环孢素-泊洛沙姆188固体分散体的体外评价

目的以泊洛沙姆188（F68）为载体制备环孢素（CsA）固体分散体并考察其体外溶出。方法以溶剂一熔融法制备固体分散体，以差示扫描量热法（DSC）和X．射线衍射法鉴定CsA在体系中的存在状态，以FTIR表征药物与载体的相互作用，以摇瓶法测定CsA的溶解度，按《中国药典》溶出度第三法测定CsA从物理混合物和固体分散体中的溶出。结果X-射线衍射图谱显示CsA结晶衍射峰消失，提示药物以无定形或分子状态存在于固体分散体中。FTIR结果表明药物与载体间无相互作用。药物溶解度和溶出度均随着F68比例的增加而增大，固体分散体和物理混合物60min的累积溶出百分率分别为99．32％和75．41％，两者具显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论F68能提高CsA的溶解度和溶出度，可用来制备CsA的固体剂型。     

阿托伐他汀钙泊洛沙姆188固体分散体的制备及表征

目的:制备阿托伐他汀钙泊洛沙姆188(AC-P188)固体分散体,并对其进行表征。方法:以P188和聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000)为载体材料,采用溶剂挥发法制备AC-P188固体分散体,以载药率、水中溶解度、体外累积释放度为指标,采用单因素试验筛选处方中P188、PEG6000用量;利用差示扫描量热(DSC)法、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)仪考察所制固体分散体中的晶型变化。结果:处方为0.5 g AC,4 g P188,4 g PEG6000;所制AC-P188固体分散体的载药率为89.97%,水中溶解度为1.57 mg/ml,体外累积释放度为92.69%;表征结果显示,AC可能以分子或无定形态均匀分散于载体中,AC与载体材料之间可能以氢键形式缔合。结论:成功制得AC-P188固体分散体,为提高阿托伐他汀钙的溶出和生物利用度提供了一定的理论基础。     

吲哚美辛-泊洛沙姆188固体分散体的制备

目的制备吲哚美辛-泊洛沙姆188固体分散体,提高吲哚美辛的溶出度。方法以泊洛沙姆188为载体,采用溶剂-熔融法制备固体分散体。用差示热分析(DTA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)考察药物在载体中的存在状态,并进行体外溶出度研究。结果吲哚美辛以微晶或无定形分散在载体中,药物的溶出度随载体比例增加而增加。结论制备的固体分散体吲哚美辛的溶出度和溶出速率显著提高。     

淫羊藿素-泊洛沙姆188固体分散体的制备及溶出度研究

目的:制备淫羊藿素-泊洛沙姆188固体分散体以提高淫羊藿素的溶出度。方法:以泊洛沙姆188为载体,采用熔融法制备固体分散体。通过体外溶出度比较,考察了载体泊洛沙姆188的用量(淫羊藿素-泊洛沙姆188质量之比为5∶1、3∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7、1∶9、1∶11、1∶13、1∶15、1∶17、1∶19、1∶27、1∶31)、熔融温度(60、70、80℃)、冷却温度(-20、0、20℃)对固体分散体中淫羊藿溶出度的影响;同时比较了淫羊藿素原料药及其物理混合物、固体分散体的体外溶出度以证实固体分散体的形成。结果:所制固体分散体的淫羊藿素溶出度在一定程度上随载体比例增加而增加,当淫羊藿素与载体之比为1∶17~1∶27时淫羊藿素在120min时的溶出度均在90%以上;熔融温度、冷却温度经综合分析后分别确定为60、0℃;在溶出30 min时,固体分散体的溶出度是物理混合物的1.5倍。结论:制备的固体分散体显著提高了淫羊藿素的溶出度。     

尼莫地平与泊洛沙姆固体分散体的制备及其体外溶出度

采用熔融法制备尼莫地平（１）与泊洛沙姆（２）固体分散体，并测定其体外溶出度，结果均高于１原药。１与２不同比例（１∶１、１∶２、１∶３、１∶５、１∶１０）的固体分散体４５ｍｉｎ时的溶出度分别是原药的６．８、７．３、７．６、８．５、９．８倍。ＤＳＣ测定结果表明，１－２固体分散体的ＤＳＣ曲线中１原药的熔点峰消失。     

泊洛沙姆固体分散体对穿心莲内酯溶出特性的影响

目的:考察泊洛沙姆固体分散体对难溶性药物穿心莲内酯体外溶出特性的影响。方法:以泊洛沙姆为载体材料,采用熔融法制备不同比例的穿心莲内酯-泊洛沙姆固体分散体,并考察其体外溶出特性。通过红外光谱和X射线衍射图谱研究药物在固体分散体的存在状态。结果:与穿心莲内酯空白药物相比,穿心莲内酯固体分散体在蒸馏水、pH1.2盐酸溶液与pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中溶出速率明显提高,载药固体分散体15min时累积释药量是穿心莲内酯空白药物的3.6倍;穿心莲内酯以微晶态高度分散于载体材料中。结论:以泊洛沙姆188为载体制备穿心莲内酯固体分散体,能有效提高难溶性药物的溶出速率。     

盐酸小檗碱泊洛沙姆188固体分散体的制备

目的:制备盐酸小檗碱泊洛沙姆188固体分散体。方法:采用熔融法制备固体分散体,考察药物和载体的比例、熔融温度、冷却温度对溶出率的影响,比较固体分散体和物理混合物的溶出率的区别。结果:药物和载体比例达到1∶1时,载体的量足够使药物分散均匀;熔融温度对溶出率影响不大;冷却温度对溶出率影响较大,0℃时溶出率最快。与物理混合物相比,固体分散体将盐酸小檗碱的溶出率提高了近1倍。结论:盐酸小檗碱泊洛沙姆188固体分散体提高了盐酸小檗碱的体外溶出率。     

桂利嗪-聚乙二醇固体分散体的制备及体外溶出实验

目的：应用固体分散技术提高难溶性药物桂利嗪的溶解度和体外溶出速率。方法：采用溶剂-熔融法制备桂利嗪-聚乙二醇（PEG6000）固体分散体，并进行体外溶出度研究。结果：桂利嗪-聚乙二醇固体分散体的水中溶解度和体外溶出度高于原药，且载体加入量越大，溶出越快；比例相同的固体分散体的溶出度明显高于其物理混合物。结论：本实验所制备的桂利嗪-聚乙二醇固体分散体能加速体外溶出和增大溶解度。     

艾地苯醌固体分散体的制备及体外溶出度研究

目的:制备艾地苯醌固体分散体,并考察其体外溶出度。方法:以泊洛沙姆407(P407)为载体,单因素考察不同制备方法(熔融法和溶剂法)和不同药载比(1∶1、1∶3、1∶8)对药物溶出度的影响,并采用差式扫描量热(DSC)、X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)鉴别药物在固体分散体中的存在状态。结果:以溶剂法制备的药载比为1∶3的艾地苯醌固体分散体,其体外溶出度约为80%。艾地苯醌在固体分散中主要以无定型或分子状态存在。结论:成功制得体外溶出度较高的艾地苯醌固体分散体。     

长春西汀固体分散体的制备及体外溶出特性

目的:制备长春西汀固体分散体,提高其溶出速度和程度。方法:以泊洛沙姆188(F68)为载体,用溶剂-熔融法制备固体分散体;差热分析、X-射线粉末衍射分析以鉴别药物在载体中的存在状态;并考察载体的用量、溶出介质和转速对药物体外溶出特性的影响。结果:长春西汀的固体分散体中药物部分以分子状态分散,部分以微晶分散。固体分散体VIN-F68(1∶6,w/w)的溶出参数t50t、d与相应物理混合物、原料药粉末和市售片剂间差异存在显著性(P<0.01),溶出介质和转速的选择对药物的溶出有一定影响。结论:长春西汀的固体分散体能显著提高药物的溶出速度和程度。     

Physicochemical investigation of the solid dispersion systems of etoricoxib with poloxamer 188

Solid dispersion systems of a poorly water-soluble drug, etoricoxib were prepared with poloxamer 188 in 1:0.5, 1:1.5 and 1:2.5 ratios and evaluated by FTIR, powder XRD and dissolution studies. Physical studies demonstrated a strong hydrogen bonding with significant decrease in the crystallinity and formation of amorphous etoricoxib in its binary systems. All binary systems of etoricoxib showed faster dissolution than pure drug alone (P?<?0.001). However, 1:2.5 proportion of etoricoxib: poloxamer 188 showed superior performance (DE₄₅: 71.27%?±?3.85) in enhancing solubility and dissolution rate of etoricoxib suggesting optimum ratio of the carrier.     

不同相对分子质量聚乙二醇对槲皮素的增溶作用

目的　研究不同相对分子质量聚乙二醇对槲皮素的增溶作用。方法　分别用聚乙二醇 4 0 0 0 ,6 0 0 0 ,10 0 0 0 (PEG40 0 0 ,PEG60 0 0 ,PEG10 0 0 0 )为载体 ,采用熔融法制备槲皮素固体分散体 ,测定槲皮素原料药、固体分散物以及机械混合物的溶解度 ,以红外光谱和紫外光谱分析固体分散物。结果　槲皮素固体分散物中槲皮素的溶解度 (48.78,78.39,81.35 mg.L-1)比槲皮素 (12 .75 mg.L-1)以及相同质量比机械混合物 (12 .86 ,13.15 ,13.2 8mg.L-1)的溶解度有明显提高。结论　不同相对分子量聚乙二醇可以不同程度增加槲皮素的溶解度。     

阿德福韦酯-PEG6000固体分散体的制备

目的将难溶性药物阿德福韦酯制备成固体分散体,以增加体外溶出度。方法以聚乙二醇6000(polyethylene glycol 6000,PEG6000)为载体,采用熔融法制备阿德福韦酯固体分散体;配合差示扫描量热(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)与X-射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)观察药物在载体中的存在状态;考察相对湿度(relative humidity,RH)75%40℃放置3个月固体分散体对溶出度的变化及载体-药物质量比对溶出的影响。结果阿德福韦酯以无定型状态存在于固体分散体中,相对湿度RH75%40℃放置3个月固体分散体对溶出度改善明显,载体-药物质量比不同,药物的溶出度不同。结论将阿德福韦酯制成固体分散体能显著增加阿德福韦酯的体外溶出度。     

Improving the dissolution and oral bioavailability of the poorly water‐soluble drug aloe‐emodin by solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol 6000

Solid dispersions (SDs) of aloe‐emodin (AE) and polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) with different drug loadings were prepared, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and evaluated for solubility and in vitro release. The oral bioavailability of AE from SD in rats was compared with the crystalline drug. Plasma concentrations of AE were determined by HPLC. After administration of crystalline AE (35 mg·kg^?1) in rats, the AUC_0‐600 and C_max were 393.6±77.1 mg·min·l^?1 and 1.87±0.30 mg·l^?1, respectively. For the PEG6000 SD of AE, AUC_0‐600 and C_max were boosted to 1310.5±111.9 mg·min·l^?1 and 5.86±0.47 mg·l^?1, respectively. The results indicated that the oral bioavailability of AE was increased significantly. Simultaneously, the T_max value of AE for AE crystalline was decreased from 75.6±17.3 min to 44.8±14.8 min for SD. The earlier T_max for AE from SD indicated the higher extent of absorption for SD due to their improved dissolution rate in rat intestine. This SD approach can therefore be used to enhanced dissolution and bioavailability for poorly water‐soluble drugs. Drug Dev Res, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

姜黄素固体分散体的制备和溶出度考察

目的通过姜黄素固体分散体的制备,提高姜黄素的体外溶出度。方法采用溶剂法和熔融法制备固体分散体,考察不同载体的姜黄素固体分散体的性状及体外溶出度实验,筛选并优化处方和工艺。固体分散体的形成通过X-射线衍射及DSC分析证实。结果姜黄素与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVP)-K29/32用溶剂法制备的固体分散体的体外溶出最好,最优处方中姜黄素与PVP-K29/32的质量比为1∶6,最优处方中姜黄素在溶出介质人工胃液中30 min累积溶出质量高达98%。结论制备成姜黄素固体分散体可以显著提高姜黄素的体外溶出度。     

HPLC法检测瑞巴派特片体外溶出度

目的 建立瑞巴派特片体外溶出度HPLC检测方法及方法学验证。方法 溶出度试验采用桨法,转速50 r/min;以水、pH 1.2盐酸（含氯化钠）、pH6.0枸橼酸-磷酸二氢钠缓冲液和pH6.8磷酸缓冲液为溶出介质,HPLC法测定溶出量。结果 瑞巴派特在5.533~221.334 μg/mL内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,专属性、精密度、准确度、溶液稳定性及耐用性等均良好。结论 本方法简单方便,提高了瑞巴派特溶出度测定的专属性和准确性,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

葡萄糖修饰的不同PEG作为桥联脂质体的体外特性研究

目的 制备用葡萄糖修饰以不同聚合度的PEG作为桥联的脂质体,并考察其体外特性.方法 以香豆素6为荧光探针,用薄膜分散法制备葡萄糖修饰的以PFG400、PEG800、PEG2000作为桥联的载香豆素6脂质体,用激发光散射粒度测定仪测定其粒径;用凝胶柱层析法测定其包封率;在含10%胎牛血清的磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）中考察其稳定性;以大鼠脑毛细血管内皮细胞（BCECs）为受试细胞,对载香豆素6的不同类型脂质体进行细胞摄取的定量分析.结果 葡萄糖修饰的以PEG400、PEG800、PEG2000作为桥联的脂质体的粒径分别为（81.5±6.3）、（100.0±5.0）、（104.9±8.7）nm,多分散系数（PDI）分别为（0.252±0.016）、（0.265±0.032）、（0.289±0.013）;其包封率均〉80%;在含10%胎牛血清的PBS中具有较好的稳定性;葡萄糖修饰的以PEG800、PEG2000作为桥联的脂质体在BCECs中的细胞摄取率均高于普通脂质体.结论 本研究成功制备了葡萄糖修饰的以PEG400、PEG800、PEG2000作为桥联的脂质体,研究初步显示以PEG800、PEG2000为桥联的脂质体有一定脑靶向潜力.     

The role of the carrier in the formulation of pharmaceutical solid dispersions. Part I: crystalline and semi-crystalline carriers

ABSTRACT

Introduction: As a consequence of the target and drug candidate identification process, drugs with higher hydrophobicity and/or lipophilicity are being selected for further development, leading to solubility and dissolution rate limited oral bioavailability, and hence potential failure of the intended therapeutic goal. Solid dispersions were introduced as a formulation strategy in the early 1960s to tackle this issue and are still an area of intensive research activity.

Areas covered: There has been a shift in the type of carriers that were used in the formulation of solid dispersions as nowadays, amorphous carriers are most often used, whereas in early stages of solid dispersions development, crystalline and semi-crystalline carriers were most commonly applied. In this review, we will discuss several aspects related to the use of crystalline and semi-crystalline carriers such as their molecular and related physical structure, and their physical chemical properties related to formulation of poorly soluble drugs.

Expert opinion: The inherent crystallinity of this type of carrier hinders the formation of high-load solid solutions as mainly the amorphous domains of a carrier are able to accommodate drug molecules. Hence these carriers are not currently first choice excipients to formulate solid dispersions.     

Physicochemical Characterization and Dissolution Study of Solid Dispersions of Lovastatin with Polyethylene Glycol 4000 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30

Solid dispersions in water-soluble carriers have attracted considerable interest as a means of improving the dissolution rate, and hence possibly bioavailability, of a range of hydrophobic drugs. The aim of the present study was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug, Lovastatin, by a solid dispersion technique. Solid dispersions were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) in different drug-to‐carrier ratios. Dispersions with PEG 4000 were prepared by fusion-cooling and solvent evaporation, whereas dispersions containing PVP K30 were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. These new formulations were characterized in the liquid state by phase solubility studies and in the solid state by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The aqueous solubility of Lovastatin was favored by the presence of both polymers. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy and enthalpy of transfer explained the spontaneous transfer from pure water to the aqueous polymer environment. Solid-state characterization indicated Lovastatin was present as amorphous material and entrapped in polymer matrix. In contrast to the very slow dissolution rate of pure Lovastatin, the dispersion of the drug in the polymers considerably enhanced the dissolution rate. This can be attributed to improved wettability and dispersibility, as well as decrease of the crystalline and increase of the amorphous fraction of the drug. Solid dispersion prepared with PVP showed the highest improvement in wettability and dissolution rate of Lovastatin. Even physical mixture of Lovastatin prepared with both polymers also showed better dissolution profile than that of pure Lovastatin. Tablets containing solid dispersion prepared with PEG and PVP showed significant improvement in the release profile of Lovastatin compared with tablets containing Lovastatin without PEG or PVP.