产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌相关耐药基因研究

目的 了解常州地区大肠埃希菌耐药状况及β-内酰胺类耐药基因.方法 用琼脂稀释法检测氨苄西林、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头抱噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南和亚胺培南对大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌TEM、SHV等17种耐药基因,并用DNA测序仪测序.结果 80株大肠埃希菌ESBLs检出率为46.3%,37株大肠埃希菌检出TEM、SHV、CTX-M-1群、OXA-1群和DHA 5种β-内酰胺酶基因,阳性率分别为81.1%、78.4%、21.6%、10.8%、5.4%;37株菌中有36株至少检出1种β-内酰胺酶基因,24株同时检出>2种β-内酰胺酶基因,1株菌最多同时检出4种β-内酰胺酶基因,只有1株未检出β-内酰胺酶基因.结论 大肠埃希菌已携带多种β-内酰胺酶耐药基因,成为对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的重要原因之一.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌blaCTX-M基因分型及耐药特征研究

目的探讨产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌blaCTX-M基因分型及相应耐药特征,以指导临床抗菌药物的合理应用。方法选取2014年1月到2016年1月医院细菌室分离出的大肠埃希菌69株;对上述菌株进行产超广谱β-内酰胺酶表型及耐药特征的检测;统计产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌检出率及其基因型的分布;对比不同基因型的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的耐药率。结果 69株菌株中,37株为产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌,其中36株为blaCTX-M型基因,占97.30%;单独检出blaCTX-M-1有10株,占27.78%,单独检出blaCTX-M-9有24株,占66.67%,同时检出blaCTX-M-1和blaCTX-M-9有2株,占5.56%。CTX-M-1菌株和CTX-M-9菌株对亚胺培南的耐药率均为0,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢唑林的耐药率均为100%。CTX-M-1菌株对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南的耐药率均显著高于CTX-M-9菌株(P<0.05)。结论 blaCTX-M是产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌最常见的基因型,且以blaCTX-M-9型为主。blaCTX-M-1型菌株对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟以及氨曲南的耐药性显著高于blaCTX-M-9型菌株。     

2277株大肠埃希菌的耐药性及TEM与SHV型β-内酰胺酶基因的研究

目的 了解大肠埃希菌的耐药性,尤其要了解TEM与SHVβ-内酰胺酶基因在产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的流行情况.方法 2006年1月-2008年11月医院分离的2277株大肠埃希菌用VITEK-32 GNI+鉴定,GNS-145和GNS-448检测对氨基糖苷类、β-内酰氨类、喹诺酮类等21种抗菌药物的耐药性,并对其中36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌用聚合酶连反应(PCR)检测TEM和SHV基因型别的流行状况.结果 共检出1025株ESBLs阳性菌株,ESBLs检出率为45.0%;21种抗菌药物氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、氨曲南、头孢匹肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、复方新诺明,呋喃妥因、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和头孢西丁耐药率分别为83.0%、74.0%、52.0%、52.0%、29.1%、27.8%、16.5%、47.0%、31.0%、54.5%、53.0%、56.8%,10.0%、53.9%、38.5%、5.0%、4.0%、5.0%和5.0%,未检出哑胺培南、美罗培南耐药株;36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌PCR检测结果TEM阳性25株,SHV阳性14株,检出率分别为69.4%和38.9%.结论 大肠埃希菌耐药性严霞,尤其足产ESBLs大肠埃希菌存在着严重的多药耐药性,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌菌株TEM和SHV基因检出率高,且与多药耐药关系密切.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌β-内酰胺酶基因检测与耐药性分析

目的 了解临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药基因存在状况和菌株的耐药性关系.方法 自临床分离20株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测β-内酰胺酶基因TEM、SHV、LEN、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-9、VEB、GES、PER.结果 20株大肠埃希菌中β-内酰胺酶基因TEM、SHV、LEN、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-9、VEB、GES、PER阳性率分别为75.0%、20.0%、95.0%、15.0%、70.0%、5.0%、85.0%、70.0%,β-内酰胺类药物及含酶抑制剂药物的耐药率较高.结论 临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌TEM、LEN、CTX-M-9、GES、PER基因携带率高,β-内酰胺类药物耐药率较高可能与细菌携带β-内酰胺酶耐药基因有关,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌可导致克隆传播医院感染,并存在暴发性流行.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性研究

目的 了解肿瘤患者临床分离的大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况及对16种抗生素的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据; 方法收集我院2007年1月-2008年8月分离出的269株大肠埃希菌和150株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法进行药敏试验.用纸片扩散法确证实验检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶.结果 检出产ESBLs细菌共205株,检出率为48.9%,其中大肠埃希菌121株,检出率为28.9%,肺炎克雷伯菌84株,检出率20.0%;产ESBLS对碳青酶烯类(亚胺培南、美洛西林)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟耐药率较低均<16%,其余抗菌药物都产生较高的耐药性. 结论 加强ESBLs细菌检测,合理使用抗菌药物,碳青霉烯类、β-内酰胺酶抑制复合物、阿米卡星及头孢吡肟,是目前治疗ESBLs细菌有效抗菌药物.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的耐药性分析

目的调查分析临床产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物和及早预防与控制医院感染提供科学依据。方法回顾性统计2012-2013年嘉兴地区两所综合性三甲医院中分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌资料,采用法国生物梅里埃公司VETIK-2Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪和药敏卡进行细菌鉴定及耐药性分析。结果两年共检出大肠埃希菌4 698株,其中2012年检出2 236株、产ESBLs 1 254株,2013年2 462株、产ESBLs 1 322株,产酶率分别为56.08%、53.70%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林和头孢呋辛的耐药率>95.00%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松和氨曲南的耐药率均显著高于非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌;对亚胺培南、美罗培南和厄他培南的耐药率为0.23%~1.13%。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率较高且显示多药耐药性,治疗产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的感染可经验选用酶抑制剂复合制剂头孢哌酮/舒巴坦或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,并可联合阿米卡星;重症感染可选用碳青霉烯类和替加环素。     

耐药柠檬酸杆菌属β-内酰胺酶检测

目的了解安徽医科大学第一附属医院临床分离的耐药柠檬酸杆菌属产β-内酰胺酶的情况。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定17种抗菌药物对临床分离的52株柠檬酸杆菌最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,用改良三维试验检测31株柠檬酸杆菌ESBLs、AmpC、MBL的产酶情况,再用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法扩增β-内酰胺酶基因。结果31株柠檬酸杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药,三维试验检出24株菌产ESBLs,3株菌产AmpC酶,2株同时高产AmpC酶和ESBLs,未检出MBL;PCR检出20株菌携带blaTEM基因,1株菌携带blaSHV基因,8株菌携带blaCTX-M-1基因,15株菌携带blaCTX-M-13基因,5株菌携带blaCIT基因。结论31株多重耐药的柠檬酸杆菌同时产〉1种的ESBLs及高产AmpC酶,是其对β-内酰胺类药物耐药的重要原因。     

膀胱癌术后并发大肠埃希菌泌尿系感染的超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型及耐药性

目的 分析膀胱癌术后并发大肠埃希菌泌尿系感染的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)基因型分析及耐药特征。方法 收集2015年1月-2020年1月从医院收治的膀胱癌术后并发大肠埃希菌泌尿系感染患者尿液标本中分离出的大肠埃希菌102株,筛选产ESBLs菌株并进行药敏试验,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术检测产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药基因,并比较产ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因型耐药率。结果 分离出的102株大肠埃希菌中,共检出产ESBLs菌株58株,检出率为56.86%;58株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类耐药率较高,其中对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛以及头孢他啶耐药率为100.00%,其次为氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类,对碳青霉烯类敏感性良好,其中对厄他培南完全敏感;58株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中,CTX-M基因型检出率最高,占53.45%,其次为TEM,占27.59%;同时携带两种及以上基因型菌株4株,占6.90%;CTX-M型、TEM型、SHV型、OXA型产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对左氧氟沙星耐药率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 膀胱癌术后并发大肠埃希菌泌尿系感染产ESBLs具有多药耐药基因表型特征,临床需对膀胱癌术后并发泌尿系感染患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌加强监测,并根据药敏试验结果合理指导临床用药。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌检测及其药敏结果分析

目的了解某院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的检出及耐药情况。方法采用微生物生化、药敏试验卡,超广谱β-内酰胺酶试验卡及纸片扩散法对32例大肠埃希菌标本进行ESBLs检测,并对其药敏试验结果进行分析。结果从32株大肠埃希菌中经过确认试验,共检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌8株,检出率为25.0%。药敏试验耐药率高,敏感性较高的只有美洛培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等抗菌药物。结论产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌检出率较高,对大多数抗菌药物呈现多重耐药,需引起临床的高度重视。     

239株非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物及美罗培南的耐药性检测

目的 了解临床分离大肠埃希菌中非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物及美罗培南的耐药性检测.方法 CLSI表型确证试验-纸片增强法检测非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,琼脂稀释法测定非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对8种β-内酰胺类抗菌药物及美罗培南的敏感性.结果 非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌株对氨苄西林的耐药率高达90.3%,对头孢唑林、头孢呋辛的耐药率>60.0%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢美唑、头孢吡肟的耐药率分别为19.2%、23.8%、31.8%,但对美罗培南非常敏感、耐药率为2.9%.结论 非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对第三代头孢菌素和美罗培南非常敏感,对氨苄西林和第一、二代头孢菌素耐药显著.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.