54例结核性腹膜炎临床分析

目前医疗条件普遍较好，但结核性腹膜炎的误诊率仍较高。目的：通过分析结核性腹膜炎的临床特点，探讨其实用诊断方法。方法：回顾性分析2002年1月-2007年8月安徽省计划生育学校附属医院确诊的54例结核性腹膜炎患者的临床特点。结果：结核性腹膜炎的误诊率为27．8％，各项辅助检查的阳性率分别为血常规异常37．0％（20／54），血细胞沉降率增快75．9％（41／54），结核菌素试验阳性63．0％（34／54），抗结核抗体阳性48．1％（26／54），血清转铁蛋白下降85．2％（46／54）．腹水腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）活性增高59．1％（13／22），胃镜检查阳性56．2％（9／16），腹腔镜检查阳性87．5％（7／8）。结论：腹腔镜检查和血清转铁蛋白对结核性腹膜炎的诊断阳性率最高，但前者有创伤性，后者缺乏特异性。血清转铁蛋白检测可能为结核性腹膜炎的临床诊断提供了一种新方法。应结合患者的临床表现、各项辅助检查和抗结核治疗的疗效诊断结核性腹膜炎。     

经自然腔道内镜手术检查诊断结核性腹膜炎20例

目的探讨经胃的经自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）腹腔内镜检查对结核性腹膜炎的诊断价值。方法回顾20例经胃NOTES腹腔内镜检查及病理活检确诊为结核性腹膜炎患者的相关临床资料,并进行性分析总结。结果20例患者经胃NOETS腹腔内镜检查及病理活检后明确诊断为结核性腹膜炎。内镜检查结果为4型：（1）粟粒型：内镜表现为腹水、腹膜散在分布白色粟粒状结节;（2）粘连型：内镜表现腹膜增厚,腹膜与网膜、肠管之间存在不同程度的粘连;（3）干酪型：内镜表现壁层溃疡及淡黄色于酪样物质;（4）混合型：内镜表现为同时存在2种或3种类型。其他各项实验室及特殊检查的阳性例数分别为血红蛋白下降10例,红细胞沉降率增快16例,C反应蛋白升高13例,CA125升高18例,胸片异常8例,腹部彩超异常2例,腹部CT异常7例,结核菌素实验阳性9例,结肠镜检查阳性1例,20例结核抗体、腹水培养、腹水细菌学检查、胃镜检查均阴性。结论经胃NOTES腹腔内镜检查及病理活检是确诊结核性腹膜炎非常有效的诊断方法。     

Presentation and role of peritoneoscopy in the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis

This study represents the clinical and laboratory features of 135 tuberculous peritonitis cases in whom peritoneoscopic investigation was used routinely. Disease was more common in women than men (1.5:1) and was most frequently encountered in the third and fourth decades in life. The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal distension (96%), abdominal pain (82%), weight loss (80%), weakness (76%), loss of appetite (73%) and fever (69%). The most common physical findings were ascites (96%), fever (75%) and abdominal tenderness (43%). One hundred and twenty-nine cases (95.5%) showed exudative type tuberculous peritonitis with variable amounts of ascites and filmy adhesions. In six patients (4.5%) the disease was of the plastic (dry) type. Peritoneoscopic investigations of 139 patients suggested tuberculous peritonitis but four cases showed histologically proven malignancy (3%). Laparoscopic diagnoses of the remaining cases were confirmed by histology (97%). The laparoscopic appearance of scattered yellowish-white nodules, approximately 1-5 mm in size, on the peritoneal surfaces, and filmy adhesions were suggestive of tuberculous peritonitis. A non-fatal colon perforation occurred as a major complication. After antituberculous therapy patients were followed for at least 1 year. Peritoneoscopy with simultaneous biopsy is the ideal and most accurate diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis.     

腹膜活检52例分析

对52例不明原因的腹水及腹块病人用Vim Silverman双分叶片状针经皮、腹腔镜直视下及腹部小切口开窗腹膜活检,诊断率分别为6.7％、93.3％和100％.其中结核性腹膜炎19例,腹膜转移癌16例,腹膜间皮瘤1例,16例未获得诊断。作者认为,腹腔镜直视下腹膜活检和腹部小切口开窗活检对腹内肿瘤性或结核性疾病的鉴别诊断有重要价值.并对其适应症、优缺点进行了讨论.     

Diagnostic value of fibrolaparoscopy and direct-vision peritoneal biopsy in atypical tuberculous peritonitis]

Fifty-three cases of atypical tuberculous peritonitis were diagnosed by Machida FLA-8 fibrolaparoscope and direct-vision peritoneal biopsy in our hospital during the last few years. The misdiagnosis rate of this disease is very high. The rate of accurate clinical diagnosis was only 39.6% in patients of this study, while 60.4% was misdiagnosed as other diseases, such as cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, hepatic carcinoma ovarian cyst etc. In addition, many patients with other diseases were misdiagnosed as tuberculous peritonitis by clinical consideration, for instance, 56 cases who were diagnosed or doubted as tuberculous peritonitis by clinical consideration were diagnosed as other diseases by laparoscopy and liver and peritoneal biopsy under direct-vision. Among them chronic hepatitis accounted for 32 cases, peritoneal carcinoma 11 cases, cirrhosis 7 cases, normal peritoneum, liver, gall bladder and spleen 6 cases. Therefore, the patient who is presumptively diagnosed as tuberculous peritonitis by clinical consideration should have laparoscopy and direct-vision peritoneal biopsy performed.     

Symptoms and investigative findings in 145 patients with tuberculous peritonitis diagnosed by peritoneoscopy and biopsy over a five year period.

This study analysed clinical features and laboratory investigations in 145 patients with tuberculous peritonitis diagnosed by peritoneoscopy at this hospital between 1984 and 1988. Tuberculous peritonitis was found in 2% of all patients with tuberculosis and in 59.8% of all those with abdominal tuberculosis admitted to the hospital during the study period. Tuberculous peritonitis was more common in women than men (1.4:1) and was most frequently encountered in the third and fourth decades of life. The commonest presenting symptoms were abdominal swelling (73.1%), fever and night sweats (53.8%), anorexia (46.9%), weight loss (44.1%), and abdominal pain (35.9%). The mean duration of symptoms was 1.5 months. Ascites was the commonest (95.2%) physical sign. Tuberculin skin testing was positive in 57.6% of patients (n = 118). The mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 75 mm/1st hour (n = 58). Chest radiography on 98 patients showed pleuropulmonary pathology in 40 patients (40.8%). Sputum examination confirmed active pulmonary tuberculosis in 26 patients. The ascitic fluid was an exudate in 96.4% and a transudate in 3.6% of patients, with 91.3% showing a straw coloured ascites. Cirrhosis, detected by biopsy specimen, was a finding in 6.2% of patients.     

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) was useful tool for detecting tuberculous peritonitis: report of a case

A 40's-year-old woman who had abdominal pain with fever was referred to our hospital for further examinations. Abdominal computed tomography showed no focal lesion, and no causative lesion was found after a gynecological examination, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy. Tuberculin test and QuantiFERON-TB were positive, and thus tuberculous peritonitis was suspected. The level of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in ascites was high, and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) showed that FDG accumulated diffusely along the peritoneum. These findings supported the findings of tuberculous peritonitis. Final diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis was done from laparoscopic biopsy. Combination of QuantiFERON-TB, ADA and FDG-PET was useful in diagnosing tuberculous peritonitis.     

多功能腹膜检查针在结核性腹膜炎诊断中的应用研究

目的评价多功能腹膜检查针在结核性腹膜炎诊断中的应用价值。方法2001年1月至2005年9月对第二军医大学附属上海长征医院消化内科收治的27例结核性腹膜炎住院患者中19例用自制多功能腹膜检查针行腹膜活检,并与患者的临床表现、辅助检查、腹腔镜等检查结果进行比较。结果27例患者中,5例根据症状、体征、血沉、血清和腹水癌抗原(CA125)以及腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、抗结核抗体、腹水抗酸染色、PPD试验高度考虑结核性腹膜炎,余22例临床诊断依据不足的患者中,19例行腹膜检查针活检,其中14例病理报告提示腹膜结核病,确诊率73.68%,5例病理报告提示纤维组织增生、慢性炎性细胞浸润,不排除腹膜结核病,疑诊率26.32%;另外3例行腹腔镜检查确诊。结论自制多功能腹膜检查针行腹膜活检,操作简单,创伤性小,病理确诊率高,在无腹腔镜的单位或无条件进行腹腔镜检查的疑似结核性腹膜炎患者中,进行该项检查更具实用价值。     

A case of tuberculous peritonitis diagnosed by ultrasonography-guide peritoneal biopsy

The diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis is quite difficult because the symptoms are not specific for the disease and the incidence of occurrence are relatively rare. We report a case of tuberculous peritonitis diagnosed by ultrasonography-guided peritoneal biopsy. A 64-year-old male was admitted to our hospital because of fever, dyspnea and abdominal pain. Laboratory findings revealed an elevated ESR (53 mm/1 hr.) and positive CRP. The tuberculin skin test was negative. The chest radiograph revealed bilateral pleural effusion. Abdominal ultrasonographic examination and computed tomography showed ascitic fluid, thickening of the mesentery and peritoneum, and inflammatory pseudotumor of the omentum. Ascitic fluid was exudate with a high lymphocyte count and elevated ADA (184 IU/l). Microbiological studies with the fluid were negative. Peritoneal biopsy guided by ultrasonography was performed, and the specimens showed central caseous necrosis surrounded by epitheloid cells and acid-fast bacilli were demonstrated. The size of the pseudotumor, pleural effusion and ascites decreased after antituberculous chemotherapy with corticosteroid was given. Diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis has often been made by laparotomy or laparoscopy. In a case of this kind, percutaneous peritoneal biopsy guided by ultrasonography is safe and useful.     

Peritoneoscopy in the diagnosis of liver abscess. Experience with 108 cases during a 10-year period

Among 4569 cases of peritoneoscopy performed in a period of 10 years (1972-1981), 108 patients with liver abscesses were encountered. The diagnosis of hepatic abscess was made on the basis of gross liver inspection and confirmed or disproved by needle puncture biopsy, histopathologic study, or surgery. Peritoneoscopy is a valuable procedure for the diagnosis of liver abscess. Liver aspiration under direct vision during peritoneoscopy yields more dependable material for the diagnosis of liver abscess than blind liver aspiration. Moreover, during peritoneoscopy one can choose more accurately the site for the insertion of the aspirating needle.     

Tuberculous peritonitis--reports of 26 cases, detailing diagnostic and therapeutic problems

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical presentation, biochemical (ascites and serum) and laparoscopic findings, and to assess the efficacy of triple antituberculous therapy without rifampicin for 6 months in patients with tuberculous peritonitis. METHODS: Twenty-six tuberculous peritonitis patients (11 male, 15 female) with a mean age of 34.8 +/- 3.4 years (range 14-77) were assessed with regard to diagnostic and therapeutic features. RESULTS: The most common symptoms and signs were abdominal pain (92.3%) and ascites (96.2%), respectively. Tuberculin skin test (TST) was positive in all patients. An abnormal chest radiography suggestive of previous tuberculosis was present in five patients (19.2%), and two patients (7.7%) had extra-peritoneal (cerebral, pericardial) active tuberculous involvement. In 24 of the 25 patients who underwent laparoscopy with directed biopsy, whitish nodules suggested tuberculous peritonitis; 76% of the biopsy specimens revealed caseating, 20% non-caseating granulomatous inflammation, and 4% non-specific findings. The ascitic fluid of one patient (3.8%) was positive for acid-resistant bacilli, and culture was positive in two patients (7.7%). Twenty-four of the patients were treated for 6 months with isoniazid, streptomycin (total dose 40 g) and pyrazinamide (for the first 2 months and then substituted with ethambutol). Eighteen patients also received methyl prednisolone, initially 20 mg/day, for 1 month. The follow-up period was 19 +/- 1.7 months after the end of therapy (range 6-36). Ascites and abdominal pain abated earlier in patients on steroid therapy. All but two of the 24 patients responded to treatment. CONCLUSION: Non-invasive tests such as acid-fast stain and culture of the ascitic fluid are usually insufficient, hence invasive laparoscopy and peritoneal biopsy are necessary for the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis if non-invasive tests such as ascites adenosine deaminase activity measurement are not easily available. Triple therapy without rifampicin for 6 months is sufficient to treat tuberculous peritonitis.     

Tuberculous peritonitis in Egypt: the value of laparoscopy in diagnosis.

Abdominal laparoscopy was performed on 200 patients with undiagnosed ascites. It was unsuccessful in one patient with tuberculous peritonitis because of extensive adhesions. A presumptive diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis based on clinical findings and peritoneal tubercles or adhesions visualized during laparoscopy was made in 90 of these patients. The diagnosis was confirmed in 88 by histopathology, bacteriology, or therapeutic response. Two of the 109 remaining patients who had other presumptive diagnoses made during laparoscopy were eventually confirmed to be cases of tuberculous peritonitis. Of 91 patients with tuberculous peritonitis included in this series, 79% were females, with the majority (79%) of them being of child-bearing age. Half had been ill for longer than one month. The most frequent complaints were abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, night sweats, abdominal swelling, and weight loss. Ascites, fever, wasting, pallor, and abdominal tenderness were common findings. Ultrasonography demonstrated ascites in all patients who underwent this procedure; 21% also had adhesions. Pleural effusion was present in 15% and pulmonary tuberculosis was detected in only two patients. Biopsy samples taken during laparoscopy showed that 60% had noncaseous granulomas and 33% had caseous granulomas. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in 77%, with guinea pig inoculation having the highest sensitivity, followed by culture, and lastly by acid-fast smear. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated more easily from biopsy samples than from ascitic fluid. Nine of 20 M. tuberculosis isolates that were identified as to species were M. bovis. Tuberculous peritonitis, a frequent cause of febrile ascites in Egyptian women, was easily diagnosed by histopathologic and bacteriologic studies of biopsy samples taken at laparoscopy. All patients responded rapidly to antituberculosis therapy.     

T淋巴细胞斑点试验在结核性腹膜炎诊断中的临床应用价值

[目的]研究T淋巴细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)在结核性腹膜炎临床诊断中的应用价值。[方法]对40例结核性腹膜炎、38例非结核性腹膜炎的患者的腹腔积液实施T-SPOT结核试验。[结果]40例结核性腹膜炎患者中T-SPOT.TB阳性36例(阳性率90.00%),对照组38例非结核性腹膜炎T-SPOT.TB阳性3例(阳性率7.89%)。[结论]T-SPOT.TB是一种鉴别腹腔积液是否为结核性腹膜炎的较好的方法,具有很好的临床应用价值。     

欠发达地区结核性腹膜炎40例

目的:总结结核性腹膜炎(tuberculous peritonitis,TBP)临床特点,进一步提高临床医生对TBP的认识水平.方法:收集40例TBP患者的病例资料,对其发病情况、临床表现、实验室和辅助检查、诊疗经过等方面进行回顾性分析并复习文献.结果:本组TBP患者年龄以20-40岁为高发(57.5%),仅22.5%的病例既往有结核病史或慢性疾病史.发病以慢性起病多见(85.0%),症状以腹胀(85.0%)、食欲减退(67.5%)、发热(52.5%)、腹痛(47.5%)常见.体征以腹水(67.5%)、腹痛(65.0%)多见,腹壁柔韧感少见(35.0%).血清学检查特异性低,腹水多呈渗出液的特点,但腹水ADA>33U/L,单核细胞占优势等有助于诊断TBP的特点较少见(16.0%-34.0%).腹水抗酸杆菌涂片和结核菌培养阳性率低(4.75%,0%).PPD实验和胸部X线的阳性率均为37.5%.CT和B超检查多数表现为腹水、腹膜增厚、粘连等(78%),女性患者子宫、附件受累常见(72.7%).本组TBP患者误诊5例,误诊率为12.5%,最常见是误诊为妇科肿瘤(n=3).仅4例患者(10%)获病原学或病理确诊,其余90%依靠试验性抗结核治疗获得诊断.结论:在欠发达地区,目前依靠腹腔镜、B超引导下活检等手段获得病理标本,确诊TBP的比例仍很低.绝大部分TBP病例诊断主要依靠试验性抗结核治疗及对疗效的动态观察.临床医生能够怀疑到TBP的可能并积极试验性抗结核治疗是TBP诊断的关键.对2wk试验性抗结核治疗效果不好的病例,要动员患者接受更积极的腹腔镜检查,以免贻误病情.     

多功能腹膜检查针的研制及临床应用研究

目的旨在提高腹水病因的诊断率和鉴别诊断率。方法自行研制多功能腹膜检查针并对临床上１５８例腹水患者进行检查。结果这种多功能腹膜检查针对４２例怀疑腹水由结核性腹膜炎引起的病理诊断率达９０．４８％;对４７例不明原因腹水的临床病因确诊率达６３．８３％;对２２例肝硬化伴腹痛和发烧怀疑原发性腹膜炎的确诊率达４０．９％,单纯腹水生化检查的诊断率只占１８．２％,前者明显优于后者;４５例原因不明腹水患者单纯腹水细胞学检查仅５例发现癌细胞,进行腹膜刷检后１３例找到癌细胞,显著优于腹水细胞学检查。结论多功能腹膜检查针对结核性腹水,癌性腹水和肝硬化合并原发性腹膜炎有重要的临床诊断价值,而且操作简单,在病床边即可检查,可在基层医院广泛使用。     

Tuberculous peritonitis with infracarinal mass and elevated CA-125 in a 13-year-old girl

A 13-year-old girl with weight loss and ascites was admitted with suspicion of a malignant disease. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging indicated extensive peritonitis and showed no evidence of a solid tumor. As a new imaging observation, thoracic computed tomography showed a lymphoma-like infracarinal mass and further enlarged lymph nodes in the pathway of draining lymph ducts. A tuberculin skin test and an interferon-gamma blood test were positive, and the tumor marker CA-125 was elevated. Histology of a peritoneal biopsy showed infectious granulomas with central necrosis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis could be cultured, leading to the diagnosis of a tuberculous peritonitis. The girl received multi-drug anti-tuberculous treatment and subsequently recovered. At follow-up the peritonitis and the infracarinal mass had vanished. In conclusion, tuberculous peritonitis is a rare but relevant differential diagnosis in peritonitis of unknown origin. Its diagnosis is facilitated by imaging, by tuberculosis skin and blood tests, and by clinical interpretation.     

Tuberculosis peritonitis: an always present disease. About 4 new cases

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculous peritonitis, a major problem in developing country, occurs preferentially in immigrant population and in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although rare in France, it did not disappear and epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic approach deserve to be reminded. EXEGESIS: We reported 4 patients (immigrants in two cases), occurred in caucasian and African persons (one with AIDS). Disease was characterized by fever, abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss and ascites. Biological and radiological were unconclusive. Cell count analysis from ascitic fluid show a lymphocytic predominance with negative direct smear for Ziehl-Neelsen strain. Tuberculous peritonitis was established with combined visual and histological diagnosic laparoscopic examination. CONCLUSION: These observations have the interest to underline that tuberculous peritonitis must be evoked in case of lymphocytic ascitis. We believe an aggressive diagnostic approach, particulary with peritoneal biopsy, is warranted for the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis. Validity of PCR amplification is ascitic fluid still needs to be established.     

Tuberculous peritonitis in children：Report of nine patients and review of the literature

AIM：To present our experience with tuberculous peritonitis treated in our hospital from 2002-2007. METHODS： We reviewed the medical records of 9 children with tuberculous peritonitis. RESULTS： Nine patients （5 boys, 4 girls） of mean age 14.2 years were diagnosed with peritoneal tuberculosis. All patients presented with abdominal distention. Abdominal pain was seen in 55.5% and fever in 44.4% of the patients. Four cases had coexisting pleural effusion and two had pulmonary tuberculosis with parenchymal consolidation. Ultrasonography found ascites with septation in 7 patients. Two patients had only ascites without septation. Ascitic fluid analysis of 8 patients yielded serum-ascite albumin gradients of less than 1.1 gr/dL. Laparoscopy and laparotomy showed that whitish tuberculi were the most common appearance. Adhesions were also seen in three cases. The diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis was confirmed histo-pathologically in 7 patients and microbiologically in two. Two patients had been diagnosed by ascitic fluid diagnostic features and a positive response to antituberculous treatment. All patients completed the antituberculous therapy without any complications. CONCLUSION： Tuberculous peritonitis has to be clinically suspected in all patients with slowly progressive abdominal distension, particularly when it is accompanied by fever and pain. Laparoscopy and peritoneal biopsy are still the most reliable, quick and safe methods for the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis.     

Peritoneoscopy in Chronic Hepatitis

The course of chronic hepatitis was retrospectively evaluated in 26 patients in whom both peritoneoscopy and liver biopsy were initially performed. At entry all patients were clinically asymptomatic and showed mild or moderate histological and chemical abnormalities, so that none of them needed steroid treatment. The duration of the follow-up ranged from 24-82 months. At the end of follow-up liver biopsy was obtained in all patients. In a few patients peritoneoscopy was also ultimately performed. In six patients in whom initially chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) was diagnosed both by peritoneoscopy and liver biopsy, the subsequent course of the disease was benign. In all the nine patients in whom initially peritoneoscopy suggested CPH, in contrast to the histological diagnosis of chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH), chemical and morphological parameters of liver disease activity did not worsen to require steroid treatment. In five of six patients in whom both liver biopsy and peritoneoscopy initially showed CAH, chemical and morphological abnormalities progressed so that steroids had to be initiated. Finally in four of five patients in whom initially peritoneoscopy showed CAH and liver biopsy CPH, steroid treatment was ultimately required because of chemical and morphological worsening. In conclusion peritoneoscopy may be a useful aid in the management of the asymptomatic patient with moderate chemical and histological features of chronic liver disease.     

Laparoscopic peritoneal biopsy can be crucial for diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis

A 28-year-old woman was admitted to a nearby hospital because of low-grade fever and lower abdominal pain, where ascites and slightly elevated serum CA125 level were found. Both acid-fast stain (AFS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) failed to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in her ascitic fluid, sputum, and gastric juice. She was referred to our division under suspicion of tuberculous peritonitis or ovarian carcinoma. Finally, diagnostic laparoscopy was carried out, showing yellowish-white small nodules disseminated on her whole peritoneum with thin fibrous adhesions. Peritoneal biopsy of these nodules showed epithelioid cell granulomas without caseous necrosis. AFS and PCR again failed to show any evidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in these biopsied samples. Based on the laparoscopic findings, however, we thought that she suffered from tuberculous peritonitis. Antituberculous therapy was started and she improved soon. Later, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was demonstrated in the 4-week culture of a peritoneal biopsy specimen. We conclude that laparoscopy may be the only way to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in tuberculous peritonitis whenever doubtful but no direct evidence is obtained.