的健康,给社会和家庭带来沉重     

细胞因子与抑郁症发病机制研究进展

抑郁症是目前危害人类健康的主要疾病之一,对其病因机制的探讨是达到有效治疗的必要途径.近几年来,研究热点逐渐由神经递质和神经内分泌激素转向对细胞因子的关注.抑郁症的免疫异常自七十年代就有报道;九十年代以来,随着研究技术的发展,发现抑郁症常有炎性分子增高,提示免疫激活.近年来这方面的研究趋向于认为抑郁症的发生可能与免疫激活导致细胞因子分泌增多有关[1],提出了抑郁症的"细胞因子假说".该假说强调抑郁症是一种心理神经免疫紊乱性障碍[2].     

线粒体功能异常假说在抑郁症中的研究进展

抑郁症(major depressive disorder)具有高发病率、高复发率、高病死率及高致残率等特点,给患者及其家庭和社会带来沉重负担,成为当今全球最主要的精神卫生问题之一[1].对于抑郁症的分子遗传学研究虽然已经进行了大量的探索,但其病因机制目前仍不明确.有学者在2000年提出了抑郁症和双相障碍的线粒体功能异常假说[2],为抑郁症病因研究提供了新的方向.     

轻-中度饮酒与脑卒中发病相关问题的研究进展

据全球疾病负担报告(global burden of dis-ease,GBD)和《中国脑卒中防治报告 2019》显示[1-2],随着社会人口老龄化进程加快和人们生活方式的转变,中国脑卒中发病率逐年上升,其中约80％以上为缺血性卒中.除高血压、糖尿病、房颤等疾病危险因素外[3],酒精摄入也是与卒中发病相关的前十位可控危...     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.