针对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的抗高血压治疗新靶点

尽管近几十年来抗高血压治疗取得了显著的成就,高血压仍是全世界面临的重大挑战,为了寻求更好降压及降压以外的心血管保护,进一步降低心血管风险,有必要研发更有效控制血压的新方法。肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的调控是目前抗高血压治疗最重要的基石,现阐述针对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的抗高血压治疗新靶点,包括血管紧张素Ⅱ的2型受体、中性肽链内切酶、醛固酮合成酶、肾胺酶、肾素（原）受体、肾脏去神经支配、疫苗、血管紧张素转换酶2等。     

年龄与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统及血压的研究进展

近年来对于肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的研究逐渐增多,现对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统与年龄之间关系的研究进展作一综述.     

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统对血压昼夜节律的影响

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统在血压昼夜节律的调节中起着关键作用。现综述近年来肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统昼夜节律的机制及其对血压影响的研究进展。     

血清肾素-血管紧张素醛固酮水平与代谢综合征的相关性

目的:研究血清肾素-血管紧张素醛固酮水平与代谢综合征(MS)及其组分的相关性。方法:198例体检者采空腹静脉血查血糖(FPG)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、总胆固醇(TC)及肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮水平、行糖耐量(OGTT)检测,测血压、身高及体重,计算体重指数(BMI)及醛固酮肾素比值,相关回归分析血清RAAS水平与血脂、血压、血糖、BMI及MS的相关性。根据是否患有MS分为MS组及对照组,比较2组的肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮水平及醛固酮肾素比值大小。结果:血管紧张素Ⅱ与血脂组分TC(r=0.329)、TG(r=0.936)及BMI(r=0.29)正相关,与HDL-C(r=-0.256)负相关,与LDL-C(r=0.116,P=0.111)无明显相关性,Logestic回归分析血管紧张素Ⅱ与高血压、高血糖、高血脂及代谢综合征均有明显相关性(P0.001),其中与MS回归系数最高(Exp(B)=1.082),MS组血清肾素、血管紧张素Ⅰ、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮水平均明显高于对照组(P=0.000),2组醛固酮肾素比值无差异。结论:RAAS水平与MS密切相关。     

利尿钠肽及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统对高血压的影响

正高血压是最常见的心血管疾病之一,是脑卒中、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的重要危险因素~([1])。高血压的发病机制复杂多样,除遗传及环境因素外,体液因素也发挥着重要作用,包括肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)、激肽-前列腺素系统、儿茶酚胺及血管内皮舒缩因子等~([2]),深入了解体液因素与高血压的关系,给予针对性干预,有着重要意义。1肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮存在于血液及局部组织发挥     

直接肾素抑制剂的临床研究进展

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的阻断剂,如血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂等,在高血压和许多心肾疾病的预防和治疗过程中已经取得了很好的效果。而作为一种新的肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统阻断剂,直接肾素抑制剂能有效抑制肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,同时有着较少的不良反应,因此有着极大的应用前景。     

血浆肾素-血管紧张素系统与原发性高血压病的关系评价

目的探究肾素-血管紧张素系统与原发性高血压病的关系。方法选取自2015年以来我院收治的原发性高血压患者50例,其中高血压1级患者18例,2级患者17例,3级患者15例,同时随机选取50例正常健康体检者作为对照,采用放射免疫方法测定所有患者立位、卧位的血浆肾素活性、醛固酮浓度以及血管紧张素浓度,记录并作出比较。结果原发性高血压患者的立位、卧位血浆肾素活性均低于对照组,而立位、卧位的血浆醛固酮浓度以及血管紧张素浓度要高于对照组,并且随着病情的发展,这种差距逐渐增大,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肾素-血管紧张素系统与原发性高血压有很密切的关系,其中的指标如血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素浓度、醛固酮浓度等可以作为原发性高血压并诊断、分型及分级的有效指标,同时血浆中的血管紧张素及醛固酮含量的降低也应该作为治疗原发性高血压的重要因素受到临床的重视。     

血浆肾素、血管紧张素II和醛固酮与肝纤维化关系的实验研究

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）是机体调节血管张力和钠水代谢的内分泌系统。肝硬化患者常有。肾素-血管紧张素系统活性增高和醛固酮增多，一般认为系肝脏对醛固酮的灭活减少等引起的。但近年来的研究表明，多种器官和组织都能合成肾素和血管紧张素系统的成分，参与器官纤维化。肝脏也存在局部肾素．血管紧张素系统。为深入了解血浆肾素、血管紧张素和醛固酮水平与肝纤维化的关系。     

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统与原发性高血压和脑血管病:基因研究进展

脑血管病是由遗传因素和环境因素共同作用的结果,高血压是公认的脑血管病独立危险因素.文章从分子遗传学角度就肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的一些基因与原发性高血压和脑血管病的关系进行了综述.     

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统中单核苷酸多态性与心房颤动的相关性

最近的研究指出,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的生理作用可增加心房颤动(简称房颤)发生的风险,其中认为RAAS中的单核苷酸多态性在房颤发生的过程中起着重要的作用。目前的研究表明,肾素与房颤的相关性尚无明确报道,血管紧张素原、血管紧张素转化酶、血管紧张素转化酶2、血管紧张素II-1型受体、醛固酮合酶等基因与房颤的发生有着一定的影响,但结果存在着争议。     

Calcium channel antagonists part V: Second-generation agents

Summary Second-generation agents include new dihydropyridines, such as amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, and nitrendipine. Verapamil-like agents include tiapamil, gallopamil, and anipamil. Among the diphenylalkylamines, bepridil is of special interest. New preparations of existing agents include slow-release formulations of nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem. From all these agents will be selected those that are longer-acting and provide higher vascular selectivity.     

Immunoglobulin allotypes are not associated with HLA-antigens,autoantibodies and clinical symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus

Summary Immunoglobulin heavy chain (G1m, G2m, G3m, A2m) and kappa light chain (Km) allotype and phenotype frequencies of 323 central European Caucasian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were examined and correlated with various genetic, serologic and clinical markers of SLE. No significant associations were found between immunoglobulin allotypes or phenotypes and all 20 parameters tested (nephritis, vasculitis, arthralgias, photosensitivity, discoid lesions, central nervous system disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, sex, anti-Ro, anti-La, anti-nRNP, HLA-DR1-DR7, HLA phenotypes B8-DR3, B7-DR2). It could therefore be assumed that Gm, A2m and Km allotypes were not associated with HLA-antigens and had no influence on the serologic and clinical expression of SLE.E. Albert, M. Baur, A. Corvetta, H. Deicher, J. Frey, F. Krapf, B. Lang, J. R. Kalden, H. J. Lakomek, H. H. Peter, C. Rittner, P. Schneider, S. Seuchter, P. Späth     

Cinedefecography and electromyography in the diagnosis of nonrelaxing puborectalis syndrome

A prospective study was undertaken to assess the correlation between electromyography (EMG) and cinedefecography (CD) for the diagnosis of nonrelaxing puborectalis syndrome (NRPR). Clinical criteria for NRPR included straining, incomplete evacuation, tenesmus, and the need for enemas, suppositories, or digitation. EMG criteria included failure to achieve a significant decrease in electrical activity of the puborectalis (PR) during attempted evacuation. CD criteria included either paradoxical contraction or failure of relaxation of the PR along with incomplete evacuation. In addition, other etiologies for incomplete evacuation, such as rectoanal intussusception or nonemptying rectocele, were excluded by proctoscopy and defecography in all cases. One hundred twelve patients with constipation, 81 females and 31 males, with a mean age of 59 (range, 12–83) years were studied by routine office evaluation, CD, and EMG. Forty-two patients (37 percent) had evidence of NRPR on CD (rectal emptying: none, 24; incomplete, 18). Twenty-eight of these patients (67 percent) also had evidence of NRPR on EMG. EMG findings of NRPR were present in 12 of 70 patients (17 percent) with normal rectal emptying. Conversely, 14 of 72 patients (19 percent) with normal PR relaxation on EMG had an NRPR pattern on CD. The sensitivity and specificity for the EMG diagnosis of NRPR were 67 percent and 83 percent, and the positive and negative predictive values were 70 percent and 80 percent, respectively. Conversely, if EMG is considered as the ideal test for the diagnosis of NRPR, CD had a sensitivity of 70 percent, a specificity of 80 percent, and positive and negative predictive values of 66 percent and 82 percent, respectively. In summary, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of EMG and CD are suboptimal. Therefore, a combination of these two tests is suggested for the diagnosis of NRPR.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, San Francisco, California, June 7 to 12, 1992.Dr. Ger was a visiting colorectal surgeon from the Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.     

Calcium channel antagonists part V: Second-generation agents

Summary Second-generation agents include new dihydropyridines, such as amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, and nitrendipine. Verapamil-like agents include tiapamil, gallopamil, and anipamil. Among the diphenylalkylamines, bepridil is of special interest. New preparations of existing agents include slow-release formulations of nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem. From all these agents will be selected those that are longeracting and provide higher vascular selectivity.[This article appeared in Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 2:191–203, 1988.]     

新疆食虫目动物

作者通过多年实地采集,并整理了本所30年存放的食虫目动物标本。到目前为止,新疆食虫目动物有2科4属7种9亚种。对各个种(亚种)的形态、地理分布和生态学作了记述。猬科Erinaceidae:(1)大耳猬淡色亚种 Hemiechinus auritus albulus Stoliczka,1872(2)大耳猬吐鲁番亚种 Hemiechinus auritusturfanicus Matschie,1911.科 Soricidae;(3)天山Sorex asper Thomas,1914(4)小科克苏河亚种Sorex minutus heptapotamicus Stroganov,1956 (5)西藏指名亚种 Sorex thibetanus thibetanusStroganov,1952(6)白腹蒙古亚种 Crocidura leucodon myoides Blanford,1875(7)白腹阿拉本图亚种Crocidura leucodonHeptapotamicus stroganov,1956(8)小伊犁亚种 Croidura suaveolens ilesisMillev,1901(9)水远东亚种 Neomysfodiens orientis Thomas,1914。     

布鲁菌分子分型方法应用研究进展

布鲁菌属细菌是布病的病原菌。当前,用于布鲁菌属细菌分型的方法有多种,而布鲁菌分子分型方法在布病的分子流行病学调查、病原菌的快速分型鉴定、病原菌的溯源分析和菌株之间差异关系的分析过程中被广泛应用并具有十分重要的作用。本文就常用的布鲁菌的核酸探针技术(DNA probes)、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)、16SrDNA鉴定、PCR限制性片段长度多态性( PCR-RFLP)、单核苷酸多态性分析(SNP)、脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)、多位点序列分型(MLST)、多位点串联重复序列分析(VNTR/MLVA)等分子分型方法的应用研究进展予以综述。     

Les atteintes rénales au cours des hémopathies malignes. Stratégie diagnostique

Kidney involvement is frequent in hematologic malignancies. It is associated with adverse outcome and treatment difficulties. It can affect every area of the renal parenchyma (tubules, interstitium, glomerulus, vessels). Various mechanisms could be implicated: deposits of immunoglobulin fractions or crystals, renal infiltration by malignant cells, urinary tract obstruction, paraneoplastic or storage glomerulopathies… Diagnostic strategy relies on the clinical presentation: acute renal failure, chronic kidney disease, glomerular proteinuria with or without nephrotic syndrome, tubular proteinuria, hydroelectrolytic disorders. In this review, we detail the diagnostic tests that are needed for the detection and the follow-up of renal involvement in hematologic malignancies, and clarify the indications of renal biopsy. We propose diagnostic strategies of renal involvement in myeloma, Waldenström's disease, high grade lymphomas and acute leukemias, low grade lymphomas and chronic leukemias. The adverse effects of treatments (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, stem cell graft …) are not addressed in this review.     

How Is the Liver Primed or Sensitized for Alcoholic Liver Disease?

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The chairs were Hidekazu Tsukamoto and Yoshiyuki Takei. The presentations were (1) Tribute to Professor Rajendar K. Chawla, by Craig J. McClain; (2) Dysregulated TNF signaling in alcoholic liver disease, by Craig J. McClain, S. Joshi-Barve, D. Hill, J Schmidt, I. Deaciuc, and S. Barve; (3) The role of mitochondria in ethanol-mediated sensitization of the liver, by Anna Colell, Carmen Garcia-Ruiz, Neil Kaplowitz, and Jose C. Fernandez-Checa; (4) A peroxisome proliferator (bezafibrate) can prevent superoxide anion release into hepatic sinusoid after acute ethanol administration, by Hirokazu Yokoyama, Yukishige Okamura, Yuji Nakamura, and Hiromasa Ishii; (5) S-adenosylmethionine affects tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression in macrophages, by Rajendar K. Chawla, S. Barve, S. Joshi-Barve, W. Watson, W. Nelson, and C. McClain; (6) Iron, retinoic acid and hepatic macrophage TNFα gene expression in ALD, by Hidekazu Tsukamoto, Min Lin, Mitsuru Ohata, and Kenta Motomura; and (7) Role of Kupffer cells and gut-derived endotoxin in alcoholic liver injury, by N. Enomoto, K. Ikejima, T. Kitamura, H. Oide, Y. Takei, M. Hirose, B. U. Bradford, C. A. Rivera, H. Kono, S. Peter, S. Yamashina, A. Konno, M. Ishikawa, H. Shimizu, N. Sato, and R. Thurman.     

Risk factors for enterococcal bacteremia in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

M. Mikulska, V. Del Bono, R. Prinapori, L. Boni, A.M. Raiola, F. Gualandi, M.T. Van Lint, A. Dominietto, T. Lamparelli, P. Cappellano, A. Bacigalupo, C. Viscoli. Risk factors for enterococcal bacteremia in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.
Transpl Infect Dis 2010: 12: 505–512. All rights reserved Abstract: Bacteremia is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and enterococci are among the most frequently isolated pathogens. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for enterococcal bacteremia during the first 30 days after allogeneic HSCT. A retrospective case–control study was performed; for each case, 3 controls were randomly selected among 306 patients transplanted during the study period (January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2007). Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for variables influencing the risk for bacteremia. Overall, 33 patients developed enterococcal bacteremia, within a median of 9 days after HSCT (range, 2–24). The cumulative incidence was 10.8%. Multivariate analysis identified the following variables as risk factors for enterococcal bacteremia: donor and transplant type (greater risk for mismatched related or cord blood) (OR=8.98, 95% CI, 1.65–48.99 and OR=7.52, 95% CI, 1.56–36.31, respectively, P=0.047); severe (grades 3–4) mucositis (OR=9.04, 95% CI, 1.97–41.52, P=0.018); pharyngeal enterococcal colonization (OR=4.48, 95% CI, 1.11–18.03, P=0.035); and previous empirical therapy with cephalosporins (OR=4.16, 95% CI, 0.93–18.66 for 1–7 days of therapy, and OR=7.31, 95% CI, 1.78–30.12 for 8–23 days, P=0.018). Higher Karnofsky score (≥50) and previous empirical therapy with glycopeptides were associated with a decreased risk (OR=0.25, 95% CI, 0.06–0.97, P=0.045 and OR=0.11, 95% CI, 0.02–0.59, P=0.010, respectively). The crude mortality at 7 and 30 days was 12% (4/33) and 24% (8/33), respectively. Enterococcal bacteremia is frequent after allogeneic HSCT. The factors associated with this infection are type of transplant, pharyngeal colonization, severe mucositis, and use of cephalosporins. Good general conditions and the use of vancomycin were associated with lower risk of enterococcal bacteremia.     

Étiologies et orientation diagnostique devant un flush

The flush is a transient and recurrent erythema of the upper region of the body, due to a sudden arterial dilatation. First, physicians should confirm the flush and ascertain the location and timing of skin manifestations. The rapid onset and location of the skin rash to the face and anterior chest are the main characteristics of flush. In most of the cases, the flush is emotional, but this should remain a diagnosis of exclusion, as flush may be the presenting manifestation of many systemic or neoplastic disorders. Therefore, a comprehensive diagnostic work-up is necessary, including clinical, biological, and imaging testing. Neoplastic and endocrine causes of flush include VIPoma, carcinoid syndrome, medullary thyroid cancer, mastocytosis, renal cell carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma. Mast cell activation syndrome has been recently described, but it remains a diagnosis of exclusion. This review will first present the different causes of flush, and then will propose a diagnostic algorithm for the physician.