阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎的效果

目的 探讨阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床效果.方法 选取本院2012年2月～2014年3月收治的支原体肺炎患儿215例,将其随机分为观察组(107例)和对照组(108例),对照组采用红霉素序贯疗法治疗,观察组采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法.比较两组的临床疗效及不良反应情况.结果 观察组总有效率为94.4％,高于对照组的75.9％,差异有统计学意义(x2=14.468,P＜O.01).观察组退热、咳嗽消失、啰音消失、呕吐消失时间及住院时间均明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组恶心、呕吐、泄泻等胃肠道反应,皮疹,ALT升高的发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎效果显著,可缩短治疗时间,减少不良反应的发生,效果优于红霉素,可成为治疗小儿支原体肺炎的首选疗法,具有临床推广意义.     

红霉素联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎的效果观察

目的 探讨红霉素联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法在小儿支原体肺炎中的临床疗效.方法 选取在本院接受治疗的小儿支原体肺炎患儿80例,并将所有患儿随机分成观察组和对照组各40例.观察组采用红霉素联合阿奇霉素进行序贯治疗,对照组采用阿奇霉素治疗,观察两组患儿发热、咳嗽、肺部啰音的消失时间以及平均住院时间.结果 观察组的总有效率为95.0％,对照组的总有效率为65.0％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组患儿的发热、咳嗽、肺部啰音以及平均住院时间均少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗过程中,观察组的不良反应发生率明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 红霉素联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎效果显著,安全可行,值得在临床上推广应用.     

阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的效果

目的探讨阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的有效性和安全性。方法选取本院2013年3月~2014年3月收治的肺炎支原体肺炎患儿48例,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用红霉素序贯疗法,观察组采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法,记录两组患儿治疗后的临床症状消失时间、胸部X线片恢复正常时间、住院时间、总有效率及不良反应发生率。结果观察组的临床症状消失时间、胸部X线片恢复正常时间和住院时间均明显短于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组的总有效率为95.8%,明显高于对照组的66.7%（P〈0.05）;观察组的不良反应发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的效果确切,住院时间短,不良反应少。     

阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床效果及安全性研究

目的：研究分析阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床效果及其安全性。方法选取2011年11月~2013年11月在本院接受治疗的120例小儿支原体肺炎患儿,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组60例。观察组患儿采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗,对照组单纯采用红霉素治疗,比较两组患儿的治疗效果、症状消失时间及不良反应情况。结果观察组总有效率为96.7%,显著高于对照组的78.3%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组退热、咳嗽及肺部湿啰音消失时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组不良反应发生率为3.33%,低于对照组的15.00%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床效果显著,不良反应少,值得临床推广应用。     

阿奇霉素序贯疗法联合甲基强的松龙治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎

目的 观察阿奇霉素序贯疗法联合甲基强的松龙治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的疗效.方法 选择肺炎支原体肺炎患儿60例,分为观察组和对照组,每组30例.两组均给予阿奇霉素序贯治疗,观察组加用甲基强的松龙治疗3-5 d.观察两组患儿症状体征消失时间及总有效率.结果 观察组患儿退热早,咳嗽及肺部哕音消失时间短,治疗有效率高于对照组(96.7％vs.86.7％)(P＜0.05).结论 阿奇霉素序贯疗法联合甲基强的松龙治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎疗效好.     

红霉素联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法与阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎疗效比较

目的比较红霉素联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法、阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床效果。方法选取2012年5月～2013年12月我院儿科收治的122例小儿支原体肺炎患儿随机分为两组,观察组及对照组各61例,对照组采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗,观察组采用红霉素联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗,共治疗2。3个疗程。比较两组疗效、临床症状体征消失时间、住院时间、不良反应发生率。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组,退热时间、咳嗽消失时间、啰音消失时间、胸片阴影消失时间及住院时间均短于对照组,不良反应发生率低于对照组,两组差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论红霉素联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎患儿疗效显著,能快速缓解患儿临床症状体征,缩短住院时间,安全性较高,可以临床推广应用。     

红霉素与阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎疗效观察

目的：探究红霉素与阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的效果。方法：选取2014年1月～2015年6月在我院接受治疗的肺炎支原体肺炎患儿100例,随机分成对照组及观察组,每组50例。对照组采用红霉素进行治疗,观察组采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法进行治疗。比较两组治疗总有效率、咳嗽消失时间、退热时间及肺部啰音消失时间,同时比较两组不良反应发生率。结果：观察组及对照组治疗总有效率分别为98.0%、80.0%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组咳嗽、退热及肺部啰音消失时间较对照组均显著缩短,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组及对照组总不良反应发生率分别为10%、28%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法针对小儿肺炎支原体肺炎进行治疗,疗效显著,可有效缩短患儿咳嗽、退热及肺部啰音消失时间,同时大大降低不良反应的发生率,值得临床推广。     

阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床研究

目的探讨阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床效果。方法选取2012年11月~2014年11月本院诊治的支原体肺炎患儿162例,采用随机数字表法分为两组,81例患儿采用红霉素序贯疗法治疗为对照组,81例患儿采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗为观察组,比较两组患儿的治疗效果。结果观察组患儿退热时间、咳嗽消失时间、肺部湿啰音消失时间、住院时间均明显少于对照组,观察组患儿治疗总有效率明显高于对照组,观察组患儿不良反应(皮疹、胃肠道反应、局部疼痛、肝功能异常)发生率均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阿奇霉素序贯疗法是治疗小儿支原体肺炎的有效方法,可明显改善患儿的临床病症,临床疗效显著且安全性高,值得临床推广使用。     

阿奇霉素和红霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床效果及并发症影响评价

目的:探究阿奇霉素和红霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床效果及并发症的影响评价.方法:将我院收治的86例支原体肺炎患儿随机分为观察组与对照组,每组43例,给予观察组阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗,对照组采用红霉素序贯疗法,观察两组症状消失时间、住院时间及并发症的发生情况.结果:观察组症状消失时间与住院时间均较对照组短,并发症发生率(2.33％)显著低于对照组(34.88％),P<0.05,差异存在统计学意义.结论:采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床效果及并发症均优于使用红霉素,应在临床推广.     

阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的临床观察

目的 观察阿奇霉素治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)的临床疗效及药物不良反应.方法 88例MPP患儿随机分为观察组43例和对照组45例.观察组采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗;对照组采用红霉素序贯疗法治疗.对2组的临床疗效及药物不良反应进行比较评价.结果 2组总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).观察组平均住院时间及药物不良反应发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 大环内酯类药物序贯疗法是一种治疗MPP非常有效的方法,其中阿奇霉素序贯疗法具有疗效显著、住院时间短、不良反应少等优点,值得临床推广应用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.