罗哌卡因重比重液蛛网膜下腔阻滞在高原地区剖宫产术中的麻醉应用

目的 分析高原地区剖宫产手术罗哌卡因重比重液蛛网膜下腔阻滞的临床效果和可行性.方法 高原地区60例行剖宫产手术的患者随机分为蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉(SA)组30例和硬膜外麻醉(EA)组30例.2组患者均选择腰椎(L)2～3间隙进行硬膜外穿刺,SA组26 G腰麻穿刺针穿入蛛网膜下腔后注入0.75％罗哌卡因(耐乐品)1.5 m...     

重比重、等比重和轻比重罗哌卡因在剖宫产手术麻醉应用中的效果

目的 探究与分析重比重、等比重和轻比重罗哌卡因在剖宫产手术麻醉应用中的效果。方法 选取苏州市立医院自2020年2月至2022年2月收治的剖宫产产妇90例,采取随机数表法分为重比重组、等比重组、轻比重组,每组各30例,重比重组采用0.5%的盐酸罗哌卡因注射液2 ml+10%葡萄糖1 ml,等比重组采用0.75%的盐酸罗哌卡因注射液2 ml+脑脊液1 ml稀释,轻比重组采用0.75%的盐酸罗哌卡因注射液2 ml+注射用水1 ml,比较三组剖宫产产妇的麻醉效果、麻醉药物起效时间、基础指标变化,同时观察三组剖宫产产妇的不良反应。结果 等比重组及重比重组的麻醉总有效率高于轻比重组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。等比重组麻醉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间长于轻比重组,短于重比重组,感觉阻滞恢复时间、运动阻滞恢复时间明显短于重比重组,长于轻比重组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。三组麻醉后10 min与麻醉前比较收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）均较低,心率（HR）升高,等比重组与重比重组比较SBP、DBP较高,等比重组与轻比重组比较SBP、DBP较低,差异有统计学意义（P &...     

小剂量罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于老年下肢骨折手术麻醉36例

目的 评价下肢骨折手术老年患者应用罗哌卡因复合芬太尼等比重液蛛网膜下腔阻滞的效果.方法 将72例患者(年龄60～75岁)随机分为A组和B组各38例,A组予罗哌卡因复合芬太尼等比重液,B组予罗哌卡因重比重液组,观察两组麻醉效果和不良反应发生情况.结果 两组麻醉效果和肌松满意,A组阻滞完善时间、感觉阻滞维持时间明显延长,低血压发生率降低(P<0.01).结论 罗哌卡因复合芬太尼等比重液在老年下肢骨折手术患者行蛛网膜下腔阻滞,麻醉效果好和肌松好,感觉阻滞维持时间长,临床效果更具优越性.     

不同比重局麻药蛛网膜下腔阻滞用于剖宫产术的效果比较

目的 探讨剖宫产术患者不同比重局麻药蛛网膜下腔阻滞的优缺点.方法 拟在脊椎-硬膜外联合阻滞下行剖官产术患者120例,随机分为轻比重组(Q组,n=40)、等比重(D组,n=40)、重比重(Z组,n =40).Q组:0.75％布比卡因2ml+灭菌注射用水1ml,D组:0.75％布比卡因2ml+脑脊液1ml,Z组:0.75％布比卡因2ml+ 10％葡萄糖1ml,各组分别给2 ml(10 mg).观察各组麻醉特性、麻醉效果、血压、心率、并发症及术后神经功能情况.结果 三组麻醉效果相同,患者对麻醉的满意度无明显差别.Z组阻滞完善时间明显较D组和Q组快(t=8.3、7.3,均P＜0.05),Z组最高镇痛平面较D组和Q组高(t=5.3、3.7,均P＜0.05),Z组感觉阻滞维持时间明显长于Q组(t=6.2,P＜0.05).Z组对循环的影响明显大于Q组和D 组.麻醉后低血压、恶心、呕吐发生率,Z组明显较Q组、D组高.结论 在剖宫产术中三种不同比重局麻药的麻醉效果相同,等比重液腰麻用药单一,操作相对简单、安全,更适合剖宫产手术的麻醉.     

布比卡因轻比重液单侧腰-硬联合麻醉在下肢手术的临床应用

目的探讨布比卡因轻比重液单侧腰-硬联合麻醉对患者下肢手术的效果及安全性.方法50例在单侧腰-硬联合麻醉下行下肢手术的患者,随机分成两组,每组25例,A组腰麻采用轻比重液0.75%布比卡因1 ml,加注射用水1.5 ml;B组腰麻采用重比重液,0.75%布比卡因1 ml,加5%葡萄糖液1.5 ml.观察痛觉阻滞平面、麻醉效果、健侧运动阻滞、并发症及不良反应.结果A组平面较B组平面低,麻醉效果差异无显著性,健侧运动阻滞A组较B组显著减轻,低血压、寒战、恶心、呕吐A组较B组显著减少(P＜0.05).结论布比卡因轻比重液单侧腰-硬联合麻醉,对患者下肢手术效果确切,安全性较高.     

重比重罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉在老年患者髋关节置换术中的应用

目的:评价重比重罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉在老年患者髋关节置换术中的临床效果和安全性.方法:选择ASA Ⅰ～Ⅲ级需行髋关节置换手术的老年患者60例,随机分成罗哌卡因组(R组)和布比卡因组(B组)各30例.R组用0.5％重比重盐酸罗哌卡因1.6mL,B组用0.5％重比重盐酸布比卡因1.6 mL.观察两组感觉阻滞起效、感觉平面固定和维持时间,运动阻滞起效时间、最大运动阻滞时间、运动恢复时间,记录生命体征变化、不良反应等.结果:两组术中麻醉效果,感觉阻滞起效、感觉平面固定差异无显著性,感觉阻滞维持时间R组明显短于B组(P＜0.05).运动阻滞起效时间、最大运动阻滞时间R组明显长于B组(P＜0.05),运动恢复时间R组明显短于B组(P＜0.05).R组BromageⅢ级明显少于B组(P＜0.05).结论:重比重盐酸罗哌卡因在腰-硬联合麻醉对行髋关节置换手术的老年患者安全、有效.     

布比卡因轻比重液单侧腰一硬联合麻醉在下肢手术的临床应用

目的:探讨布比卡因轻比重液单侧腰—硬联合麻醉对患者下肢手术的效果及安全性。方法:50例在单侧腰—硬联合麻醉下行下肢手术的患者,随机分成两组,每组25例,A组腰麻采用轻比重液0.75%布比卡因1ml,加注射用水1.5ml;B组腰麻采用重比重液,0.75%布比卡因1ml,加5%葡萄糖液1.5ml。观察痛觉阻滞平面、麻醉效果、健侧运动阻滞、并发症及不良反应。结果:A组平面较B组平面低,麻醉效果差异无显著性,健侧运动阻滞A组较B组显著减轻,低血压、寒战、恶心、呕吐A组较B组显著减少(P<0.05)。结论:布比卡因轻比重液单侧腰—硬联合麻醉,对患者下肢手术效果确切,安全性较高。     

0.67%重比重罗哌卡因蛛网膜下隙阻滞用于妇科手术的麻醉效果及影响

目的探讨0.67%重比重罗哌卡因蛛网膜下隙阻滞用于妇科手术的麻醉效果及影响。方法选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期妇科手术患者80例,随机双盲法分为两组,每组各40例。罗哌卡因组(R组):1%罗哌卡因2m1+10%葡萄糖液1mL;布比卡因组(B组):0.75%布比卡因2mL+10%葡萄糖液1mL。术中连续监测呼吸和循环状况,用针刺法测定痛觉减退平面和痛觉消失平面,记录感觉阻滞起效时间镇痛向头延伸时间和镇痛向尾延伸时间和镇痛持续总时间,用Bromage分级评定运动阻滞效果。测定和记录时间为麻醉开始前,注药后0、2.5、5、7.5、10、15、20、25、30min,术后随访记录神经系统并发症(术后48h内)及术中、术后的不良反应,如低血压、恶心、呕吐等。结果两组镇痛时间,镇痛向尾延伸时间RB(P<0.05)。结论0.67%重比重罗哌卡因蛛网膜下隙阻滞用于妇科手术血流动力学变化小,安全有效,不失为一种较好的选择。     

轻比重罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉在腰椎间盘切除术中的应用

目的探讨轻比重罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉在腰椎间盘切除术中的应用。方法拟行腰椎间盘切除术患者51例随机分为3组,每组17例。腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉1组(CSE1组,罗哌卡因10mg5mL,比重0.9865)、腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉2组(CSE2组,罗哌卡因13mg∶5mL,比重0.9947)、连续硬膜外麻醉组(CE组,0.5%罗哌卡因10～15mL)。注药后均俯卧于有腰桥的手术台上,使手术部位位于最高点。当感觉阻滞平面低于T10时,均经硬膜外追加0.5%罗哌卡因5mL。观察3组感觉、运动阻滞情况,镇痛效果和不良反应。结果感觉阻滞起效和达最高阻滞平面所需时间CSE1组和CSE2组明显快于CE组(P<0.01),CSE1组感觉阻滞维持在T10时间短于CSE2组和CE组(P<0.05),完全运动阻滞持续时间3组比较差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。镇痛效果CSE1组和CSE2组优于CE组(P<0.01)CSE1组和CSE2组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。3组不良反应发生率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论轻比重罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉可安全用于俯卧位腰椎间盘切除术。     

不同比重布比卡因用于腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞在下肢手术中的应用

目的：对相同剂量的布比卡因轻、重比重液用于腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉（CSEA）在下肢手术中的麻醉效果进行比较。方法：随机选择90例拟行下肢手术的患者,平均分为两组,均采用CSEA麻醉方法。组1行轻比重液腰麻（0.75%布比卡因1.2ml＋注射用水1.8ml）,组2行重比重液腰麻（0.75%布比卡因1.2ml＋10%葡萄糖1ml）。结果：组1麻醉药物起效时间、感觉阻滞平面固定时间较组2长,感觉阻滞持续时间短于组2,阻滞平面范围小于组2,运动阻滞程度比组2低,血压波动小;两组肌肉松弛效果、术后恶心、呕吐、寒战及头痛的发生无区别。结论：布比卡因重比重液腰麻起效快,阻滞时间长,适宜较长时间下肢手术,在临床上已得到广泛应用。但布比卡因轻比重液腰麻具有麻醉后不需要改变体位即可手术,阻滞平面易于控制,持续时间较短,生理扰乱较小,故在临床应用上有一定的优势。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.