67例婴幼儿肺结核临床诊断分析

目的分析婴幼儿肺结核的临床诊断特点。方法对67例婴幼儿肺结核的卡介苗接种情况、结核接触史、临床表现、实验室检查、胸部影像学特点、PPD试验结果进行回顾性分析。结果67例患儿中未接种卡介苗20例(29.9%);有结核接触史31例(46.3%),外来人口26例(38.8%);发热51例(76.1%),有呼吸道症状者59例(88.1%),有神经系统症状者15例(22.4%);PPD(-)14例(20.9%),CRP升高50例,ESR升高45例(67.1%)血常规检查示白细胞升高45例(67.2%),白细胞分类中性粒为主者49例(73.1%);67例行X线胸片检查,其中16例(23.9%)仅见两肺纹理增多增粗、未见实质性病灶,CT检查58例,其中2例未见明显异常。最后诊断为原发型肺结核40例,占59.7%,血行播散性肺结核14例,占20.9%;继发性肺结核5例,占7.5%;结核性胸膜炎8例,占11.9%。结论婴幼儿肺结核有一定的临床特点,临床应注意早期诊断;同时应该加强外来流动人口的结核病防治工作,普及外来人口儿童的卡介苗接种率。     

67例婴幼儿肺结核临床诊断分析

目的分析婴幼儿肺结核的临床诊断特点。方法对67例婴幼儿肺结核的卡介苗接种情况、结核接触史、临床表现、实验室检查、胸部影像学特点、PPD试验结果进行回顾性分析。结果67例患儿中未接种卡介苗20例(29.9%);有结核接触史31例(46.3%),外来人口26例(38.8%);发热51例(76.1%),有呼吸道症状者59例(88.1%),有神经系统症状者15例(22.4%);PPD(-)14例(20.9%),CRP升高50例,ESR升高45例(67.1%)血常规检查示白细胞升高45例(67.2%),白细胞分类中性粒为主者49例(73.1%);67例行X线胸片检查,其中16例(23.9%)仅见两肺纹理增多增粗、未见实质性病灶,CT检查58例,其中2例未见明显异常。最后诊断为原发型肺结核40例,占59.7%,血行播散性肺结核14例,占20.9%;继发性肺结核5例,占7.5%;结核性胸膜炎8例,占11.9%。结论婴幼儿肺结核有一定的临床特点,临床应注意早期诊断;同时应该加强外来流动人口的结核病防治工作,普及外来人口儿童的卡介苗接种率。     

基于CT分型方法的儿童肺结核临床特征分析

目的 分析儿童肺结核CT特征的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2006年7月至2014年12月经临床诊断并确诊为肺结核的734例患儿的临床资料(包括年龄、性别、临床表现,疫苗接种史、接触史及实验室检查等),基于CT分型对其CT特征、临床特点进行分析。结果 734例患儿中159例(21.7%)为经病原学检测确诊;CT分型中原发性肺结核和气管、支气管结核最多见(365例,50.4%),并发2种及以上类型者次之(199例,27.3%);3岁以下婴幼儿以原发性肺结核和气管、支气管结核多见(189例,26.1%), 7~14岁青春期儿童以结核性胸膜炎多见(94例,13.0%);并发肺外结核患者以结核性脑膜炎(109例,34.5%)及肺外播散累及2个及以上器官或组织者(103例,32.6%)最多见。192例(26.2%)患儿并发其他疾病或患有基础疾病。结论 不同年龄阶段患儿的肺结核CT分型不同,且常并发肺外结核;儿童肺结核CT表现有其自身特点及年龄分布特点。     

小儿结核性脑膜炎68例临床分析

目的探讨小儿结核性脑膜炎的临床特点及早期诊断方法。方法回顾性分析2009年10月至2012年10月在我院确诊或临床诊断为结核性脑膜炎的68例住院患儿的临床资料。结果 68例病例中,男36例,女32例,年龄(4±4.35)岁。5例确诊病例,脑脊液结核杆菌培养阳性;63例为临床诊断病例。临床主要表现为:发热64例(94%);头痛和/或呕吐38例(56%);抽搐26例(38%);意识障碍33例(48%);脑膜刺激征阳性38例(56%);偏瘫27例(40%);25例伴颅神经损害,以动眼神经和外展神经受损为主。合并脑外结核47例(69%)。未接种卡介苗18例(27%),有明确肺结核接触史28例(42%)。脑脊液异常62例(92%),呈非化脓性改变,白细胞增高以淋巴细胞为主,蛋白质升高,糖、氯化物降低。头颅影像学有异常发现62例(92%),脑室扩张、交通性(梗阻性)脑积水和脑梗死最常见。全部病例均接受抗结核治疗,12例行侧脑室外引流术,其中11例转神经外科行脑室-腹腔分流术。好转或治愈62例(92%),后遗症28例(42%),自动出院2例(4%),死亡2例(4%)。结论该病临床表现复杂多样,早期症状和体征均缺乏特异性,仔细询问病史和结核接触史,结合脑脊液、头颅影像学、结核菌素试验是早期诊断的关键。     

17例儿童泌尿系结核临床特征与疗效分析

目的 探讨儿童泌尿系结核临床特征与疗效,提高儿科医师对该病的认识。方法 搜集2015年1月至2020年1月南华大学附属长沙中心医院儿童结核科收治的符合诊断标准的17例泌尿系结核患儿的临床资料进行整理及描述性统计分析。结果 17例患儿均来自湖南各地,其中农村15例,男童11例,年龄中位数(四分位数)为11.0(8.5,16.5)岁。16例接种过卡介苗,6例有明确肺结核密切接触史。并发肺结核、结核性脑膜脑炎和结核性脊髓脊膜炎、腹腔结核分别为14、8、7例。12例有泌尿系症状,其中尿频、尿急、尿痛11例,夜间盗汗9例,发热8例。尿常规异常者12例,PPD试验和结核感染T淋巴细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)阳性者分别为9和12例。泌尿系CT扫描显示结核典型表现、泌尿系受累、膀胱壁增厚者分别为15、15、9例。本组患儿均延误诊断,延误时间为15d至9个月。均以H-R-Z-E抗结核治疗方案(强化期3~6个月,巩固期12~15个月)为基础,仅1例原发性癫痫患儿将异烟肼改为帕司烟肼,并因病情或疗效原因而联用其他一、二线抗结核药品(如丙硫异烟胺、链霉素、左氧氟沙星、利奈唑胺),最终6例治愈,9例病情好转,处于继续治疗中,2例死亡。结论 本省儿童泌尿系结核患儿以农村、男童、大龄多见,接种卡介苗对该年龄段患儿无保护性;有明显结核病密切接触史、泌尿系症状和其他器官结核,PPD试验和T-SPOT.TB阳性、CT扫描有疑似典型病灶改变有助于辅助诊断。积极治疗后效果良好。     

689例住院老年结核的临床研究

目的通过对老年肺结核患者的临床症状、胸片表现、痰检及PPD皮试等、治疗进行分析,探讨老年肺结核的发病特点。方法对2000~2004年临床收治的60岁及以上的689例老年肺结核患者的临床资料进行分析。结果①临床症状不典型:除69例患者无任何表现,体检时被发现诊断为肺结核外,多以咳嗽(78.2%)、咳痰(59.5%)、胸闷、气喘(49.1%)、咯血(38.6%)等呼吸道表现为症状。结核中毒症状除发热(48.2%)外,而盗汗、乏力等症状不甚明显。②合并症多:伴有一种或多种合并症的为576人,占86.3%。③病程迁延漫长,最长35年。④涂阳率高,占47.0%。⑤不正规抗痨治疗者多。结论全社会要加强对老年肺结核的研究,增强对老年肺结核特点的认识,提高其早期诊断和防治效果。     

Analysis of clinical characteristics and curative effect in 17 urinary tuberculosis children

目的 探讨儿童泌尿系结核临床特征与疗效,提高儿科医师对该病的认识。方法 搜集2015年1月至2020年1月南华大学附属长沙中心医院儿童结核科收治的符合诊断标准的17例泌尿系结核患儿的临床资料进行整理及描述性统计分析。结果 17例患儿均来自湖南各地,其中农村15例,男童11例,年龄中位数(四分位数)为11.0(8.5,16.5)岁。16例接种过卡介苗,6例有明确肺结核密切接触史。并发肺结核、结核性脑膜脑炎和结核性脊髓脊膜炎、腹腔结核分别为14、8、7例。12例有泌尿系症状,其中尿频、尿急、尿痛11例,夜间盗汗9例,发热8例。尿常规异常者12例,PPD试验和结核感染T淋巴细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)阳性者分别为9和12例。泌尿系CT扫描显示结核典型表现、泌尿系受累、膀胱壁增厚者分别为15、15、9例。本组患儿均延误诊断,延误时间为15d至9个月。均以H-R-Z-E抗结核治疗方案(强化期3~6个月,巩固期12~15个月)为基础,仅1例原发性癫痫患儿将异烟肼改为帕司烟肼,并因病情或疗效原因而联用其他一、二线抗结核药品(如丙硫异烟胺、链霉素、左氧氟沙星、利奈唑胺),最终6例治愈,9例病情好转,处于继续治疗中,2例死亡。结论 本省儿童泌尿系结核患儿以农村、男童、大龄多见,接种卡介苗对该年龄段患儿无保护性;有明显结核病密切接触史、泌尿系症状和其他器官结核,PPD试验和T-SPOT.TB阳性、CT扫描有疑似典型病灶改变有助于辅助诊断。积极治疗后效果良好。     

结核抗体等5项检测指标不同联合对复治肺结核诊断价值的研究

目的　探讨结核抗体、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血红细胞沉降率(ESR)、结核菌素纯蛋白衍化物(PPD)皮肤试验、分枝杆菌聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测不同联合对复治肺结核诊断的临床价值。方法 结核抗体采用金标法,PCR检查采用荧光双标记定量法,ESR采用魏氏法,CRP采用免疫浊度法,结核菌素纯蛋白衍化物(PPD)皮肤试验按照国家规定。结果 5项检查的单项敏感性依次为PCR(92.0%)、结核抗体检测(81.3%)、ESR(80.0%)、PPD(68.3%)、CRP(66.7%);特异性依次为94.0%、87.0%、32.0%、72.0%、75.0%。任意联合其中2项检测指标的结果对复治肺结核诊断的敏感性明显上升;结核抗体与PCR联合检测的诊断特异性与其他联合相比更有价值(P<0.05)。联合3项及3项以上的检测指标敏感性达到或接近100.0%,但其特异性与PCR和结核抗体联合检测相比反而下降明显(P<0.01)。结论 在结核抗体、ESR、CRP、PPD、PCR等5项检测指标中,联合检测结核抗体与PCR对复治肺结核的诊断最有价值,在此基础上增加检测项目并不能提高对复治肺结核的诊断价值。     

结核抗体等5项检测指标不同联合对复治肺结核诊断价值的研究

目的探讨结核抗体、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血红细胞沉降率(ESR)、结核菌素纯蛋白衍化物(PPD)皮肤试验、分枝杆菌聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测不同联合对复治肺结核诊断的临床价值。方法结核抗体采用金标法,PCR检查采用荧光双标记定量法,ESR采用魏氏法,CRP采用免疫浊度法,结核菌素纯蛋白衍化物(PPD)皮肤试验按照国家规定。结果5项检查的单项敏感性依次为PCR(92.0%)、结核抗体检测(81.3%)、ESR(80.0%)、PPD(68.3%)、CRP(66.7%);特异性依次为94.0%、87.0%、32.0%、72.0%、75.0%。任意联合其中2项检测指标的结果对复治肺结核诊断的敏感性明显上升;结核抗体与PCR联合检测的诊断特异性与其他联合相比更有价值(P&lt;0.05)。联合3项及3项以上的检测指标敏感性达到或接近100.0%,但其特异性与PCR和结核抗体联合检测相比反而下降明显(P&lt;0.01)。结论在结核抗体、ESR、CRP、PPD、PCR等5项检测指标中,联合检测结核抗体与PCR对复治肺结核的诊断最有价值,在此基础上增加检测项目并不能提高对复治肺结核的诊断价值。     

177例儿童骨关节结核的临床特征分析

目的 了解骨关节结核患儿的临床特点,为提出防治策略提供参考。方法 收集2013—2017年四川大学华西医院收治的177例骨关节结核患儿的临床资料,对其临床特点(包括年收治患儿例数、性别及年龄分布、结核病病灶部位、患者来源及地区)进行统计分析。结果 2013—2017年,四川大学华西医院收治的177例骨关节结核患儿中,四川省内患儿143例;平均年收治患儿35.4例;男111例,女66例,男∶女=1.68∶1;年龄1~14岁,平均(6.4±3.6)岁,其中幼儿及学龄前期(1~6岁)患儿占56.5%(100/177),学龄期(7~12岁)患儿占37.3%(66/177),12岁以上患儿占6.2%(11/177)。儿童骨关节结核发生部位依次为髋关节(59例)、脊柱(54例)、膝关节(42例)、踝关节(10例)。凉山彝族自治州、甘孜藏族自治州、阿坝藏族自治州及四川省内其他地区骨关节结核患儿例数分别占我院收治四川省内骨关节结核患儿总数的50.3%(72/143)、13.3%(19/143)、11.2%(16/143)和25.2%(36/143)。结论 四川大学华西医院收治的四川省内骨关节结核患儿以凉山彝族自治州、甘孜藏族自治州及阿坝藏族自治州儿童居多,是儿童骨关节结核早期防治的重点区域。且患病儿童中低龄儿童较多,是预防和筛查的重点人群。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.