Lenke 1A型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路选择性胸弯融合术后远端附加现象的长期随访研究

目的 探讨Lenke 1A型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis，AIS）行后路选择性胸弯融合术后出现远端附加现象的长期随访结果。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2017年6月于我院行后路选择性胸弯融合术治疗的114例Lenke 1A型AIS病人的病例资料，筛选出术后出现远端附加现象病人共21例（18.4%），其中男4例，女17例。测量发生远端附加现象病人在术后即刻、发生远端附加现象时、术后1年、术后2年与末次随访的站立位脊柱全长正位片，对比上述时间节点的冠状面平衡、远端Cobb角、远端固定椎（lowest instrumented vertebra，LIV）下位椎间隙冠状面成角、LIV下位椎体偏离骶骨中垂线（center sacral vertical line，CSVL）距离、双肩高度差（shoulder height difference，SHD）、T₁倾斜角、锁骨角等影像学参数。评估远端附加现象发生后的长期随访变化。结果 21例出现远端附加现象的病人均获完整随访，随访时间为（64.7±3.2）个月（61~68个月）。19例病人（90.5%）于术后6个月内出现远端附加现象，余2例（9.5%）在术后1年随访时出现。2例病人均采用支具治疗后好转。本组病人中无再手术病例。病人在发生远端附加现象时的肩平衡参数（SHD、T₁倾斜角及锁骨角）较术后即刻时显著降低，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。对比发生远端附加现象时、术后1年、术后2年及末次随访时，病人的影像学参数无明显变化（P＞0.05）。结论 Lenke 1A型AIS选择性胸弯融合术后远端附加现象多在术后6个月内发生，发生远端附加现象时病人的肩平衡参数与术后有显著差异。长期随访表明远端附加现象多数进展缓慢，长期随访相对稳定，而对于出现进展的远端附加现象可采用支具保守治疗。     

Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人弯型特征及矫形疗效的性别差异

目的 探讨不同性别间Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）病人弯型特征及矫形疗效的差异。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年12月接受后路选择性胸腰椎融合术且有2年以上完整随访资料的Lenke 5C型AIS病人70例,男性组20例,女性组50例。对两组病人术前、术后即刻及末次随访时的胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角、胸弯Cobb角等冠状面参数,胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、近端交界性后凸角（PJA）等矢状面参数及脊柱侧凸研究学会-22简明量表调查问卷（SRS-22）评分进行比较分析。结果 男性组不典型弯型的比例高于女性组（20% vs. 12%）,但组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。女性组和男性组的胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角、胸弯Cobb角均较术前显著改善,且两组病人术后即刻和末次随访时的胸弯Cobb角比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组术后胸腰弯/腰弯矫正率分别为70.6%±12.9%和72.6%±17.9%,末次随访时两组的矫正丢失率分别为5.3%±15.8%和7.6%±15.7%。女性组术前的TK明显低于男性组（19.2°±7.0° vs. 24.5°±14.5°）,术前和术后即刻的矢状面平衡（SVA）均大于男性组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。末次随访时,男性组的近端交界性后凸（PJK）发生率高于女性组（30% vs. 16%）,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。男性组在SRS-22量表疼痛维度上的得分显著高于女性组［（4.8±0.2）分 vs. （3.9±0.5）分］,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 男性Lenke 5C型AIS病人中表现为左胸弯右腰弯的不典型弯型的比例稍高于女性,女性病人的术前和术后即刻的SVA大于男性,但均可获得良好的长期矫形疗效。     

Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人矫形术后肩平衡的相关因素分析

目的 探讨术前右肩高Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）病人术后的肩关节高度变化,并分析术后肩平衡的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年12月于我院手术治疗的术前右肩高Lenke 1型AIS病人41例,根据术后肩部平衡状态分为双肩平衡组和双肩失衡组。分别测量两组病人术前、术后3个月及术后2年的影像学肩关节高度差（radiographic shoulder height,RSH）、上胸弯Cobb角、主胸弯Cobb角、锁骨角、胸廓锁骨角度差（clavicle chest cage angle difference,CCAD）和T₁倾斜角,并计算主胸弯矫正率、上胸弯矫正率、主胸弯柔韧度、上胸弯柔韧度等;分析双肩失衡组病人末次随访时RSH与术前影像学指标的相关性。结果 双肩失衡组术前的锁骨角和CCAD值均高于双肩平衡组,上胸弯柔韧度低于双肩平衡组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关分析显示术前锁骨角、CCAD与术后RSH呈正相关（P＜0.05,r＞0）;上胸弯柔韧度与术后RSH呈负相关（P＜0.05,r＜0）;锁骨角变化、主胸弯及上胸弯矫正率、主胸弯角度变化与RSH变化呈正相关（P＜0.05,r＞0）。Logistic回归分析未见双肩失平衡的独立危险因素。结论 术前锁骨角、CCAD及上胸弯柔韧度是Lenke 1型AIS病人术后RSH的预测因素,应避免主胸弯过度矫正导致术后肩失衡的发生。     

Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人行后路脊柱融合术后持续性冠状面失衡的危险因素分析

目的 探讨Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）病人行后路脊柱融合术后持续性冠状面失衡（persistent coronal imbalance,PCI）的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年1月在西安交通大学附属红会医院行后路脊柱融合术且随访2年以上的112例Lenke 5C型AIS病人的临床资料。根据病人术后2年的冠状面平衡状态分为PCI组和非PCI组。PCI定义为术后冠状面失衡持续时间≥2年。测量并比较两组病人术前、术后即刻和术后2年的各项冠状面参数和矢状面参数;采用脊柱侧凸研究学会-22评分量表（Scoliosis Research Society-22,SRS-22）评估病人临床疗效。并进一步对上述相关因素进行多元二分类Logistic回归分析确定PCI的独立危险因素。结果 112例病人中,50例（44.6%）术后发生即刻冠状面失衡,其中12例（10.7%）冠状面失衡持续至术后2年。多元二分类Logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大［比值比（odds ratio,OR）=1.841,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）：1.147~2.132,P=0.001］、术前胸弯柔韧性较差（OR=1.308,95% CI：1.041~2.015,P=0.016）、术前胸腰弯/腰弯顶椎偏移较大（OR=2.291,95% CI：1.120~4.719,P=0.001）、术前下端固定椎（lowest instrumented vertebra,LIV）倾斜角较大（OR=2.141,95% CI：1.491~3.651,P=0.011）、术后即刻冠状面失衡（OR=5.512,95% CI：4.531~6.891,P=0.001）是发生PCI的独立危险因素。PCI组术后2年SRS-22量表满意度和总分均显著低于非PCI组（P＜0.05）。结论 年龄较大、术前胸弯柔韧性较差、术前胸腰弯/腰弯顶椎偏移较大、术前LIV倾斜角较大和术后即刻冠状面失衡是预测PCI的重要参数。PCI对Lenke 5C型AIS病人后路脊柱融合术后临床效果产生不良影响。     

后路双棒同步异质性去旋转矫治Lenke 1A和2A型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的下端融合策略及疗效分析

目的 探讨后路双棒异质性去旋转技术在Lenke 1A和2A型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）矫治中的临床疗效和远端融合策略。方法 回顾分析我院55例接受后路双棒异质性去旋转矫治的Lenke 1A和2A型AIS病人,所有病人随访1年以上。所有病人在手术前后及末次随访时均拍摄全脊柱正侧位片,测量侧凸Cobb角、顶椎偏距、冠状位平衡、矢状位平衡等参数。分析末次随访时远端叠加现象发生的危险因素。结果 55例病人的随访时间为（48.8±24.8）个月。术前主胸弯Cobb角为50.8°±10.4°,术后矫正至8.2°±4.9°,末次随访时为9.1°±4.9°,矫正率为82.3%±9.2%;术前腰弯Cobb角为28.5°±7.0°,术后矫正至5.1°±3.2°,末次随访时为6.3°±4.1°,矫正率为77.9%±13.6%。末次随访时7例病人出现远端叠加现象,发生率为12.7%。远端融合至最后实质性接触椎（LSTV）-1的病例中,发生远端叠加现象的病人与未发生的病人在手术年龄、Risser征、LSTV与下端椎（LEV）的位置关系方面的差异存在统计学意义（P=0.041,P=0.014,P=0.020）。结论 采用后路双棒同步异质性去旋转矫治Lenke 1A和2A型AIS,可以获得满意矫形效果,有助于重建和维持脊柱平衡,减少尾侧融合节段。对于Lenke 1A和2A型AIS病人,若骨骼成熟度正常,LIV可以选择LSTV-1。若骨骼成熟度低,LSTV与LEV相差两个椎体时,可以选择LSTV-1作为LIV。但在LSTV与LEV相差一个或少于一个椎体时,远端叠加现象的风险增加,LIV应选择LSTV。     

Lenke 1、2型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸矫形术后内肩自发性平衡6个月观察

目的 观察Lenke 1、2型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis，AIS）病人行脊柱后路椎弓根钉矫形内固定植骨融合术后短期内肩自发性平衡的恢复情况。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月在本中心行后路椎弓根钉矫形内固定植骨融合术治疗AIS的21例病人手术前后的影像学资料，根据术前、术后即刻、术后6个月标准站立位脊柱全长X线片，测量主胸弯Cobb角、上胸弯Cobb角、腰弯角度、影像学肩高、锁骨角，并采用T₁倾斜角和颈椎轴线角评价内肩自发性平衡情况。结果 术后即刻和术后6个月的主胸弯Cobb角、上胸弯Cobb角、腰弯角度均较术前明显改善，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。术前T₁平衡2例（9.52%，2/21），术后即刻6例（28.57%，6/21），术后6个月13例（61.90%，13/21），术后6个月时达到T₁平衡的比例较术前显著提高，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；术前颈部平衡3例（14.29%，3/21），术后即刻13例（61.90%，13/21），术后6个月17例（80.95%，17/21），术后即刻、术后6个月时的颈部平衡比例均较术前显著升高，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 Lenke 1、2型AIS病人矫形术后内肩平衡（尤其是T₁平衡性）会有一定程度的自发性改善。     

经皮椎体成形术与经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗相邻双椎体急性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床对比研究

目的 比较经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP）与经皮椎体后凸成形术（percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP）治疗相邻双椎体急性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（osteoporotic vetebral compression fractures,OVCF）的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析西安交通大学医学院附属红会医院2015年1月至2017年12月收治的134例相邻双椎体急性OVCF病人的临床资料,根据手术方式分为PKP组（61例）与PVP组（73例）。比较两组术前、术后及末次随访时的疼痛视觉模拟量表评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）、Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）、椎体前缘高度、伤椎局部Cobb角、骨水泥渗漏情况及邻近椎体新发骨折情况。结果 两组病人术后及末次随访时的VAS评分和ODI均显著优于术前,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）,但两组间术前、术后及末次随访时的VAS评分、ODI比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。术后及末次随访时,PKP组的椎体前缘高度和伤椎局部Cobb角均显著优于PVP组,组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。PKP组和PVP组的骨水泥渗漏率分别为14.75%、32.88%,邻近椎体新发骨折率分别为11.48%、27.40%,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。结论 与PVP手术治疗比较,PKP手术治疗相邻双椎体急性OVCF可有效恢复椎体高度,降低骨水泥渗漏率及邻近椎体新发骨折的风险,病人预后更好。     

短节段钉棒固定结合伤椎骨水泥强化治疗Kümmell病伴后凸畸形

目的 探讨短节段椎弓根螺钉复位固定结合伤椎椎体骨水泥强化治疗Kümmell病伴后凸畸形的临床效果。方法 我科于2018年2月至2019年10月收治16例Kümmell病伴较严重后凸畸形病人,其中男10例,女6例。年龄为59~78岁,平均67.75岁。腰椎骨密度T值为（-3.48±2.65） SD。胸腰段12例,L₃ 3例,T₈ 1例;后凸角度为23.940°±0.803°。在邻近伤椎上下椎两侧置入椎弓根螺钉,通过钉棒作用进行伤椎撑开复位,再在伤椎两侧注入骨水泥强化治疗。比较病人术前、术后3 d及末次随访时的疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）、伤椎前缘高度及后凸角。结果 本组病例随访（12.1±2.3）个月,未出现神经损伤等并发症。术后3 d及末次随访时病人的VAS评分、ODI、伤椎前缘高度、后凸角较术前均有显著改善,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）;但末次随访与术后3 d的数值比较,差异无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。结论 短节段钉棒固定结合伤椎强化治疗Kümmell病伴后凸畸形疗效满意,值得临床进一步探讨。     

短节段骨水泥螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗Ⅲ期Kümmell病的疗效研究

目的 评估短节段骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉固定联合椎体成形术治疗Ⅲ期Kümmell病的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年9月至2020年9月我科收治的24例Ⅲ期Kümmell病病人,年龄为65~93岁,均采用短节段骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗,记录术前、术后7 d、末次随访时的疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）,测量X线片上病椎Cobb角、椎体前缘及后缘高度,根据术后病椎X线片观察骨水泥填充及渗漏情况。结果 24例病人平均随访12个月（6~22个月）。病人术中无血管神经损伤、椎管内骨水泥渗漏等严重并发症发生,术后24~72 h下地行走。3例术后12个月内出现邻近节段或其他椎体骨折,采用经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术（percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP）治疗后症状缓解。术后7 d及末次随访时的VAS评分、ODI和病椎Cobb角较术前显著降低,椎体前缘高度较术前显著升高,与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;但末次随访时的数值与术后7 d时的比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。术后7 d及末次随访时的椎体后缘高度与术前比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 短节段骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗Ⅲ期Kümmell病,能够安全有效地改善临床症状、恢复病椎高度,并且对脊柱后凸畸形有满意的矫正效果。     

不同Risser征的胸弯青少年特发性脊柱侧凸前路矫形术后矢状面重建

 目的 探讨不同Risser征的胸弯青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, AIS）行前路矫形术后胸椎及远端腰椎矢状面的重建模式。
方法 分析2002年6月至2006年11月行胸弯前路矫形内固定术且有2年完整随访资料的L enke 1型AIS患者43例,男3例,女40例;年龄11~18岁,平均（14.1±1.7）岁;胸弯Cobb角39°~ 65°,平均46.0°±7.5°。按照患者Risser征评分分为：A组（Risser 0）、B组（Risser 1～3）和C组（Risser 4～5）。分别测量这三组患者术前及术后历次随访时的胸弯Cobb角、腰弯Cobb角、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角、内固定远端交界性后凸角、胸腰椎交界性后凸及骶骨后上缘与C 7铅垂线的距离。
结果 三组患者均获得随访,随访时间24~60个月,平均27.4个月。末次随访时,A组胸腰椎交界性后凸角为6.6°,较术前的- 1.7°增大8.3°;B组为0.6°,较术前的- 7.3°增大7.9°;C组术后历次随访与术前均无显著性差异。三组患者胸椎后凸角分别为21.2°、18.4°和14.7°,胸椎后凸角历次随访时的变化无统计学差异。三组患者的内固定远端交界性后凸角均表现为前凸丢失,后凸增大。
结论 低Risser征的Lenke 1型AIS患者行前路矫形内固定术后胸椎后凸角及胸腰椎交界性后凸增加,可能与胸椎后份生长后矢状面重建引起的胸腰椎交界区失代偿有关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.