“LTB-S”分类法与耐多药肺结核手术适应证探讨

目的 探讨“LTB-S”分类法在耐多药肺结核手术适应证方面的价值,以减少肺结核患者的手术并发症和医疗费用。 方法 以中华医学会结核病学分会的《临床技术操作规范结核病分册》为依据,建立一套简单实用的“LTB-S”最佳手术时机判断系统,将耐多药肺结核外科手术患者分为Ⅰ类（绝对手术适应证）、Ⅱ类（相对手术适应证）、Ⅲ类（无手术适应证）。同时选择现有的已手术的27例肺结核手术患者进行验证分析。 结果 27例患者中,Ⅰ类8例,Ⅱ类17例,Ⅲ类2例,符合“LTB-S”最佳手术时机判断原则的Ⅰ类患者无并发症发生,Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类患者各出现2例手术并发症,其中Ⅲ类患者手术并发症发生率100%（2/2）。随访4个月至12年,2例Ⅲ类患者未治愈,其余患者均治愈。 结论 LTB-S判断系统有助于耐多药肺结核患者最佳手术适应症的判断,具有实用的临床价值,适宜在临床中推广应用。     

手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核结果分析

目的临床上耐多药肺结核患者治疗效果往往不佳。探讨手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核患者的疗效。方法对1995年4月-2005年3月住院的48例采用外科手术治疗＋化疗的耐多药肺结核患者进行分析。肺部有空洞病变36例（75％），双侧肺均有病变16例（33．3％）。手术方式包括肺叶切除28例，全肺切除15例，胸膜全肺切除3例，肺段切除1例，楔形切除1例。结果术后死亡率2．1％（n=1）。并发症发生率16．7％（n=8）。术后随访6—90个月。痰茵阴转率83．3％。结论耐多药肺结核患者若有良好的心肺功能储备，手术治疗安全有效，配合化疗能提高患者的治愈率。     

手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核结果分析

目的临床上耐多药肺结核患者治疗效果往往不佳。探讨手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核患者的疗效。方法对自1995年4月至2005年3月住院的48例采用外科手术治疗＋化疗的耐多药肺结核患者进行分析。肺部有空洞病变36例（75％），双侧肺均有病变16例（33．3％）。手术方式包括肺叶切除28例，全肺切除15例，胸膜全肺切除3例，肺段切除1例，楔形切除1例。结果术后死亡率2．1％（n=1）。并发症发生率16．7％（n=8）。术后随访6～90月。痰菌阴转率83．3％。结论耐多药肺结核患者若有良好的心肺功能储备，手术治疗安全有效，配合化疗能提高患者的治愈率。     

手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核结果分析

目的临床上耐多药肺结核患者治疗效果往往不佳。探讨手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核患者的疗效。方法对1995年4月—2005年3月住院的48例采用外科手术治疗+化疗的耐多药肺结核患者进行分析。肺部有空洞病变36例(75%),双侧肺均有病变16例(33.3%)。手术方式包括肺叶切除28例,全肺切除15例,胸膜全肺切除3例,肺段切除1例,楔形切除1例。结果术后死亡率2.1%(n=1)。并发症发生率16.7%(n=8)。术后随访6～90个月。痰菌阴转率83.3%。结论耐多药肺结核患者若有良好的心肺功能储备,手术治疗安全有效,配合化疗能提高患者的治愈率。     

耐多药结核病抗结核化学疗法进展

一、耐药结核病分类1．单耐药结核病从病人分离出的结核菌耐1种一线抗结核药物的结核病2．多耐药结核病从病人分离出的结核菌耐1种以上一线抗结核药物的结核病3．耐多药结核病(HDR-TB)从病人分离出的结核菌至少耐异烟肼及利福平或两种以上抗结核药物的结核病二、耐药结核病的部位分类1．肺结核：肺结核与肺外结核并存,则归肺     

耐多药肺结核122例外科治疗的临床分析

目的探讨耐多药肺结核外科手术治疗的疗效及手术指针;方法对我院于1999年10月~2010年11月收治的经外科手术治疗的122例耐多药肺结核病人的临床资料进行回顾分析;结果122例耐多药肺结核病人,临床治愈率83.6%（102/122）,并发症发生率为10.7%（13/122）,死亡3例,失随访3例,术后痰菌阴转率90.2%（110/122）,6例痰菌未阴转,均为少量排菌。结论对于耐多药肺结核病人,外科手术治疗可作为主要治疗方法,但应掌握手术适应症、把握手术时机。     

耐多药肺结核133例外科治疗效果探讨

目的 探讨肺切除术在耐多药肺结核治疗中的重要性.方法 回顾性分析北京胸科医院1980年1月至2007年12月行肺切除术治疗的133例耐多药肺结核患者的临床资料.手术方式包括全肺切除(45例)、肺叶切除(73例,包括支气管袖式成型5例)、胸膜全肺切除(13例)、肺段切除(1例)、楔形切除(1例),术前均进行6个月以上的抗结核治疗,术后继续抗结核治疗6～18个月.结果 133例中围手术期死于呼吸衰竭的2例,内出血1例,死亡3例(2.3%);并发症发生率为17.3%(23/133),其中支气管残端瘘9例.术后随访6个月至15年,平均52个月,用药时间为6～18个月,痰MTB阴转率为90.2%(101/112).结论 对持续痰MTB阳性,且病灶局限或痰MTB转阴、病灶局限,继续抗结核治疗3个月以上病变无好转或加重的耐多药肺结核患者,应积极采取手术治疗,肺切除术能有效提高患者的治愈率.应用吻合器缝合残端可明显降低瘘的发生率.     

浙江、广东省耐药监测项目中耐药肺结核治疗现况研究

目的　探讨耐药监测项目中初始耐药与获得性耐药肺结核病人的耐药情况与在完成规范短程化疗方案时的治疗效果,为初始与获得性耐药肺结核病人的管理与治疗提供参考依据。方法 对浙江和广东两省纳入结核病耐药性监测项目的肺结核病患者以比例法测定耐药情况并在短程督导化疗下观察耐药肺结核病人的治疗结果。分析完成规范短程化疗方案的耐药肺结核病人225例的耐药与治疗情况。结果 初始耐药肺结核病人149例,其中耐单药87例,耐多药62例;获得性耐药肺结核病人76例,其中耐单药者38例,耐多药38例。初始耐单药肺结核病人治愈率94.3%;耐多药肺结核病人治愈率88.7%;获得性耐单药肺结核病人治愈率92.1%,耐多药肺结核病人治愈率63.2%。结论 对耐单药的肺结核病人继续应用原规范短程化疗方案,仍可获得较好的治疗效果,而耐多药肺结核病人特别是获得性耐多药肺结核病人的治疗效果较差。对耐药肺结核病人,应结合胸部X片检查以及结核菌培养等综合判断疗效。建议组织开展全国性的肺结核病耐药性的基线调查;开展耐药结核病,特别是耐多药结核病治疗的进一步研究,组织对耐多药结核病治疗的试点;加强结核病痰细菌学检查和药物敏感性试验的质量控制。     

浙江、广东省耐药监测项目中耐药肺结核治疗现况研究

目的探讨耐药监测项目中初始耐药与获得性耐药肺结核病人的耐药情况与在完成规范短程化疗方案时的治疗效果,为初始与获得性耐药肺结核病人的管理与治疗提供参考依据.方法 对浙江和广东两省纳入结核病耐药性监测项目的肺结核病患者以比例法测定耐药情况并在短程督导化疗下观察耐药肺结核病人的治疗结果.分析完成规范短程化疗方案的耐药肺结核病人225例的耐药与治疗情况.结果初始耐药肺结核病人149例,其中耐单药87例,耐多药62例;获得性耐药肺结核病人76例,其中耐单药者38例,耐多药38例.初始耐单药肺结核病人治愈率94.3%;耐多药肺结核病人治愈率88.7%;获得性耐单药肺结核病人治愈率92.1%,耐多药肺结核病人治愈率63.2%.结论对耐单药的肺结核病人继续应用原规范短程化疗方案,仍可获得较好的治疗效果,而耐多药肺结核病人特别是获得性耐多药肺结核病人的治疗效果较差.对耐药肺结核病人,应结合胸部X片检查以及结核菌培养等综合判断疗效.建议组织开展全国性的肺结核病耐药性的基线调查;开展耐药结核病,特别是耐多药结核病治疗的进一步研究,组织对耐多药结核病治疗的试点;加强结核病痰细菌学检查和药物敏感性试验的质量控制.     

结核性毁损肺合并对侧不稳定肺结核的手术指征研究

目的探讨一侧结核性毁损肺合并对侧不稳定肺结核手术时机的问题。方法前瞻性对照研究我科2006年6月～2011年3月,40例结核性毁损肺合并对侧不稳定肺结核手术与保守治疗情况。行胸膜肺全切除术13例,全肺切除7例。结果手术组:对侧肺结核病变好转17例,好转率17/20;保守组:对侧肺结核病变好转10例,好转率10/20;结论一侧结核性毁损肺合并对侧不稳定肺结核只要有手术适应症应尽早考虑手术。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.