Urinary metabolite concentrations of organophosphorous pesticides, bisphenol A, and phthalates among pregnant women in Rotterdam, the Netherlands: the Generation R study

Concern about potential health impacts of low-level exposures to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates among the general population is increasing. We measured levels of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP pesticides, a chlorpyrifos-specific metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCPy), BPA, and 14 phthalate metabolites in urine samples of 100 pregnant women from the Generation R study, the Netherlands. The unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted concentrations were reported, and compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and other studies. In general, these metabolites were detectable in the urine of the women from the Generation R study and compared with other groups, they had relatively high-level exposures to OP pesticides and several phthalates but similar exposure to BPA. The median concentrations of total dimethyl (DM) metabolites was 264.0 nmol/g creatinine (Cr) and of total DAP was 316.0 nmol/g Cr. The median concentration of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) was 222.0 μg/g Cr; the median concentrations of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were above 50 μg/g Cr. The median concentrations of the three secondary metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were greater than 20 μg/g Cr. The data indicate that the Generation R study population provides a wide distribution of selected environmental exposures. Reasons for the relatively high levels and possible health effects need investigation.     

哺乳期暴露2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-p-二(噁)英的子代小鼠生殖发育以及肺组织CYP1A1水平

目的 探讨哺乳期暴露2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-P-二(噁)英(TCDD)对子代小鼠生长发育及细胞色素P4501A1(CYP1A1)表达的影响.方法 采用清洁级昆明小鼠,设40μg/kg和20μg/kg TCDD染毒组,并分设相应的两个溶剂对照组及-个动物空白对照组.每组母鼠3只,仔鼠25～28只.母鼠分娩后的第1、3、5天腹腔注射TCDD,子代小鼠通过乳汁暴露于TCDD.观察不同生长期仔鼠的体重改变和生殖系统发育等.仔鼠生后第35天被处死,采用免疫组化法分析肺组织CYP1A1的表达.结果 TCDD染毒组的仔鼠体重明显降低,雌性仔鼠的阴道平均开放时间明显缩短,雄性仔鼠的睾丸平均下降时间明显延长.TCDD染毒组的肺泡结构紊乱,炎症细胞浸润,肺泡壁增厚水肿,CYP1A1表达量明显升高,并且雌性仔鼠的肺组织反应比雄性仔鼠严重.而对照组中雌雄间差异没有显著性.结论 单一哺乳期暴露于TCDD可使子代小鼠体重下降,雌性仔鼠性成熟提前,雄性仔鼠性成熟延缓.仔鼠肺组织CYP1A1表达明显增加,并存在性别差异.