交锁髓内钉在尺桡骨延期愈合及不连治疗中的应用13例分析

目的评价交锁髓内钉治疗尺桡骨不连及延期愈合的临床效果。方法 13例前臂骨折后骨不连及骨延期愈合的患者,行前臂髓内钉治疗,术中自体髂骨植骨,术后石膏托外固定。结果随访12~26个月,13例中10例平均6个月骨性愈合,2例初次C型骨折者,随访期内仍未愈合,但交锁钉无松动断裂现象。按Anderson评定标准：优7例,良4例,差2例。结论应用交锁髓内钉固定方法是治疗尺桡骨骨不连和骨延期愈合的良好选择。     

股骨干骨折髓内置钉治疗骨折不愈合20例:附加钢板结合植骨的有效性

背景:前交锁髓内钉是大部分股骨干骨折的首选治疗方法,纵观目前对于股骨干骨折髓内钉治疗后骨折不愈合的治疗方法,主要集中在更换原有髓内钉和改用钢板固定并植骨治疗方面,手术创伤大,费用高,术后不能早期功能锻炼,患者不易接受.目的:随访观察不更换原有髓内钉,直接附加钢板结合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定后骨折不愈合的效果.方法:回顾分析保定市第一医院骨外科2006-02/2008-12收治的20例股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定后不愈合患者,采用不更换原有髓内钉直接附加钢板并结合植骨的方法治疗.手术采用外侧切口,骨折端周围骨膜及骨痂给予保留,清理骨折端的纤维组织及硬化骨,术中检查骨折端稳定性差,于股骨前外或后外侧给予用7～9孔窄有限接触钢板固定,固定钢板处不剥离骨膜,骨折远近端各用3枚螺钉固定,固定后骨折端稳定,取自体髂骨植于骨折端,植骨后不负重或部分负重功能锻炼,骨折愈合后完全负重.结果与结论:20例患者均得到随访,随访时间8～12个月,骨折全部愈合,愈合时间3～10个月,平均5个月,术后肢体活动良好.附加钢板结合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定后骨折不愈合,手术操作创伤小,可以综合交锁髓内钉和钢板内固定的优点,克服这两种内固定的不足,提高骨折固定稳定性,使患者早期进行功能锻练,促进骨折愈合,是一种简单有效的治疗方法.     

交锁髓内钉置入治疗股骨干骨折术后钢板断裂:同一机构5年20例资料分析

背景:近年来,交锁髓内钉逐渐应用于治疗股骨干骨折内固定失败患者.目的:探讨交锁髓内钉联合植骨术治疗股骨干骨折术后钢板断裂的方法及疗效.方法:回顾性分析20例股骨干骨折术后钢板断裂患者,普通钢板13例,加压钢板7例.行钢板螺钉取出后均在C型臂X线机透视下行交锁髓内钉固定联合植骨术治疗.均为静力固定,远近端各有两枚锁钉,术后评价其疗效及骨折愈合时间.结果与结论:所有患者随访10～36个月(平均16.2个月).按照Hohl功能评价方法评价临床结果优12例,良6例,中2例,差0例,优良率90%.骨折全部愈合,愈合时间5～12个月,平均7.4个月.表明交锁髓内钉联合植骨术疗效可靠,并发症少,骨折愈合满意,是治疗股骨干骨折术后钢板断裂理想的治疗方法之一.     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗骨不愈合

目的:观察自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗骨不愈合的效果。方法:①选用1999-01/2005-06河北北方学院附属第二医院收治的140例肱骨及胫骨骨折患者,均为术后6～8个月患者,X线片显示骨折线清晰、骨折端硬化、骨髓腔闭塞。随机数字表法分为自体髂骨植骨组自体骨髓干细胞移植组,各70例。本实验经医院伦理委员会批准,患者及其家属签署知情同意书。②自体骨髓干细胞移植组患者在无菌条件下,从髂后上棘进行穿刺,分不同部位抽取骨髓10～20mL,密度梯度离心法分离骨髓干细胞,镜下计数为每升4×109个有核细胞时待用。③自体髂骨植骨组骨折端周围植入适量髂骨,自体骨髓干细胞移植组骨折端周围植入脱钙骨基质与骨髓干细胞的混合物,缝合切口。术后根据内固定的坚固程度,可辅助使用外固定4～6周。结果:按意向处理分析,实验选用140例肱骨及胫骨骨折患者全部进入结果分析。①术后不同时间点两组骨痂形成及疼痛情况:术后1个月自体髂骨植骨组骨折端骨痂形成不明显,自体骨髓干细胞移植组骨折端有骨痂形成,两组骨折处皆有压痛。术后2个月,自体髂骨植骨组骨折端有骨痂形成,骨折处压痛较前减轻;自体骨髓干细胞移植组骨折端有大量骨痂形成,骨折处压痛不明显。术后3个月,自体髂骨植骨组骨折端有大量骨痂形成,骨折处有轻微压痛;自体骨髓干细胞移植组骨折端有连续骨痂形成,骨折处无压痛。②两组骨愈合时间的比较:自体骨髓干细胞移植组平均愈合时间明显短于自体髂骨植骨组[(5.5±1.5)(8.0±2.0)个月,P<0.05]。③不良事件和副反应:所有病例在治疗期间除有4例出现髂骨疼痛外,无感染等其他并发症,随访8个月均未发生再骨折。结论:自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗骨不愈合疗程短、效果好,较传统植骨具有明显优势。     

股骨、胫骨多段骨折交锁髓内针内固定术25例

目的:探讨股骨、胫骨多段骨折交锁髓内钉的临床应用效果。方法:分析1999-2004年10月股骨、胫骨多段骨折行交锁髓内钉内固定术25例。其中股骨骨折6例,胫骨骨折19例,交通事故致骨折18例,高处坠落致骨折7例。结合临床运用综合评价该手术方式的可能性。结果:术后随访6～18个月,平均14个月,24例患者术后无感染、骨不连等。其中1例患者2个月时交锁髓内钉远端断裂,后改石膏外固定,胫骨远端畸形愈合。24例患者术后3个月扶拐活动,7个月弃拐行走,复查X线片示:骨折全部愈合。优良者24例。最终功能评价优良率96%。结论:股骨、胫骨多段骨折,临床上使用交锁髓内钉治疗,效果满意。扩大了交锁髓内钉治疗长骨多段骨折的适应证。     

带锁髓内钉加植骨治疗骨不连47例

目的 :分析骨不连的原因 ,观察带锁髓内钉治疗骨不连的疗效。方法 :对 47例长骨骨折骨不连病人施以扩髓、带锁髓内钉固定加植骨治疗。结果 :经术后 4～ 13个月 (平均 6个月 )的随访。 44例达骨性愈合 ,一期手术愈合率为 95 8%。 2例术后 6～ 7个月X线示骨痂生长不良 ,1例予以重新扩髓、更换髓内钉 ,1例仅由静力固定改为动力固定 ,6个月后均愈合。平均愈合时间 2 3周。无主钉、锁钉断裂 ,无感染 ,无肢体短缩。结论 :带锁髓内钉内固定是治疗骨不连的一种有效治疗方法     

经皮X射线下自体骨髓间充质干细胞与血浆垂直注射大腿骨折点1例:7个月随访疗效评价

为评价自体骨髓间充质干细胞结合血浆移植治疗骨不连的临床疗效,选择20D0-03因左大腿车祸伤后行走疼痛男性患者1例,X射线片检查显示左股骨干骨折且骨缺损距离为5 mm,诊断为骨折.经一系列固定复位治疗及髓内钉固定和自体髂骨植骨2次和外固定架与自体髂骨植骨4次治疗后,骨折仍未愈合,于2008-03入住四平市中心医院接受经皮自体骨髓间充质干细胞结合血浆移植治疗.在小C型臂X射线透视下,从骨折点大腿皮肤的前面,用硬膜外穿刺针垂直注射辅以10%患者自体血浆的骨髓间充质干细胞悬液4 mL,细胞浓度为1.8×107L-1.以门诊复查方式进行X线检查,观察骨折愈合情况.X射线片显示,移植后2个月,骨折间隙缩小,左股骨干骨痂连续,骨折线部分模糊;移植后4个月,左股骨干骨折线模糊,骨痂连续;移植后7个月左股骨干在实现骨性愈合,患者开始完全负重行走,功能良好,完全治愈,无发热、感染等不良反应发生.提示经皮自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗股骨骨不连是一种安全有效的方法.     

交锁髓内钉加一期植骨治疗复杂性粉碎性胫腓骨骨折

目的:探讨使用交锁髓内钉加一期植骨治疗复杂性粉碎性胫腓骨骨折的方法,对其疗效进行评估。方法:从1999年1月至2005年4月应用交锁髓内钉加一期植骨治疗复杂粉碎性胫腓骨骨折21例,术后获得10个月~3年(平均16个月)随访。结果:骨折全部愈合,最终结果采用Johner-wruch标准评定,优14例,良6例,差1例,优良率95·2%。结论:交锁髓内钉加一期植骨治疗复杂性粉碎性胫腓骨骨折,具有固定坚强,骨折块血循环干扰小,诱导成骨,有效防止骨折术后延迟愈合与不愈合的并发症。     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗骨不愈合

目的：观察自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗骨不愈合的效果。 方法：①选用1999—01／2005—06河北北方学院附属第二医院收治的140例肱骨及胫骨骨折患者，均为术后6～8个月患者，X线片显示骨折线清晰、骨折端硬化、骨髓腔闭塞。随机数字表法分为自体髂骨植骨组、自体骨髓干细胞移植组．各70例。本实验经医院伦理委员会批准．患者及其家属签署知情同意书。②自体骨髓干细胞移植组患者在无菌条件下，从髂后上棘进行穿刺，分不同部位抽取骨髓10～20mL，密度梯度离心法分离骨髓干细胞，镜下计数为每升4×10^9个有核细胞时待用。③自体髂骨植骨组骨折端周围植入适量髂骨，自体骨髓干细胞移植组骨折端周围植入脱钙骨基质与骨髓干细胞的混合物，缝合切口。术后根据内固定的坚固程度，可辅助使用外固定4-6周。 结果：按意向处理分析．实验选用140例肱骨及胫骨骨折患者全部进入结果分析。①术后不同时间点两组骨痂形成及疼痛情况：术后1个月，自体髂骨植骨组骨折端骨痂形成不明显，自体骨髓于细胞移植组骨折端有骨痂形成，两组骨折处皆有压痛。术后2个月，自体髂骨植骨组骨折端有骨痂形成，骨折处压痛较前减轻；自体骨髓干细胞移植组骨折端有大量骨痂形成．骨折处压痛不明显。术后3个月，自体髂骨植骨组骨折端有大量骨痂形成，骨折处有轻微压痛；自体骨髓干细胞移植组骨折端有连续骨痂形成，骨折处无压痛。②两组骨愈合时间的比较：自体骨髓干细胞移植组平均愈合时间明显短于自体髂骨植骨组[（5．5±1．5），（8．0±2．0）个月，P〈0．05]。③不良事件和副反应：所有病例在治疗期间，除有4例出现髂骨疼痛外，无感染等其他并发症，随访8个月均未发生再骨折。 结论：自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗骨不愈合疗程短、效果     

股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定失效原因:植人体特征与临床应用技术

目的分析交锁髓内钉植入治疗股骨干骨折失效的原因及对策.方法甘肃省康泰医院骨科自1998-06/2006-05应用交锁髓内钉植入治疗股骨干骨折150例,固定失效11例,均行再手术治疗.①断钉6例,均取出断钉,重新手术固定.其中3例用加压钢板(包括1例髁钢板)(去除硬化骨,打通髓腔),3例扩髓后用粗交锁髓内钉(12 mm,13 mm)固定,均予植骨.②骨折愈合不良8例,均取锁钉动力化,并指导进行合理的功能锻炼增加纵向压力,减少横向剪切力,并坚持负重由轻到重的原则.③骨不愈合2例,其中1例术后清理骨折端,咬除硬化骨,自体髂骨植骨;1例术后清理骨折端后,扩髓,改用13 mm交锁钉固定,自体髂骨植骨.结果术后平均随访23个月,均骨性愈合.随访时患肢均无疼痛、叩击痛、假关节活动,功能活动正常,肢体关节功能恢复优良率为90.9%.结论交锁髓内钉植入治疗股骨干骨折有防旋转,防短缩,固定可靠等优点,然而,仍会出现断钉、骨不连等并发症而致固定失效.恰当的手术操作、术式选择、植骨、合理的扩髓以及术后及时的严格管理等可减少固定失效的发生.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.