复方水杨酸甲酯苯海拉明喷雾剂中5个活性成分的含量测定

目的:建立气相色谱法同时测定复方水杨酸甲酯苯海拉明喷雾剂中水杨酸甲酯、薄荷脑、樟脑、麝香草酚和盐酸苯海拉明的含量。方法:采用聚乙二醇20M毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm, 1.0μm),氦气为载气,氢火焰离子检测器,程序升温(起始温度为160℃,维持10 min,再以50℃·min^-1的速率,升温至230℃,维持12 min),进样口温度200℃;检测器温度250℃,萘为内标。结果:水杨酸甲酯、薄荷脑、樟脑、麝香草酚和盐酸苯海拉明的质量浓度分别在1.504～4.512、1.198～3.594、1.910～5.730、0.148 4～0.445 2、0.091 07～0.273 2 mg·mL^-1范围内与各相应成分峰和内标峰的峰面积比值呈良好线性关系(r均>0.999,n均为5);低、中、高3个浓度水平9份样品的平均加样回收率分别为99.0%(RSD=0.65%)、99.9%(RSD=0.62%)、101.6%(RSD=0.73%)、102.5%(RSD=1.1%)、100.1%(RSD=1.8%);精密度、稳定性良好,RSD均&...     

气相色谱法测定复方氧化锌粉中薄荷脑和樟脑含量

目的:建立气相色谱法同时测定复方氧化锌粉中的樟脑、薄荷脑两组分的含量。方法:以萘为内标物质,环己烷作为溶剂,岛津CBP-M25-025（25 m×0.22mm,0.25μm）为色谱柱;载气为氮气,柱温130℃,进样口和检测器温度均为180℃,FID氢火焰离子化检测器,进样量1μl。结果:测定各组份达到良好分离,樟脑的线性范围为0.26～2.63 mg·ml^-1,薄荷脑的线性范围为0.51～5.06 mg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）;樟脑的平均回收率为99.5%（RSD=1.10%）,薄荷脑的回收率为98.9%（RSD=1.36%）。结论:本方法灵敏、快速、简便、可用于复方氧化锌粉的质量控制。     

斧标驱风油中主要成分的气相色谱法测定

目的:用气相色谱法对斧标驱凤油中主要成分樟脑、薄荷脑以及水杨酸甲酯的含量进行测定.方法:用HP-5MS气相色谱柱;采用程序升温法,起始温度为100℃,终止温度180℃;采用FID检测器,检测器温度200℃.结果:用气相色谱法测定樟脑、薄荷脑以及水杨酸甲酯的分离度和线性关系良好,回收率分别为:樟脑98.53%,RSD=2.15%;薄荷脑98.22%,RSD=2.68%;水杨酸甲酯98.73%,RSD=2.02%.     

贴敷类医疗器械中薄荷脑等中药成分的分析及评价

目的：利用气相色谱-质谱联用法对医用退热贴、退热凝胶、冷敷贴中的薄荷脑及其他中药成分进行定性识别及含量测定。方法：建立气相色谱-质谱联用的方法,采用HP-INNOWAX(30 m×0.25mm,0.25μm)色谱柱,柱温为程序升温(80℃保持2 min,以20℃·min^-1的速率升温至240℃,保持5 min),进样口温度250℃,分流比5∶1,采集类型Scan,扫描范围(m/z)50～500。样品浸提方式参考《中华人民共和国药典》(2020年版)四部中的挥发油测定法甲法,检测样品中薄荷脑、樟脑、冰片的含量。结果：薄荷脑质量浓度在0.2～20 mg·L^-1范围内线性良好(r=0.9997),平均加标回收率(n=6)为90.6%～101.2%。利用该方法对收集到的3种共24批医用退热贴敷类产品进行检测,9批医用退热贴中有5批检出薄荷脑,其含量为0.14～1.07 mg·片^-1;6批医用退热凝胶均检出薄荷脑,其含量为0.05～3.80 mg·g^-1;9批医用冷敷贴中有5批检出薄荷脑,含量为0.79～78...     

气相色谱法测定亚微乳凝胶剂中樟脑、薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯的含量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定亚微乳凝胶剂中樟脑、薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯含量的方法。方法:气相色谱柱为 SE-54柱(30m×0.32 mm,0.25μm);环己酮为内标。采用 FID 检测器,进样口温度230℃,检测器温度250℃,采用程序升温,起始温度90℃,保持5 min,以10℃·min~(-1)升到150℃,保持2 min。结果:樟脑、薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯线性范围分别为0.18～1.60 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),0.17～1.55 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998),0.40～3.59 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999);平均回收率分别为99.5%,99.2%,99.1%;RSD 均小于2%(n=9)。结论:本法方便,准确,重现性好,可作为本制剂的质量控制方法。     

GC法测定止痒氧化锌洗剂中樟脑、薄荷脑和苯酚的含量

目的建立GC法测定止痒氧化锌洗剂中樟脑、薄荷脑及苯酚含量的方法。方法 GC色谱条件为Zebron ZB-Wax(30 m×0.32 mm,0.50μm)毛细管柱;进样口温度180℃;检测器温度150℃;FID检测器;柱温初始温度为160℃,以30℃·min~(-1)速率升温至200℃;载气为氮气。结果樟脑、薄荷脑及苯酚的线性均为25~500 mg·L~(-1)(r≥0.998 3)。樟脑、薄荷脑和苯酚的平均回收率分别为100.28%(RSD=1.63%,n=9)、99.61%(RSD=1.42%,n=9)和101.94%(RSD=1.56%,n=9)。结论该方法可用于止痒氧化锌洗剂中樟脑、薄荷脑和苯酚的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定皮炎平软膏中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量

目的用气相色谱法测定皮炎平软膏中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量.方法色谱柱为10%PEG-20M 3.2 mm×2.1m,玻璃柱,柱温150℃,检测器温度200℃.结果樟脑在0.4288～2.144 mg/ml,薄荷脑在0.4232～2.116 mg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,(r樟=0.9993,r薄=0.9995);回收率为樟脑98.8%、RSD=0.78%,薄荷脑99.2%、RSD=0.83%.结论本法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于皮炎平软膏樟脑、薄荷脑的含量测定.     

气相色谱法测定消肿止痛酊中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定消肿止痛酊中的樟脑、薄荷脑的含量。方法:色谱柱:DB-WAX石英毛细管柱（30m×0.53mm,1μm）,柱温为120～180℃程序升温,升温速率为3℃·min^-1;FID检测器,检测器温度为230℃;内标为萘。结果:樟脑进样量在0.200～2.002μg范围内线性良好（r=0.9993,n=5）;平均回收率为97.74%,RSD=1.24%。薄荷脑进样量在0.202～2.017μg范围内线性良好（r=0.9991,n=5）;回收率为99.00%,RSD=1.43%。结论:本方法简便、准确,可用作消肿止痛酊的质量控制。     

GC法同时测定麝香跌打风湿膏中的3种挥发性成分

目的 采用顶空气相色谱法同时测定麝香跌打风湿膏中3种挥发性成分的含量.方法 用氯仿超声溶解麝香跌打风湿膏后,以水为顶空溶剂,在80℃下平衡40 min,采用TM-WAX(50 m×0.53 mm,0.5 μm)毛细管柱、FID检测器进行气相色谱检测,程序升温,初始温度100℃,以4℃·min-1升至150 ℃,保持2 min,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度210℃.结果 樟脑、薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯分别在10.0～160、5.17 ～82.7、7.42 ～119 μg·mL-1时线性关系良好(r樟脑=0.9994,r薄荷脑=0.9992,r水杨酸甲酯=0.9993),3者的平均回收率均在93.3％ ～101％,RSD均小于3.6％.结论 所用方法简单、快速、灵敏度高,适用于同时测定麝香跌打风湿膏中挥发性成分樟脑、薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯的含量.     

复方麝香雪莲柳酯贴膏中4种挥发性成分含量测定方法的建立

目的 建立同时测定复方麝香雪莲柳酯贴膏中樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片、水杨酸甲酯含量的方法。方法 以乙酸乙酯回流提取制备供试品溶液,采用气相色谱法测定。以Shimadzu SH-Rtx-Wax毛细管柱为色谱柱,以火焰离子化检测器为检测器,检测器温度、进样口温度均为200℃,载气（氮气）流速为2.0 m L/min,分离比为20∶1,进样量为1.0μL。结果 樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片（以异龙脑、龙脑总和计）、水杨酸甲酯检测质量浓度的线性范围分别为11.5～230.4、10.6～211.6、11.3～225.5、11.0～219.1μg/mL(r>0.999),精密度、重复性、稳定性（48 h）试验的RSD均小于4%;4种成分的平均加样回收率分别为100.7%、99.7%、98.9%、100.7%(RSD分别为4.3%、2.9%、2.2%、3.7%,n=9)。2种规格的麝香雪莲柳酯贴膏中樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片、水杨酸甲酯的含量分别为16.8～19.5、4.6～6.0、9.8～11.9、6.9～8.2 mg/片（7 cm×10 cm/片）和8.3～8.6、2.2～2.4、4.7～4.8、3.2～3.6 m...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.