PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂及其疗效预测标志物在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展更新

程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体1(PD-L1)免疫检查点抑制剂的发展为非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的治疗提供了新的方向.然而,疗效预测标志物的尚未确定在很大程度上限制了其有效应用.本文对美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准、尚处于试验阶段的PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的相关临床试验进行了综述.事实上,目前仅有约20％的晚期NSCLC患者可以从PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂中获益.多数临床试验将患者的PD-L1表达水平作为疗效预测标志物,但其预测价值不尽相同,本文亦对其临床应用局限性的原因进行了讨论.随着肿瘤突变负荷、肿瘤免疫微环境等新兴标志物的出现,将其与PD-L1表达相结合,指导PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂有效的个体化应用正逐渐成为新的研究方向.     

后PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂时代肿瘤治疗展望

免疫检查点抑制剂能够重启并维持肿瘤-免疫循环,使抗肿瘤免疫反应正常化。目前,以抗PD-1/PD-L1单抗为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂已显著改善多种恶性肿瘤患者的预后,是免疫治疗的新里程碑。然而,单独使用抗PD-1/PD-L1单抗有效率低,与手术、化疗、放疗和靶向治疗等传统治疗手段的联合应用展现出巨大潜力,且新的免疫检查点抑制剂单药或联合使用也在研究中,从而进入后抗PD-1/PD-L1单抗时代。然而,联合方式和生物标志物的筛选仍然是关注的焦点。本文就免疫检查点抑制剂治疗现状作简要综述并对后抗PD-1/PD-L1单抗时代进行展望。     

PD-L1和sPD-L1作为肝癌免疫治疗标志物的研究进展

肝细胞癌（HCC）是最常见的肝脏原发性肿瘤。研究显示免疫治疗可使更多的HCC患者受益,PD-1/PD-L1检查点抑制剂是癌症免疫治疗中最有前景的治疗策略。然而仍只有少数HCC患者从中受益,因此选择生物标记物来指导个性化抗PD-1的治疗使更多的患者受益尤为重要。PD-L1是PD-1的主要配体,sPD-L1是由PD-L1蛋白膜裂解释放,同样可与PD-1受体结合。PD-L1与sPD-L1已被证实在多种肿瘤中可作为预后标志物。而这两者在HCC患者中的表达及其预后价值仍有争议,本文将阐述PD-L1与sPD-L1在HCC患者中研究进展。     

PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂的疗效标志物

[摘要] 以PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs）疗法改变了以往手术、放疗或化疗的常规癌症治疗方法,甚至已成为部分癌症的一线治疗方式。然而,PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂并不能使大部分肿瘤患者获益,甚至部分患者接受治疗后出现了肿瘤暴发性进展现象。在PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂治疗前,对相关疗效标志物进行检测,可以筛选出可能获益的人群,从而有效避免延误治疗无效患者的病情及不必要的经济损失。为进一步指导临床,本文就PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂的疗效标志物作一系统综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期结直肠癌的药物治疗进展

结直肠癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,通过对肿瘤免疫逃逸机制的深入研究,程序性细胞凋亡蛋白1(PD-1)/程序性细胞凋亡蛋白配体1(PD-L1)免疫检查点抑制剂对晚期结直肠癌的治疗疗效不断得到各项临床试验的证实,其中pembrolizumab及nivolumab已成为NCCN指南推荐对于错配修复基因缺失/高频微卫星不稳定的晚期结直肠癌患者标准治疗失败后的二线或三线治疗.本文对近年来多项PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点抑制剂单药治疗和联合治疗晚期结直肠癌的临床试验结果进行综述,并对可能预测抗PD-1/PD-L1抗体治疗效果的生物标志物相关研究进行文献复习.     

可溶性程序性死亡蛋白-1抗肿瘤临床应用的研究进展

程序性死亡蛋白-1（programmed death protein 1,PD-1）是表达在T细胞表面的一种重要的免疫抑制穿膜蛋白,在限制慢 性炎症、感染或肿瘤中T细胞的活性方面起重要作用。可溶性PD-1（soluble PD-1,sPD-1）是由PD-1缺失3号外显子的转录剪接体 转录翻译而来,无法形成穿膜区,但其具有胞外结构域,具有与配体PD-L1/PD-L2结合的能力,能激活T细胞并促进DC成熟,而发 挥抗肿瘤作用。随着免疫疗法及免疫检查点阻断治疗的出现并逐渐成为肿瘤治疗的新兴手段,关于PD-1及其抗体的基础及临床 转化研究也成为肿瘤研究的热点之一。不同形式的PD-1被发现,意味着PD-1可能在机体中发挥着更加复杂及多面的功能,因此对 于sPD-1的研究也逐渐展开及深入。本文就sPD-1作为肿瘤诊断、疗效预测及预后评估的潜在标志物及联合抗肿瘤免疫治疗中的 临床应用研究进展作一综述,以期了解sPD-1在抗肿瘤治疗中的重要作用,为肿瘤免疫治疗提供新思路、新方法和新策略。     

PD-1/PD-L1在胃癌中的研究进展

胃癌是导致癌症患者死亡的主要疾病之一,而现有的治疗手段有限。当前免疫检测点抑制剂在肿瘤的治疗中取得了突破进展,相关研究迅速覆盖到胃癌。针对免疫检查点抗程序性死亡分子1（PD-1）/PD-1配体（PD-L1）抗体的临床研究正在广泛开展。本文对胃癌发生的免疫机制,PD-1/PD-L1表达,抗PD-1/PD-L1抗体早期临床研究及抗PD-1/PD-L1抗体预测疗效的生物标志物的研究进行文献复习。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂相关的内分泌紊乱及其治疗的研究进展

免疫检查点治疗是肿瘤治疗的新模式,目前国内外已有多种免疫检查点单抗药物即程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1（PD-1）及其配体（PD-L1）抑制剂获批进入临床,在恶性黑色素瘤、肺癌、膀胱癌、淋巴瘤等多种肿瘤中得到了广泛应用,但随着PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在临床上的逐步推广应用,其引起的各种免疫相关不良反应引起了广泛关注,特别是近年来国内外均有多个内分泌腺体受损的相关不良反应报道。本文对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗引起的各内分泌腺体相关不良反应研究现状以及对应临床处理方法作一综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合治疗在癌症免疫治疗中的研究进展

程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)是一种免疫检查点的负性调控因子,通过与其配体PD-L1/PD-L2结合,抑制T细胞的免疫功能,而PD-1抑制剂则可恢复免疫系统的抗肿瘤作用。较其他治疗手段而言,PD-1抑制剂有显著的临床疗效,然而其仍然存在不足,即目前仍有很大一部分癌症患者对PD-1抑制剂治疗是无效的。研究表明联合治疗可改善PD-1抑制剂单药治疗的有效率。联合治疗包括联合免疫检查点抑制剂、放疗、化疗、癌症疫苗和其他癌症治疗方法。FDA已批准了PD-1抑制剂联合CTLA-4阻断剂治疗,其抗肿瘤效率与肿瘤微环境以及免疫相关因子有关,但关于免疫系统,特别是T细胞对肿瘤阳性响应率的潜在作用机制研究甚少。本文将综述免疫检查点PD-1抑制剂的临床疗效以及其影响因素、作用机制以及PD-1抑制剂联合其他治疗的研究现状。     

PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点抑制剂致心脏毒性的研究进展

心脏毒性是抗肿瘤药物的严重不良反应,随着抗肿瘤药物的不断发展,免疫检查点抑制剂已被应用于多种癌症的治疗,特别是程序性死亡受体1（PD-1）或程序性死亡配体1（PD-L1）免疫检查点抑制剂近年来受到广泛关注,本文将从PD-1及PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点抑制剂概述、PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点抑制剂致心脏毒性的表现及可能机制的探索、心脏毒性的检测方法和PD-1/PD-L1所致心脏毒性的治疗等方面进行综述。     

胃癌中p21WAF1/CIP1、细胞周期素D1、p53表达的相关性

目的探讨p21WAF1/CIP1、细胞周期素D1(cyclin D1)、p53在胃癌中表达之间的相关性.方法应用原位杂交技术检测p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA、细胞周期素D1 mRNA及免疫组化技术检测p53蛋白在胃癌中的表达.结果 p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA在癌组织及癌旁正常粘膜中阳性表达率各为93.15%(68/73)及76.71%(56/73),二者相比具有显著差异(P<0.05).Cyclin D1 mRNA在癌组织及癌旁正常粘膜中阳性表达率各为54.79%(40/73)及30.16%(22/73),二者具有显著差异(P<0.05).p53蛋白在胃癌中的阳性表达率为32.87%(24/73), p53过表达者,其p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA表达较p53阴性者为低,二者存在显著差异(P<0.05).p21WAF1/CIP1表达与细胞周期素D1表达呈负相关.结论 p21WAF1/CIP1、Cyclin D1、p53的异常表达及它们之间可能存在的相互作用,对于胃癌的发生发展具有重要意义.     

脑肿瘤中Pten／MMAC1／Tep1蛋白的表达

目的：探讨Ｐｔｅｎ／ＭＭＡＣ１／Ｔｅｐ１蛋白在不同分化程度的脑肿瘤组织中的表达。方法：应用免疫组化技术检测３０例脑胶质细胞瘤和１５例脑膜瘤Ｐｔｅｎ／ＭＭＡＣ１／Ｔｅｐ１蛋白表达。结果：脑胶质细胞瘤组织中Ｐｔｅｎ／ＭＭＡＣ１／Ｔｅｐ１蛋白表达阳性率为５３．３３％,脑膜瘤组织中Ｐｔｅｎ／ＭＭＡＣ１／ｅｐ１蛋白表达阳性率为９３．３３％,两者差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论Ｐｔｅｎ／ＭＭＡＣ１／Ｔｅｐ１     

Plastin 1 drives metastasis of colorectal cancer through the IQGAP1/Rac1/ERK pathway

Tumor metastasis is the dominant cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and it often involves dysregulation of various cytoskeletal proteins. Plastin 1 (PLS1) is an actin‐bundling protein that has been implicated in the structure of intestinal epithelial microvilli; however, its role in CRC metastasis has not yet been determined. In this study, we demonstrated that PLS1 is highly expressed in 33.3% (45/135) of CRC patients and is correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, PLS1 induced the migration and invasion of CRC cells and the metastases to the liver and lung in mice. Moreover, the expressions of key factors for CRC metastases, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and 2, were enhanced by PLS1, which was dependent on phosphorylating ERK1/2 activated by IQGAP1/Rac1 signaling. The connection between these signals and PLS1 was further confirmed in CRC tissues of patients and the metastatic nodules from a mouse model. These findings suggest that PLS1 promotes CRC metastasis through the IQGAP1/Rac1/ERK pathway. Targeting PLS1 may provide a potential approach to inhibit the metastasis of CRC cells.     

Hereditary breast cancer and the BRCA1-associated FANCJ/BACH1/BRIP1

It is clear that FANCJ, also known as BACH1 or BRIP1, is an essential tumor suppressor gene based on the identification of clinically relevant mutations not only in breast cancer, but also the childhood cancer syndrome, Fanconi anemia. This conclusion is further supported by the direct and functional interaction between FANCJ and the hereditary breast cancer-associated gene product BRCA1. In the absence of the FANCJ DNA helicase or its interaction with BRCA1, cells have defects in several aspects of the DNA damage response. In particular, the BRCA1-FANCJ interaction is essential for promoting error-free repair, checkpoint control and for limiting DNA damage tolerance. As the number of FANCJ clinical mutations and affected patients accumulate, it will be critical to understand whether the associated tumors resemble BRCA-associated tumors. If so, FANCJ patients could also benefit from new therapies that selectively sensitize DNA repair-defective tumors and spare healthy cells. In this article, we summarize the breast cancer-associated FANCJ mutations and discuss functional outcomes for DNA repair and tumor suppression.     

Mutational analysis of the p21/WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 coding region in human tumor cell lines

p21/WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 is an important cell-cycle mediator with tumor suppressor gene capabilities, and its inactivation could potentially lead to tumor progression. Because tumor suppressor genes are commonly inactivated by somatic and germline mutations, we analyzed a variety of human tumor cell lines for p21 mutations. We used single-strand conformational analysis and direct sequencing to identify possible mutations in the p21 coding region. Two base-alterations were observed in 41 immortalized human tumor cell lines. A previously reported polymorphism that results in a serine-to-arginine amino-acid substitution at codon 31 was found in 24% (10 of 41) of the tumor cell lines but was also found in 10% (six of 62) of normal parental DNAs tested and 7% (three of 43) of normal DNAs from patients with primary endometrial tumors. Another nucleotide substitution found at codon 80 resulted in the replacement of threonine with methionine. Codon 80 changes were found in 7% (three of 41) of the tumor cell lines (all endometrial) and in 2% (one of 62) of the normal parental DNAs. (This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.)     

Anti-PD1/PDL1 induced psoriasis

BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors are novel agents approved for the treatment of late-stage malignancies. Despite its important clinical benefits, checkpoint inhibition is associated with a unique spectrum of side effects known as immune-related adverse events. Skin toxicities are the most frequent immune-related adverse events during anti-PD1 blockade therapies. Among them, rare cases of psoriasis exacerbation have been reported.MethodsWe present the clinical characteristics of exacerbated psoriasis in 5 patients under anti-PD1/PDL1 therapy.ResultsA total of 5 patients were overall included (4 males, 1 female mean age 65.8 years). Among them, 3 were diagnosed with nonsmall cell lung cancer, 1 with papillary urothelial carcinoma, and 1 with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Of all, 3 patients were treated with anti-PD1 (1 with pembrolizumab, 2 with nivolumab), whereas the remaining 2 with anti-PDL1 (durvalumab). Only 1 out of 5 patients had active psoriatic lesions at the time of treatment initiation, 2 shared a past history of psoriasis, and 1 reported a strong related family history (3/5 siblings). Four out of 5 patients experienced guttate lesions, though the most severe exacerbation was noted in the durvalumab group. Four out of 5 patients managed to continue treatment after close dermatologic monitoring, whereas 1 patient under durvalumab was forced to treatment delays owing to the severity of the skin reactions. Skin rashes appeared in all patients after the fourth cycle of immunotherapy.ConclusionsBoth anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 therapies can lead to psoriasis exacerbation although more severe flares were noted in patients treated with durvalumab. Not only personal but also related family history of psoriasis are significant risk factors and need to be outlined before treatment initiation. If such related history exists, strict skin surveillance can lead to the early diagnosis and treatment of any psoriatic exacerbations that could otherwise severely affect quality of life or even compromise therapeutic protocols and final prognosis.     

Prognostic impact of p21/waf1/cip1 in colorectal cancer

In addition to the tumor suppressor gene p53, Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDK) are well known to influence the cell cycle in normal human tissues and various neoplasias as well. The purpose of our present study was to evaluate the expression of the CDK-inhibitor p21/waf1/cip1 in colorectal cancer with special emphasis on the prognostic impact. Between 1985 and 1991, 294 patients (median age, 65 years) underwent surgical operative therapy for colorectal cancer. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were investigated. For immunohistochemistry the Catalysed Reporter Deposition (CARD) technique was performed. The survival probability was calculated and possible prognostic risk factors were tested using multivariate analysis. The p21/ waf1/cip1 staining pattern was positive in 197 (67%) specimens and negative in 97 (33%) samples. No significant correlation could been calculated between p21/waf1/cip1 expression and other variables such as age, sex, WHO-Classification, localisation, grading, TNM-classification or UICC-stage. Patients with a positive staining reaction had a significantly better survival (p < 0.0052). Moreover, p21/waf1/cip1 was shown to be an independent prognostic parameter by multivariate analysis (p < 0.022). In contrast with these findings, the p53 tumor status had no impact on survival. P21/ waf1/cip1 appears to be an independent prognostic parameter in colorectal cancer and is associated with a favorable survival. This feature may be related to a cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase induced by p21/waf1/cip1, resulting in lower tumor cell proliferative activity.     

PD-1/PD-L1/2通路在多发性骨髓瘤中的研究进展

多发性骨髓瘤（MM）是一种浆细胞恶性克隆增殖性疾病，近年来，蛋白酶体抑制剂、免疫调节剂在多发性骨髓瘤中的应用明显延长了患者的生存期并提高了生存质量，但因疾病的异质性、易复发及耐药性，目前仍无法治愈。免疫检查点抑制剂如Pembrolizumab、Nivolumab、Pidilizumab、Atezolizumab及Durvalumab等为MM带来了曙光。本文通过回顾近年来国内外的相关文献，综述MM的免疫发病机制、PD-1/PD-L1/2相关的免疫通路及免疫治疗的现状，希望为MM的免疫治疗提供参考。