201例妇女孕期产后心理状态调查

目的:探讨孕期及产后妇女心理状况并分析相关影响因素。方法:对201例孕妇,采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS),在孕6个月后至分娩,产后1周、4周和12周4个时点进行心理状况评估。结果:4个时点焦虑症状发生率分别为3.48%、2.49%、1.00%和0.50%。产前抑郁症状的发生率11.94%,产后抑郁症状的发生率分别是22.39%,7.46%和9.95%。结论:妊娠及分娩对孕产妇心理有明显影响。     

围产期妇女焦虑、抑郁调查

目的:了解孕产妇分娩前后焦虑、抑郁症状的发生率及变化特点. 方法:应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)和生活事件量表(LES),对49例孕妇在孕35～40周、分娩后1周、4周和12周进行评估. 结果:4个时点SAS的焦虑发生率分别为10.2%、12.2% 、10.2%和6.1%;EPDS的抑郁发生率为8.2%、12.2%、4.1%和8.2%;SDS 4个因子分在分娩后持续下降.大专及以上文化者某些量表评分显著低于大专以下文化者. 结论:孕产妇在孕晚期和分娩后都有一定比例的焦虑和抑郁症状.     

高龄孕产妇焦虑、抑郁症状分析

目的：探讨高龄孕产妇焦虑、抑郁症状的发生率及相应的危险因素。方法：随机选取两家妇产科医院的孕妇522名,采用综合医院焦虑和抑郁量表（HAD）、爱丁堡产后抑郁量表（EPDS）和自编危险因素问卷,分别评估人组时、孕38周、产后7d、产后42d和产后3个月的焦虑、抑郁症状。结果：522名中有19例高龄孕产妇。高龄孕产妇5个时点的焦虑症状发生率依次为：15.8％、11．1％、21．1％、6．7％和10．0％;孕期HAD评定的抑郁症状发生率为21．1％、11.1％,产后EPDS评定抑郁症状发生率为10.5％、28．6％和20．0％。高龄孕产妇焦虑、抑郁症状的发生率均高于非高龄孕产妇。初潮年龄和担忧孩子喂养与高龄孕产妇人组时的抑郁情绪相关,分娩时紧张状态和产后抢救与产后7d的焦虑情绪相关。结论：高龄孕产妇存在较多的焦虑和抑郁情绪,应针对其危险因素进行预防。     

孕产妇焦虑、抑郁的发生和神经递质关系的初步研究

目的　研究正常妇女与孕产妇临产前后的心理状态、孕产妇临产前后焦虑、抑郁的发生和体内神经递质水平的关系。方法　对孕产妇临产入院 3天 (一般在产前 3天内 )、追踪至产后 4天用焦虑自评量表 (SAS)、抑郁自评量表 (SDS)进行测评 ,阳性者用汉密顿焦虑、抑郁量表 (HAMA、HAMD)评定分折。对部分孕产妇及随机抽查育龄妇女 2 0例为对照组进行神经递质测定及分折。结果　本调查193例孕产妇中产前焦虑发生率为 38.34%、抑郁发生率 12 .4 4 %、产后分别为 14 .36 %、5 .85 % ,经比较有明显差异 (P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 5 )、神经递质测定显示产前、产后 5 羟色胺、(5 HT)、肾上腺素 (NE)多巴胺(DA) (P <0 .0 1)存在非常显著的差异。情绪稳定组与紊乱组也存在差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　在孕产妇人群中提供简便有效的筛查自评、评定量表 ,能客观正确地筛查出焦虑、抑郁发生。神经递质测定为孕产妇焦虑、抑郁监测中提供客观的生物学指标 ,作为临床参考依据。     

孕妇的焦虑和抑郁情况的调查

目的调查孕妇孕期焦虑和抑郁情况及其相关因素。方法妊娠满16周者入组，予HAD量表及自制产前因素调查表等填写，追踪至孕38～40周再于一般情况调查表及HAD量表填写。结果孕16周时焦虑发生率10．8％，抑郁发生率6、9％；孕38～40周时焦虑发生率6、6％，抑郁发生率6．9％。孕16周和孕38～40周焦虑和抑郁共同的相关因素为：经济问题、担心分娩安全、孩子喂养、孩子健康；孕16周时焦虑还与年龄、既往不良孕产史、担心产后避孕等相关，而孕38～40周还与胎位、夫妻关系、胎儿性别等密切相关。结论孕期焦虑情绪占主要地位。孩子的健康及照料、经济问题和分娩安全是焦虑和抑郁的核心问题。     

北京市围产营养门诊妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的焦虑、抑郁状况及相关影响因素

目的 了解市北京市围产营养门诊妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇的焦虑、抑郁和社会支持情况.方法 于2016年1~8月按照地区代表性分层随机抽样方法,抽取北京市城区、郊区妇幼保健院、综合医院共8家围产营养门诊(其中城区三级综合医院3家、三级妇幼专科医院1家,郊区二级综合医院1家、妇幼专科医院3家)就诊的孕24~28周,首次诊断GDM的456例孕妇进行问卷调查.调查内容包括一般资料问卷、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和社会支持量表,并进行统计分析.结果 GDM孕妇的SAS得分为(57.12±4.61)分、SDS得分为(59.62±4.38)分,存在一定程度的焦虑、抑郁情绪.GDM孕妇的焦虑、抑郁分别与社会支持利用度、社会支持总分和主观支持呈负相关(P<0.05).高龄初产妇、孕前体质量指数(BMI)≥25kg/m2、受教育程度高、不良孕史、居住在城区是GDM孕妇发生焦虑、抑郁的高危因素,社会支持是GDM孕妇减少焦虑、抑郁状态发生的保护因素,而郊区GDM孕妇获得的社会支持低.结论 GDM孕妇易出现抑郁焦虑状态,建议在围产营养门诊开设健康教育课堂,提供心理辅导,加强社会支持,关注GDM孕妇的心理健康.     

不同胎次孕妇产前抑郁发生率及影响因素

目的 探讨不同胎次的孕晚期孕妇产前抑郁的发生率及影响因素.方法 选取2020年5—10月在阜阳市太和县中医院产科门诊进行产检的336例孕晚期孕妇,其中头胎孕妇210例,二胎孕妇126例.采用自制一般资料量表评估一般人口学资料,采用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)评定所有受试者的产前抑郁状况,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQ...     

医院精神抑郁/焦虑量表在住院期间孕妇心理评估及干预中的应用

目的探讨医院抑郁/焦虑量表用于住院孕妇心理评估中的应用及针对干预的效果。方法选取2012年在我院住院的968例孕妇,年龄21～40岁,孕周28～41周,随机分为实验组和对照组,2组分别在孕期24、38周接受HAD问卷调查,并制订相关的方案。孕妇分娩后,对照组接受常规方案,而实验组接受针对性影响因素的方案,并在产后1、2、4周分别进行HAD问卷调查,收集数据进行统计分析。结果文化程度、职业和居住条件对于孕妇的抑郁焦虑发生不产生影响(P>0.05),而孕妇抑郁焦虑的产生可能和产前并发症、夫妻关系、异常孕产、医护关系和医务人员态度具有一定的关联度(P<0.05)。第4周可产生治疗效果,而在抑郁指标中,第2周即可产生治疗效果。结论医院抑郁/焦虑量表可有效用于住院孕妇心理评估中的应用及干预。     

高危孕妇焦虑抑郁症状发生率及相关危险因素（英文）

背景:高危孕妇与普通孕妇相比在妊娠期会出现更多的并发症,高危因素作为一种应激因素更易诱发孕妇产生焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪症状。目前国内外对高危孕妇焦虑、抑郁症状的研究相对较少。目标:调查产科高危妊娠孕妇焦虑、抑郁症状发生率及其相关危险因素。方法:对197例孕中期(16-20周)的高危孕妇在妊娠最后4月每月进行综合性医院焦虑/抑郁量表(HAD)评估和风险因素调查。产后3-7天、42天及3月进行爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)评估和风险因素调查。结果:入组时高危孕妇HAD焦虑均分:3.69(2.76),抑郁均分:3.42(2.53)。焦虑症状14例(7.18%),抑郁症状10例(5.13%)。多因素分析显示,怀孕有无保胎(OR:8.162,95%CI:1.213-54.914)和乙肝阳性(OR:8.912,95%CI:1.052-75.498)与焦虑症状相关。尿糖阳性(OR:30.529,95%CI:1.312-710.610)和既往出血史(OR:7.122,95%CI:1.015-49.984)与抑郁症状相关。孕期影响高危孕妇焦虑、抑郁症状的因素有:近3月孕妇健康状况、担心胎儿健康、夫妻关系、婆媳关系等。结论:高危妊娠孕妇焦虑、抑郁症状较常见。近3月孕妇健康状况、婆媳关系、夫妻关系、担心胎儿健康是高危孕妇孕期焦虑、抑郁症状的风险因素。     

高危孕妇焦虑抑郁症状发生率及相关危险因素

背景：高危孕妇与普通孕妇相比在妊娠期会出现更多的并发症,高危因素作为一种应激因素更易诱发孕妇产生焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪症状。目前国内外对高危孕妇焦虑、抑郁症状的研究相对较少。
　　目标：调查产科高危妊娠孕妇焦虑、抑郁症状发生率及其相关危险因素。
　　方法：对197例孕中期（16-20周）的高危孕妇在妊娠最后4月每月进行综合性医院焦虑/抑郁量表（HAD）评估和风险因素调查。产后3-7天、42天及3月进行爱丁堡产后抑郁量表（EPDS）评估和风险因素调查。
　　结果：入组时高危孕妇HAD焦虑均分：3.69(2.76),抑郁均分：3.42(2.53)。焦虑症状14例(7.18%),抑郁症状10例(5.13%)。多因素分析显示,怀孕有无保胎（OR：8.162,95%CI：1.213-54.914）和乙肝阳性（OR：8.912,95%CI：1.052-75.498）与焦虑症状相关。尿糖阳性（OR：30.529,95%CI：1.312-710.610）和既往出血史（OR：7.122,95%CI：1.015-49.984）与抑郁症状相关。孕期影响高危孕妇焦虑、抑郁症状的因素有：近3月孕妇健康状况、担心胎儿健康、夫妻关系、婆媳关系等。
　　结论：高危妊娠孕妇焦虑、抑郁症状较常见。近3月孕妇健康状况、婆媳关系、夫妻关系、担心胎儿健康是高危孕妇孕期焦虑、抑郁症状的风险因素。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.