耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌耐药元件分析研究

目的探讨一组耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌获得性耐药基因及可移动遗传元件遗传标记的携带情况及关联性。方法收集2013年1-12月宁波市第二医院住院患者中分离到的20株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌,用gyrA与parC测序确认菌种,再采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类共56种获得性耐药相关基因和12种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,最后对检测结果作指标聚类分析。结果 20株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌每株均检出获得性耐药基因与可移动遗传元件标记,20株菌共检出6种β-内酰胺类获得性耐药基因、4种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因、1种16SrRNA甲基化酶基因、8种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,指标聚类分析提示bla KPC与ISKpn6相强关联,bla OXA-1与tnp513相强关联,17株bla KPC-2阳性菌bla KPC-ISKpn6连锁检测均为阳性。结论肺炎克雷伯菌中携带的耐药基因和耐药表表型相对应,携带bla KPC-2和bla IMP-4是该组菌耐碳青霉烯类的重要原因。     

基于耐药相关基因耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌亲缘关系分析

目的了解耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌耐药相关基因与可移动遗传元件存在状况和菌株之间的亲缘关系。方法收集2014年1-12月浙江省磐安县人民医院住院患者标本中分离20株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌,用gyrA测序后BLASTn比对确认菌种,再采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法分析40种β-内酰胺酶获得性耐药基因、两种膜孔蛋白基因、12种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因、1种喹诺酮类作用靶位基因、4种喹诺酮类获得性耐药基因、12种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,并对检测结果作样本聚类分析。结果 20株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类耐药率很高,除未检出喹诺酮类药物获得性耐药基因外,其他基因均有阳性检出;共检出4种β-内酰胺类获得性耐药基因、两种膜孔蛋白基因、两种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因、1种喹诺酮类作用靶位基因、8种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,且阳性率较高;样本聚类分析提示20株菌可分为A与B两个簇群;A簇群5株,分别为1、2、3、4、16号株,为克隆传播;B簇群分B1、B2二亚簇群,B1亚簇群12株,分别为5、6、7、8、9、10、11、13、14、17、18、19号株,为克隆传播;B2亚簇群3株,分别为12、15、20号株,亦为克隆传播。结论肺炎克雷伯菌耐药表型与基因型结果相符,菌株呈3个克隆传播特征,为医院感染。     

耐药基因与管家基因的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌亲缘关系研究

目的探讨耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因及可移动遗传元件遗传标记的携带情况及菌株之间的亲缘关系。方法收集2013年1-12月医院住院患者中分离到的20株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌,用gyrA与parC基因测序确认菌种,再采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析56种获得性耐药基因、12种MGEs标记、膜孔蛋白基因(ompK35、ompK36)以及喹诺酮类作用靶位基因(gyrA、parC),最后对检测结果作样本聚类分析。结果 20株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌共检出6种β-内酰胺类药物获得性耐药基因、2种膜孔蛋白基因、5种氨基糖苷类药物获得性耐药基因、2种喹诺酮类药物作用靶位基因、1种喹诺酮类药物获得性耐药基因、8种可移动遗传元件标记;样本聚类分析提示,10号为孤立株,其余19株呈明显的聚集性(A家族);A家族可分为A1和A2;A1又可分为A1-1和A1-2;A1-1再可分为A1-1-1和A1-1-2小家族;A1-1-1和A1-1-2小家族聚集性更为明显,并分别出现克隆播散。结论获得性耐药基因与管家基因检测结果提供了本组菌株耐药的遗传基础,并且与耐药表型相对应,样本聚类分析是监控医院感染实用手段。     

耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌耐药相关基因分析

目的探讨耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因及可移动遗传元件遗传标记的携带,与菌株间的亲缘性。方法收集2014年1-12月住院患者中分离20株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌,经gyrA测序比对确认菌种,再采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类共57种耐药相关基因与12种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,最后对检测结果作样本聚类分析。结果 20株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌每株均检出β-内酰胺酶基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、喹诺酮类作用靶位基因gyrA突变以及可移动遗传元件标记;20株菌共检出4种β-内酰胺类耐药基因、4种氨基糖苷类耐药基因、1种16SrRNA甲基化酶基因、1种喹诺酮类耐药基因、6种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,阳性率非常高,且阳性基因可分为6种阳性模式;样本聚类分析发现,20株菌可区分为A、B两个家族,A家族中1号株为孤独株,A1(2和9号株)与A2(10、11、12、13、15、16、17和18号株)子家族均为克隆传播,A3子家族有2株菌;B家族(3、4、5、6、7、8和20号株)亦为克隆传播,并已构成暴发流行。结论本组肺炎克雷伯菌中携带的耐药基因与耐药表表型相对应,样本聚类分析提示本组菌有克隆传播,有的已构成暴发流行。     

产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌的β-内酰胺类与氨基糖苷类和磺胺类耐药元件分析

目的调查一组20株产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌中β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类与磺胺类获得性耐药元件基因的携带状况,以及菌株间的亲缘关系。方法收集2015年1月-6月医院住院患者标本中分离的20株产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析23种β-内酰胺类耐药基因、11种氨基糖苷类耐药基因、5种磺胺类耐药基因、8种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,阳性耐药基因测序后直接作BLAST比对,耐药基因检测结果作样本聚类分析(UPGMA法)。结果 20株产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌每株均检出β-内酰胺类耐药基因、磺胺类耐药基因和可移动遗传元件遗传标记基因,阳性率达100.0%,有19株检出氨基糖苷类药物获得性耐药基因,阳性率95.0%;20株菌共检出6种β-内酰胺酶类耐药基因、4种氨基糖苷类耐药基因、3种磺胺类耐药基因、6种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,且阳性率较高;样本聚类分析显示菌株有聚集性,共有12-14号株、7-20号株、15-18-19号株、8-9号株4个克隆传播。结论本组20株产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌携带的β-内酰胺类耐药基因、氨基糖苷类耐药基因、磺胺类耐药基因和可移动遗传元件遗传标记是对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、磺胺类产生耐药的重要原因,本组菌检出的四个克隆高度疑似医院感染。     

质粒型AmpC酶DHA基因在耐药肺炎克雷伯菌中的流行研究

目的调查对常用抗菌药物耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(DRK)获得性耐药基因及相关可移动遗传元件的携带状况及菌株间的亲缘关系。方法 20株耐药肺炎克雷伯菌均分离自医院2015年1-12月住院患者痰标本,用K-B法测定抗菌药物的敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析24种β-内酰胺类获得性耐药基因、11种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因、10种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,阳性耐药基因测序后直接作BLAST比对,耐药基因检测结果作样本聚类分析(UPGMA法)。结果 20株耐药肺炎克雷伯菌对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类均耐药,但对碳青霉烯类均敏感;20株菌均检出β-内酰胺类获得性耐药基因,阳性率为100.0%,共检出6种β-内酰胺酶基因,blaDHA群基因检出率为最高90.0%;每株也均检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,阳性率为100.0%,共检出4种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因,ant(3″)-Ⅰ群基因检出率为最高90.0%,但16SrRNA甲基化基因未检出;可移动遗传元件标记基因每株也均有检出,共检出7种可移动遗传元件标记基因,其中tnp513、IS26、IS903、ISEcp1、intⅠ1阳性率均为100.0%,trbC阳性率95.0%;样本聚类分析显示,该组菌株有明显的聚集性,分A与B二个群,B群又可分为B-1、B-2两个亚群,B-2亚群存在二个克隆传播,其中5-6号株均携带10种基因,4-7-8-9-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20号株均携带9种基因。结论 20株耐药肺炎克雷伯菌同时携带了β-内酰胺类获得性耐药基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因和可移动遗传元件标记基因,是对β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类产生耐药的重要原因,该组菌检出的2个克隆高度疑似医院感染,同一克隆菌株携带相同基因。     

携带blaKPC基因肺炎克雷伯菌的氨基糖苷类耐药元件研究

目的调查宁波两家医院24株携带blaKPC基因耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)的氨基糖苷类耐药基因和可移动遗传元件遗传标记的存在状况,并分析其亲缘关系。方法收集两家医院2016年1月-12月分离出的24株携带blaKPC基因的CRKP菌,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测氨基糖苷类及可移动遗传元件标记基因,将氨基糖苷类耐药元件检测结果作样本聚类分析。结果 20株菌rmtB和ant(3")-Ⅰ基因均阳性,1株菌仅rmtB基因阳性,接合性质粒标记traA、trbC检出率分别为91.7%和95.8%,插入序列IS26、IS903、ISEcp1检出率分别为87.5%、91.7%和87.5%,样本聚类分析显示菌株分为A与B二群,A群菌株有明显的聚集性。结论本组CRKP菌株携带氨基糖苷类获得性耐药相关基因导致对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药,指标聚类分析提示菌株之间存在克隆传播。     

耐药肺炎克雷伯菌湖北襄阳分离株获得性耐药元件研究

目的调查耐药肺炎克雷伯菌获得性耐药元件基因的携带情况及菌株间的亲缘关系,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法收集2016年1-10月医院住院患者痰液标本分离15株耐药肺炎克雷伯菌,用K-B法测定9种抗菌药物的敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析35种β-内酰胺类获得性耐药基因,21种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因和10种可移动遗传元件遗传标记;阳性耐药基因测序后直接作BLAST比对,耐药基因检测结果作样本聚类分析。结果 15株耐药肺炎克雷伯菌对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类耐药率高;15株菌每株均检出β-内酰胺酶基因,总阳性率达100.0%,共检出7种β-内酰胺酶基因,其中仅检出1种β-内酰胺酶基因1株,占6.7%,同时检出2种9株,占60.0%,同时检出3种5株,占33.3%;样本聚类分析可见有一定的聚集性,并可分为A与B二个群;除A群有2个菌株属克隆传播,其余菌株亲缘关系稍远。结论本组15株耐药肺炎克雷伯菌同时携带β-内酰胺类药物获得性耐药基因、氨基糖苷类药物获得性耐药基因和可移动遗传元件遗传标记,是对β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类产生耐药的重要原因。     

耐药肺炎克雷伯菌湖北襄阳分离株获得性耐药元件研究北大核心CSCD

目的调查耐药肺炎克雷伯菌获得性耐药元件基因的携带情况及菌株间的亲缘关系,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法收集2016年1-10月医院住院患者痰液标本分离15株耐药肺炎克雷伯菌,用K-B法测定9种抗菌药物的敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析35种β-内酰胺类获得性耐药基因,21种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因和10种可移动遗传元件遗传标记;阳性耐药基因测序后直接作BLAST比对,耐药基因检测结果作样本聚类分析。结果 15株耐药肺炎克雷伯菌对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类耐药率高;15株菌每株均检出β-内酰胺酶基因,总阳性率达100.0%,共检出7种β-内酰胺酶基因,其中仅检出1种β-内酰胺酶基因1株,占6.7%,同时检出2种9株,占60.0%,同时检出3种5株,占33.3%;样本聚类分析可见有一定的聚集性,并可分为A与B二个群;除A群有2个菌株属克隆传播,其余菌株亲缘关系稍远。结论本组15株耐药肺炎克雷伯菌同时携带β-内酰胺类药物获得性耐药基因、氨基糖苷类药物获得性耐药基因和可移动遗传元件遗传标记,是对β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类产生耐药的重要原因。     

耐β-内酰胺类肺炎克雷伯菌常见耐药元件与菌株亲缘性研究

目的调查耐β-内酰胺类肺炎克雷伯菌(DRKP)常见耐药元件的携带情况和菌株间的亲缘性。方法收集2014年1-12月医院住院患者痰液中分离到的30株DRKP,采用PCR分析17种β-内酰胺类、6种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因以及4种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,并对检测结果作样本聚类分析。结果 30株DRKP对β-内酰胺类(头孢唑林、头孢他啶、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟等)、氨基糖苷类(庆大霉素、阿米卡星等)药物及环丙沙星均耐药,耐药率均为100.0%,对亚胺培南与美罗培南均敏感,耐药率均为0;每株DRKP均检出β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类药物获得性耐药基因及MGEs标记;样本聚类分析提示,30株DRKP有5组呈克隆传播,存在医院感染。结论β-内酰胺酶blaTEM、blaDHA基因,氨基糖苷类修饰酶aac(3)-Ⅱ、aph3′-Ⅰ基因,MGEs标记intⅠ1、IS903在DRKP中流行,是导致该组菌对多种抗菌药物耐药的重要原因,基于获得性耐药基因与可移动遗传元件标记检测结果的样本聚类分析是监控医院感染实用手段。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.