头孢呋辛与头孢唑林对胃肠及痔疮手术患者预防切口感染的疗效比较

目的:比较头孢呋辛与头孢唑林对胃肠及痔疮手术患者预防切口感染的疗效。方法:选取2015年11月—2016年11月间收治的胃肠及痔疮手术治疗患者90例,采用随机数表法将患者分为头孢唑林组(n=45)和头孢呋辛组(n=45);头孢唑林组患者给予头孢唑林预防切口感染治疗,头孢呋辛组患者给予头孢呋辛预防切口感染治疗,比较两组患者用药后术后感染的发生率及住院治疗时间。结果:头孢唑林组患者用药后术前、术后2 d、术后5 d血红蛋白、中性粒细胞计数、白细胞计数测得值与头孢呋辛组比较其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后发热及术后切口感染的发生率与头孢呋辛组组比较其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后住院时间与头孢呋辛组比较其差异也无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:胃肠及痔疮手术患者切口感染采用头孢唑林与头孢呋辛预防切口感染的效果无差异。     

107例头孢呋辛不良反应报告中不合理用药因素分析

目的:对头孢呋辛不良反应报告中不合理用药情况进行分析,为进一步规范临床合理用药提供参考。方法:采用回顾性统计分析方法,对武汉市药品不良反应(ADR)监测中心2009～2010年收集的107份头孢呋辛ADR报告,参考药品说明书等对报告中不合理用药情况进行分析。结果:107例ADR/ADE报告中,给药方法不合理102例(95.33%),超药品说明书中推荐剂量用药28例(26.17%),无指证用药11例(10.28%)。结论:头孢呋辛不合理用药情况较严重,应加强ADR的监测与报告,合理使用头孢呋辛,减少或避免ADR/ADE的发生。     

0～17岁儿童中几种潜在抗新型冠状病毒药物引起不良事件数据的挖掘与分析

目的 分析潜在抗新型冠状病毒药物在真实世界儿科临床应用药物不良事件(ADE)的发生情况.方法 收集WHO全球个例安全性病理报告(VigiBase)数据库、美国食品和药物管理局药品不良事件自发呈报系统(FAERS)数据库及欧洲药品管理局药物警戒(Eudra Vigilance)数据库中0～17岁人群中洛匹那韦、利托那韦、...     

头孢唑林与头孢呋辛对剖宫产产妇术后预防切口感染的临床疗效比较

目的:比较头孢唑林与头孢呋辛对剖宫产产妇术后预防切口感染的临床疗效。方法:选取2016年1—6月间收治的行剖宫产婴产妇120例临床资料,采用随机单盲法将其分为对照组和观察组(每组60例);对照组产妇给予头孢唑林预防切口感染,观察组产妇则给予头孢呋辛预防切口感染,比较两组产妇用药后切口感染的发生率。结果:两组产妇用药后术前、术后2 d和术后4 d白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞计数(N)、血红蛋白(Hb)测得值经比较其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组产妇术后用药后体温升高的发热率经组间比较其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),住院期间均未出现切口感染。结论:采用头孢唑林预防剖宫产产妇术后切口感染的疗效优于头孢呋辛。     

头孢唑林与头孢呋辛对剖宫产产妇术后预防切口感染的临床疗效比较

目的:比较头孢唑林与头孢呋辛对剖宫产产妇术后预防切口感染的临床疗效。方法:选取2014年1月—2018年8月间收治的行剖宫产产妇80例产妇资料,按治疗方法的不同将其随机分为观察组42例和对照组38例;对照组产妇术后给予头孢唑林预防切口感染,观察组产妇术后给予头孢呋辛预防切口感染,比较两组产妇用药后术后切口感染的发生率,以及血常规指标水平测得值的差异。结果:两组产妇用药后术后血常规指标(白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分数)水平经组间比较其差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组产妇用药后术后切口感染的发生率稍低于对照组但经组间比较其差异也无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在产妇剖宫产术后采用头孢唑林或头孢呋辛均可有效预防切口感染,但二者的预防效果并无显著差异,均可用于剖宫产产妇术后切口感染的预防。     

头孢呋辛、头孢美唑在犬胆汁中的药动学

目的 :测定头孢呋辛、头孢美唑在犬胆汁中的药动学参数 ,为临床医师提供合理使用抗生素的理论依据。方法 :在犬行胆总管造瘘的基础上 ,分别静脉注射头孢呋辛、头孢美唑各 1 g,按计划留取胆汁标本 ,微生物法测定头孢呋辛、头孢美唑在胆汁中的含量。用 3P87软件进行数据处理 ,得出有关药动学参数。结果 :头孢呋辛、头孢美唑主要的参数如峰值浓度分别为 (3 9.8±s 0 .5 )mg·L-1,(2 1 .4±0 .3 )mg·L-1,T1/ 2 分别为 (69.3± 0 .7)min,(1 0 2 .1± 1 .4)min。结论 :本组动物实验资料证明头孢呋辛、头孢美唑在胆汁中的药物浓度较作者另外观察的其他头孢类抗生素低 ,不宜作为治疗胆道感染性疾病的首选药物     

头孢唑啉与头孢呋辛预防剖宫产术切口感染的疗效比较

目的:比较头孢唑啉与头孢呋辛预防剖宫产围手术期切口感染的疗效。方法:291例择期行剖宫产手术患者,根据用药情况随机分为A组(n=140)、B组(n=151),进行回顾性分析。A组术前30min静脉滴注头孢唑啉2.0g;术后2～5d,每12h静脉滴注头孢唑啉2.0g。B组术前30min静脉滴注头孢呋辛2.0g;术后2～5d,每12h静脉滴注头孢呋辛2.0g。比较2组患者的临床疗效。结果:2组患者术后白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、血红蛋白、并发症、体温、伤口愈合情况均无统计学差异(P>0.05),均未见药品不良反应。结论:头孢唑啉与头孢呋辛预防剖宫产切口感染的疗效相当。     

头孢呋辛与头孢唑林对预防胃肠手术患者术后切口感染的临床疗效比较

目的:比较头孢呋辛与头孢唑林对预防胃肠手术患者术后切口感染的临床疗效。方法:选取2018年3月—2019年3月期间收治的行胃肠手术的患者83例资料,按用药的不同将其分为A组42例和B组41例;A组患者术后给予头孢呋辛预防切口感染,B组患者术后给予头孢唑林预防切口感染,比较两组患者手术前后白细胞计数值(WBC)、中性粒细胞(NEUT)百分比水平测得值的变化情况,以及术后切口感染发生率及治疗期间不良反应发生率的差异。结果:两组患者手术前的WBC、NEUT百分比水平测得值经组间比较其差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),手术后3 d的WBC、NEUT百分比水平测得值均高于手术前(P>0.05),手术后3 d的WBC、NEUT百分比水平测得值经组间比较其差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),切口感染率经组间比较其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者治疗期间均未发生明显不良反应。结论:采用头孢呋辛与头孢唑林预防胃肠手术患者术后切口感染的临床疗效与安全性相当。     

基于FAERS的头孢菌素类药物与神经毒性风险的信号挖掘与分析

目的：基于美国食品药品管理局不良事件报告系统（FDA adverse event reporting system,FAERS）,挖掘和分析头孢菌素类药物发生神经毒性不良反应的风险情况,为临床头孢菌素类药物的用药安全提供参考。方法：在FAERS数据库中检索2015年1月—2022年3月神经毒性不良事件的相关资料,基于比例失衡测量法和贝叶斯法原理,评价神经毒性不良事件与头孢菌素类药物的关联性,并分析相关病例的临床特点。结果：2015年1月—2022年3月,在FAERS数据库中检索到首要怀疑药物为头孢菌素类药物的神经毒性不良事件病例559例,其中不良事件与头孢吡肟、头孢拉定、头孢洛林的关联性最强,其次为头孢唑兰、头孢替安,最弱的为头孢曲松和头孢唑林,头孢噻肟、头孢泊肟、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶则无阳性信号;559例不良事件报告中,主体人群的年龄为≥65岁（236例,占42.22%）和45～<65岁（181例,32.38%）,报告国家主要为美国（284例,占50.81%）和法国（119例,占21.29%）;不良事件患者中,有387例（占69.23%）患者入院治疗或住院时间延长,还有135例（...     

头孢唑林与头孢呋辛用于儿童清洁手术预防用药的临床综合评价

目的 开展儿童清洁手术(I类切口)预防用药的临床综合评价,促进围术期预防用抗菌药物的合理使用。方法 根据《药品临床综合评价管理指南(2021年版试行)》,应用文献研究法、头脑风暴、专家访谈法、德尔菲法构建清洁手术(I类切口)预防用药的临床综合评价体系;收集评价证据并开展多维度、多层次证据的综合评判。结果 临床综合评价体系包括5个1级指标(安全性、有效性、经济性、适宜性和可及性),11个2级指标,30个3级指标;头孢唑林临床综合评价得分86.09,头孢呋辛评分为82.45分,前者在安全性、有效性、经济性、适宜性4个方面优于后者,后者可及性优于前者。结论 本研究所构建的儿童清洁手术(I类切口)预防用药临床综合评价体系有较高的科学性,评价结果可为医疗机构清洁手术(I类切口)抗菌药物的遴选提供依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.