妇科Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期未用抗菌药物的临床研究

目的探讨妇科Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期是否需预防性应用抗菌药物。方法对112例妇科Ⅰ类切口手术患者在围手术期未预防性应用抗菌药物作为研究组与101例妇科Ⅰ类切口手术患者在围手术期预防性应用抗菌药物作为对照组，观察术后感染率、血像等感染情况及切口愈合、术后住院日、医疗费用等。结果两组术后感染率，对照组为6．9％、研究组为9．8％，差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论妇科Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期不需要预防性应用抗菌药物。     

腹股沟疝无张力修补术手术部位感染危险因素

目的 探讨腹股沟疝无张力修补术后手术部位感染（SSI）的危险因素。方法 采用1：4配对病例对照研究，以2016年1月—2018年6月在复旦大学附属华东医院普通外科接受Ⅰ类切口腹股沟疝无张力修补术患者中发生术后SSI的25例患者作为病例组，按年龄、性别和手术日期匹配接受Ⅰ类切口腹股沟疝无张力修补术但术后未发生SSI的100例患者作为对照组，应用SPSS 16.0软件进行单因素和多因素配对logistic回归分析。结果 共收集1 648例接受Ⅰ类切口腹股沟疝无张力修补术的患者，发生术后SSI的患者共25例，SSI发生率为1.52%。合并糖尿病、高血压、呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤等基础疾病和术前住院时间长是腹股沟疝无张力修补术发生SSI的危险因素，OR值分别为12.686、3.326：围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物与否、植入补片类型、腹腔镜手术与否、患者吸烟史等因素在导致术后发生SSI方面差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论 合并糖尿病、高血压、呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤等基础疾病可增加腹股沟疝无张力修补术发生SSI的风险，缩短术前住院时间可降低修补术发生SSI的风险。     

腹股沟疝无张力修补术手术部位感染危险因素

目的探讨腹股沟疝无张力修补术后手术部位感染(SSI)的危险因素。方法采用1∶4配对病例对照研究,以2016年1月—2018年6月在复旦大学附属华东医院普通外科接受Ⅰ类切口腹股沟疝无张力修补术患者中发生术后SSI的25例患者作为病例组,按年龄、性别和手术日期匹配接受Ⅰ类切口腹股沟疝无张力修补术但术后未发生SSI的100例患者作为对照组,应用SPSS 16.0软件进行单因素和多因素配对logistic回归分析。结果共收集1 648例接受Ⅰ类切口腹股沟疝无张力修补术的患者,发生术后SSI的患者共25例,SSI发生率为1.52%。合并糖尿病、高血压、呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤等基础疾病和术前住院时间长是腹股沟疝无张力修补术发生SSI的危险因素,OR值分别为12.686、3.326;围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物与否、植入补片类型、腹腔镜手术与否、患者吸烟史等因素在导致术后发生SSI方面差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论合并糖尿病、高血压、呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤等基础疾病可增加腹股沟疝无张力修补术发生SSI的风险,缩短术前住院时间可降低修补术发生SSI的风险。     

无菌手术切口感染危险因素调查分析

目的 了解无菌手术切口感染的危险因素,探讨预防手术切口感染的对策.方法 调查2004年6月-2005年12月,无菌手术患者中发生切口感染的41例与未发生切口感染的40例对照组比较,并对相关因素进行多元回归分析.结果 无菌手术切口感染与预防性使用抗菌药物、性别、麻醉方式等无相关性,与年龄、手术时间、糖尿病史有关.结论 无菌手术切口感染的危险因素包括年龄、手术时间、糖尿病史等,与预防性使用抗菌药物无关,因此,提倡无菌手术不预防性使用抗菌药物,对有上述危险因素的患者可考虑围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后手术部位感染的配对研究

目的 分析冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后手术部位感染(SSI)患者和非感染患者的抗菌药物预防使用情况和部分临床指标,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对北京市9所医院2008-2010年的CABG手术进行前瞻性目标性监测,将发生SSI的62例患者作为SSI组,未发生感染的124例患者作为对照组,分析两组患者围术期抗菌药物使用、术后早期血像和体温等临床指标.结果SSI组和对照组患者抗菌药物使用率均为100.0％,联合预防用药率分别为81.42％和79.29％,预防用药时间分别为(11.18±1.12)d和(10.95±0.98)d,两组差异无统计学意义;SSI组和对照组术后24～48 h白细胞绝对值分别为(18.2±0.48)、(17.9±0.92) k/μl,术后72 h患者体温分别为(37.8±0.86)、(38.0±0.24)℃,两组差异无统计学意义.结论 预防SSI不应单纯依赖长时间、联合使用抗菌药物,术后早期血像升高、体温升高在鉴别SSI上指示作用不明显,不应片面参考血像和体温作为延长使用抗菌药物预防SSI的绝对指征,应结合其他指标进行综合判断.     

抗菌手术薄膜在预防神经外科手术部位感染效果研究

目的了解抗菌手术薄膜对降低神经外科患者手术部位感染(SSI)的效果。方法将2012年1—12月某院神经外科病变手术患者分为使用抗菌手术薄膜组(A组)和普通手术薄膜组(B组),比较两组患者术后SSI发生率,并进行危险因素分析。结果A组患者术中手术切口薄膜起边率为38.3%(98/256),低于B组的96.88%(248/256),两组患者薄膜起边率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=200.57,P0.01)。512例患者,发生SSI17例,发生率为3.32%,A组患者SSI发生率为1.56%(4/256),低于B组的5.08%(13/256)(χ2=7.93,P0.05)。神经外科SSI高危因素多因素分析结果表明,体重指数(BMI)≥24、出现围手术期低体温、吸烟、术前住院日数≥5 d,以及未使用抗菌手术薄膜均是神经外科SSI独立危险因素。结论神经外科手术中是否使用抗菌手术薄膜是神经外科SSI的独立危险因素之一;使用抗菌手术薄膜能有效降低起边率和SSI发生率,建议在神经外科手术中使用。     

妇科清洁手术患者围术期预防用抗菌药物指征的探讨

目的探讨妇科清洁手术患者围术期预防用抗菌药物的指征,为规范妇科清洁手术患者围术期预防用药提供参考。方法选取医院2013年3月-2015年2月全部妇科清洁手术病例(剔除手术前已诊断感染的病例)1 057例,采用回顾性调查及电话回访相结合的方法,按是否合并其他情况分为未合并其他情况和合并其他情况包括:(年龄≥65岁、手术持续时间≥3h、盆腔积血或术中出血>1500ml、糖尿病、手术部位≥2个、盆腔粘连、慢性盆腔炎和阴道炎治疗后)两个组,对比分析不同人群预防用抗菌药物和未预防用抗菌药物患者手术部位感染(SSI)的情况。结果 1 057例妇科清洁手术患者SSI率为0.76%,其中未合并其他情况组397例,SSI率0.50%;合并其他情况组660例,SSI率0.91%;未合并其他情况组:未预防用抗菌药物患者SSI率0.68%,预防用抗菌药物患者SSI率0.40%,差异无统计学意义;合并其他情况组:未预防用抗菌药物患者SSI率0.85%,预防用抗菌药物患者SSI率0.98%,差异无统计学意义。结论未合并其他情况的妇科清洁手术患者围术期通常不需预防用抗菌药物;合并其他情况的妇科清洁手术患者围术期抗菌药物预防效果有限,术前对合并其他情况进行积极干预和纠正治疗,全面落实预防SSI的综合措施更为重要。     

抗菌药物对骨科围术期预防感染的影响

目的探究抗菌药物对骨科围术期预防感染的影响。方法选择2016年1月-2019年1月瑞安市人民医院骨科收治的手术患者82例,随机数表法分为对照组和研究组,每组各41例,其中对照组围术期给予常规应用抗菌药物,研究组围术期给予干预性应用抗菌药物,观察两组抗菌药物使用情况、抗菌药物费用,并对抗菌药物使用的合理性进行评价。结果研究组住院时间、手术部位感染、治疗各项费用均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组体温异常情况比较,无统计学差异;两组围术期抗菌药物使用均主要以单一用药为主,研究组单一用药多于对照组,二联用药低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组在抗菌药物品种选择、预防用药时机、术后用药时间等围术期抗菌药物使用合理率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗前肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-8、C-反应蛋白(CRP)各项血清炎性因子水平比较,无统计学差异;治疗后,两组血清炎性因子水平均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论干预性应用抗菌药物对骨科围术期预防感染效果显著,在降低手术部位感染发生率的同时,提高抗菌药物使用合理性、缩短住院时间、降低住院费用。     

乳腺手术非预防性使用抗菌药物与乳腺术后伤口感染关系的研究

目的探讨乳腺手术非预防性使用抗菌药物与乳腺术后伤口感染关系,并分析非感染性乳腺手术患者预防性应用抗菌药物的合理性。方法回顾性分析2009-2011年医院190例非感染性乳腺手术患者,将围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物的82例患者设为用药组,未使用抗菌药物的108例患者设为对照组,对两组切口、住院费用、住院时间等进行对比评价。结果非感染性乳腺手术患者切口预后结果与是否预防性应用抗菌药物无关,两组切口预后差异无统计学意义;用药组患者的平均住院时间和平均费用为(15.2±7.2)d、(6926±2360)元,对照组为(12.6±6.1)d、(5962±1956)元,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论非感染性乳腺手术患者可以不使用预防性抗菌药物,预防性抗菌药物的使用需要严格掌握手术预防用药指征,预防性抗菌药物的使用只是预防感染的综合措施之一。     

骨科1类切口围手术期预防性抗菌药物应用分析

目的:分析骨科1类切口围手术期预防性抗菌药物应用情况。方法:从人民医院择取102骨科1类切口手术患者,按照入院时间将其分成对照组和研究组,对照组51例患者术前不行以抗菌药物,术中给予抗菌药物,术后以感染情况为依据给予对应抗菌药物,研究组51例患者行以预防性抗菌药物,对照分析两组的临床效果。结果:对于手术时间超过3小时的患者,研究组术中追加药物患者例数明显比对照组低,P0.05;研究组术后感染率低于对照组,住院时间比对照组短,抗菌药物总费用比对照组少,P0.05。结论:在骨科1类切口手术患者围手术期中,预防性抗菌药物的应用可以减少术中药物追加,避免术后感染现象,缩短患者住院时间,也减少抗菌药物总费用,临床价值显著。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.