医源性胆管损伤的治疗分析

目的探讨胆道损伤的外科处理方法。方法回顾分析10年中7例医源性胆管损伤的外科处理。结果胆总管修复+T管支撑引流2例,胆总管对端吻合+T管支撑引流2例,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合+引流管支撑2例,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例。结论胆管修补、胆管对端吻合及胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,放置胆管支撑引流管6个月以上是治疗胆管损伤防治胆管狭窄的一个重要方法。胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是修复高位胆管损伤或二期修复胆管损伤的首选方法。     

医源性胆管损伤的治疗及疗效分析

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的防治方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析30例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果术中发现胆管损伤并及时修复9例,其中1例术后发生狭窄而再次手术治愈;另21例术后因胆管狭窄或胆漏确诊,2例行副肝管缝扎术,3例行胆管端端吻合T管引流术,16例行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合。疗效优者22例、良5例、差1例、死亡2例(1例死于胆漏感染,1例死于胆汁性肝硬化)。结论医源性胆管损伤重要在于术中及时发现和及时处理,采取胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗可取得较好疗效。     

医源性胆道损伤治疗效果分析

目的总结医源性胆道损伤的临床治疗经验。方法回顾性分析我院外科自1989年1月至2005年1月收治的医源性胆道损伤患者38例，其中胆总管横断伤3例，行胆管端端吻合T管引流术1例，胆总管十二指肠吻合2例；肝总管横断伤6例，行胆管端端吻合T管引流术2例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术4例；胆总管部损伤5例，行胆管壁缺损修补T管引流术2例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例；肝总管部分损伤9例，行胆管壁缺损修补T管引流术3例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术6例；胆总管、肝总管、左肝管缝扎各3、8、4例，均行Roux-en-Y吻合术。结果失访2例，36例获随访，时间1—14年，痊愈30例(78．9％)。胆道狭窄并结石形成3例，再次行Roux-en-Y吻合，术后反复发作胆道感染2例，死亡1例。结论医源性胆道损伤一经确诊，应有计划、有步骤地采取合理的治疗程序，术式要视损伤后时间、部位、程度及类型而定。     

带蒂胆囊瓣修复治疗肝门部胆管狭窄的临床体会

目的 探讨带血管蒂的胆囊瓣修复肝门部胆管狭窄的手术方法 .方法 利用自体胆囊制成带胆囊动脉的组织瓣,在狭窄胆管广泛切开、扩大成形的基础上,修复胆管壁缺损.结果 肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄10例,胆管镜取石致右肝管损伤1例,左肝内胆管癌侵及左肝管1例.随访至今,全组病例术后无胆漏,未出现返流性胆管炎,无结石复发.结论 本术式保留了Oddis括约肌的生理功能,同时达到了解除狭窄和畅通引流的目的 ,是一种较为理想的手术方式.     

医源性胆管损伤64例临床分析

目的 分析总结医源性胆管损伤诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的64例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果 64例中发生于开腹胆道手术41例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术16例,其他手术7例。4例损伤较轻,术后出现胆汁瘘,行鼻胆管引流术;5例首次术中发现行损伤处T管引流术;55例行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。1例死亡,2例吻合口狭窄再次手术,1例术后支架管脱落后吻合口狭窄再次手术,63例痊愈。结论 术中发现胆管较小损伤（<3mm）慎用单纯缝合修补,应积极实施T管引流。术中发现胆管横断,术后数天发现胆管损伤或重建术失败者,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为首选术式;胆肠吻合应慎用环型吻合器。     

医源性胆管损伤性狭窄术式选择——胆管直接吻合?胆管空肠吻合?

医源性胆管损伤性狭窄是胆管损伤后最常见的并发症。其治疗的目的是恢复或重建胆管的通畅性和功能[1]。胆管损伤性狭窄的手术修复方法主要有胆管对端吻合、利用自体带蒂组织瓣修复和胆肠吻合术,前两种手术方法保     

损伤性胆管狭窄的外科治疗

目的 评价损伤性胆管狭窄的外科治疗效果。方法 总结了近8年来收治的56例医源性胆管狭窄病例，其中男性26例，女性30例。行开腹胆囊切除术致伤者36例，占64.29％．腹腔镜胆囊切除术损伤4例，胆总管探查术损伤14例。损伤后距来我院的时间以半年至2年为最多。治疗多已属后期，且胆管狭窄部位高。56例病人在我院进行了胆肠通路的重建手术或胆管狭窄的修复手术。结果 随访率(51／56)为91．07％．50例随访时间超过2年。3例因狭窄复发再次手术。疗效，优良率为90％。本组无手术死亡。结论 研究表明Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术是治疗胆管狭窄尤其部位较高。狭窄段较长的胆管狭窄的有效方法。利用带蒂胆囊瓣。空肠瓣和胃壁瓣修复胆管也取得了良好疗效。同时进行胆管内支撑有助于提高疗效，防止胆管再狭窄。     

医源性胆管损伤28例诊治分析

探讨医源性胆管损伤的诊治。回顾性分析1998年3月-2013年2月我院28例医源性胆管损伤患者临床资料。术中发现胆管损伤9例,2例行胆管对端吻合、T管支撑引流,7例行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合;术后发现胆管损伤19例,2例行胆管对端吻合、T管支撑引流,16例行胆管空肠Rouxelly吻合术,1例后期}亍肝门胆管整形申胆肠ROUX-en-Y吻合术03例患者发生胆瘘、6例反复发作狭窄性胆管炎、1例术后死于肝功能衰竭。胆道手术过程中应预防医源性胆管损伤,一旦发生应尽早诊断并给予正确处理。     

医源性胆管损伤的诊断和治疗

目的 总结医源性胆管损伤的诊治经验.方法 对1994年1月至2007年12月收治的92例医源性胆管损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 医源性胆管损伤的诊断主要依靠临床症状、体征、腹部穿刺和影像学检查.本组16例因经济困难未作治疗;2例未经手术治疗即死亡;48例行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆道重建术;14例行内镜治疗;2例行胆管修补+T管引流术;3例行开腹置管充分引流术;1例行胆总管十二指肠吻合术;4例行PTCD;2例行B超引导下经皮穿刺引流术.术后62例患者随访4个月至10年(平均3.6年),效果满意.结论 术中及时发现,立即予以修复是治疗胆管损伤的有效措施.对于出现月口管损伤并发胆管狭窄,应行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.内镜及PTCD等应作为胆管损伤治疗的重要辅助措施,以提高手术治疗的成功率.     

带蒂脐静脉或胆囊瓣修复胆管狭窄和缺损(附6例报告)

目的　评价利用带蒂脐静脉瓣和胆囊瓣修复胆管狭窄和缺损的疗效。方法　对 6例利用带蒂脐静脉瓣和胆囊瓣修复后的病人进行随访并小结。其中男 2例 ,女 4例。年龄 1 2～ 84岁。医源性胆总管狭窄 1例 ,右肝管环形狭窄 2例 ,Mirrizi综合征 2例 ,胆总管十二指肠瘘 1例。缺损范围均在胆总管直径的 1 / 2以上。结果　用带蒂脐静脉瓣修复 4例 ,带蒂胆囊瓣修复 2例。本组无手术死亡和并发症。 5例随访 3年以上 ,无明显临床症状 ,长期疗效佳。结论　利用自体带蒂脐静脉瓣或胆囊瓣修复胆管狭窄和缺损 ,是治疗良性胆管狭窄和缺损的有效方法。     

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??Etiology and treatments of re-stenosis of bile duct after surgical repair for iatrogenic bile duct injury LI Shao-qiang, LIANG Li-jian. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
Corresponding author: LIANG Li-jian, E-mail: lianglj@medmail.com.cn
Abstract Iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI) is a severe complication of cholecystectomy. The major factors related to re-stenosis of bile duct after initial surgical repair includes type of IBDI, timing of initial surgical repair, initial surgical procedures, being accompanied by hepatic arterial injury and performed operation. The treatment for re-stenosis of bile duct is difficult. Preoperat imaging studies especially the cholangiogram of the whole biliary tree are critical important for surgical planning. The treatment modality adopted should comprehensively depend on the general condition of patient, liver function and liver function reserve, the site of biliary stricture, with or without intrahepatic stones and biliary cirrhosis. Metal stent placement is only indicated for patients who are intolerance of operation, or whose life expectancy are less than 2 years. Removal of the biliary stricture and hilar bile duct-jejunum Roux-en-Y anastomosis is the common used procedure for re-stenosis of bile duct after initial surgical repair for IBDI, and the long-term outcome is a satisfactory. For those with right or left hepatic duct stricture accompanied by intrahepatic stone or affected side liver atrophy, and with a good liver function, and without liver cirrhosis at the contralateral side, liver resection is indicated.     

Duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction following liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis

The biliary complications in patients undergoing biliary reconstruction by duct-to-duct (D-D) anastomosis or with a Roux-en-Y loop (RL) at the time of liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC, 16 D-D, 10 RL) or primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC, 31 D-D, 1 RL) were reviewed and compared. Patients were followed up for a mean period of 32 months. Extrahepatic biliary strictures occurred in 18.7%, 10% and 9.7% of DD-PSC, RL-PSC and DD-PBC patients, respectively, leaks in 6.2%, 20% and 6.4% DD-PSC, RL-PSC and DD-PBC patients, respectively (P=NS). Four intrahepatic biliary abnormalities developed in the PSC group. Duct-to-duct anastomosis did not significantly increase the risk of stricture formation or bile leaks in PSC patients compared to PBC patients. We conclude that duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction following liver transplantation for PSC is satisfactory unless the distal common bile duct is strictured.     

Biliary Strictures in 130 Consecutive Right Lobe Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients: Results of a Western Center

Biliary strictures remain the most challenging aspect of adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation (RLDLT). Between 04/2000 and 10/2005, 130 consecutive RLDLTs were performed in our center and followed prospectively. Median follow-up was 23 months (range 3-67) and 1-year graft and patient survival was 85% and 87%, respectively. Overall incidence of biliary leaks (n = 19) or strictures (n = 22) was 32% (41/128) in 33 patients (26%). A duct-to-duct (D-D) or Roux-en-Y (R-Y) anastomosis were performed equally (n = 64 each) with no difference in stricture rate (p = 0.31). The use of ductoplasty increased the number of grafts with a single duct for anastomosis and reduced the biliary complication rate compared to grafts >/=2 ducts (17% vs. 46%; p = 0.02). Independent risk factors for strictures included older donor age and previous history of a bile leak. All strictures were managed nonsurgically initially but four patients ultimately required conversion from D-D to R-Y. Ninety-six percent (123/128) of patients are currently free of any biliary complications. D-D anastomosis is safe after RLDLT and provides access for future endoscopic therapy in cases of leak or stricture. When presented with multiple bile ducts, ductoplasty should be considered to reduce the potential chance of stricture.     

良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术临床分析

目的 探讨良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术的原因和再手术的方法.方法 回顾性分析良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后28例再次手术患者的临床资料.文中数据统计分析计量资料采用t检验,多因素分析采用Stepwise logistic回归分析.结果 再次手术原因为残余结石合并胆管狭窄10例,单纯吻合口狭窄11例,胆管狭窄6例,吻合口漏和十二指肠漏1例.再手术方式为:肝叶或肝段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术18例,肝正中裂劈开+胆肠Roux-en.Y吻合术5例,右半肝切除术1例,吻合口狭窄段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例,腹腔引流+十二指肠造瘘+空肠造瘘术1例,胆管切开取石+T管引流术2例,术后发生并发症13例.结论 胆道再手术病情复杂,手术难度高,详细了解病情和正确的手术方式是良性胆管狭窄再手术成功的关键.     

The incidence and management of biliary complications following liver transplantation in children

Biliary complications following liver transplantation are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. During the period 1988–1993 ten cases of biliary complications occurred after 98 transplantations in 78 children. The complications were four bile leaks, three intrahepatic biliary strictures (one with recurrent cholangitis), two anastomotic biliary strictures (one with recurrent cholangitis) and one recurrent cholangitis. All leaks occurred within 6 weeks of transplantation whereas all strictures and cholangitic episodes occurred after 3 months. Two biliary complications (20%) — one intrahepatic and one anastomotic stricture — developed secondary to hepatic artery thrombosis. The incidence of biliary complications was 13.2% with whole liver grafts as compared to 6.7% with partial liver grafts and it was 4.3% with duct-to-duct anastomosis as compared to 12.0% with Roux-en-Y hepatico-jejunostomy. Seven children required intervention for management of biliary complications and three were managed conservatively. There were no deaths related to the biliary complications.     

医源性胆道损伤的外科治疗

目的：探讨医源性胆道损伤的原因、诊断、手术时机和手术方式的选择。方法：对28例胆道损伤进行分析总结：分别施行了胆管修补术3例、胆管端端吻合术2例和胆肠吻合术23例。结果：全组无围手术期死亡，4例术后出现胆管狭窄而再次手术，其余愈后良好。结论：尽早发现、及早正确处理对提高疗效和预防术后胆管狭窄起着决定性的作用。术中发现胆管损伤立即行端端吻合或修复加T管引流；术后数天发现或多次重建术失败，则宜行规范的胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。     

Endoscopic treatment of biliary complications after right-lobe living-donor liver transplantation with duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to characterize the features of the biliary complications that occur after right-lobe living-donor liver transplantation (RL-LDLT) with duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis, and to evaluate the efficacy of treating biliary complications endoscopically. METHODS: The records of 273 consecutive patients who underwent RL-LDLT with duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis from July 1999 through July 2005 at Kyoto University Hospital were reviewed to determine the overall incidence of postoperative biliary complications and the outcome of endoscopic repair of those complications. RESULTS: Biliary complications occurred in 93 (34.1%) of the patients. These complications were: 80 biliary strictures (75 anastomotic and 5 nonanastomotic) and 16 biliary leakages (5 patients with biliary leakage also had a biliary stricture); most (72%) of the anastomotic strictures were complex (i.e., fork-shaped or trident-shaped). The strictures and leakages were repaired by the endoscopic placement of multiple inside stents above the sphincter of Oddi, and by nasobiliary drainage, respectively. The procedure was successful in repairing 51 (68.0%) of the anastomotic strictures and 8 (50.0%) of the biliary leakages. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic stenting of the bile ducts is efficacious in treating biliary complications related to RL-LDLT with duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis and the stenting should be attempted before surgical revision of strictures and leakages.     

活体肝移植的胆道重建技术及并发症分析

目的 探讨活体肝移植的胆道重建方法及并发症防治措施.方法 回顾性分析77例活体肝移植临床资料,其中74例行右半肝移植(带肝中静脉29例,不带肝中静脉45例),左半肝带肝中静脉1例,左外叶切取2例.胆道重建采用胆肠吻合或供肝肝管与受体肝管端端吻合.结果 供肝断面1个胆管开口为54例,多个胆管开口为23例;胆肠吻合2例,胆管端端吻合75例,63例留置T管;术后总体胆道并发症发生率为36.4%(28/77),其中胆漏为10.4%(8/77),胆道狭窄为26.0%(20/77).供肝单支胆道以及单个吻合口术后胆道狭窄的发生率明显低于多支胆道及多个吻合口(P<0.05).8例胆漏病人经过B超指引穿刺引流全部治愈,20例吻合口狭窄病人经T管窦道放置支撑管或通过ERCP进行扩张,肝功能全部或部分好转.结论 活体肝移植供肝切取术中注意对断面胆管血供的保护以及尽可能获得单一的肝管开口可有效减少术后胆道并发症的发生;内镜和放射介入技术是治疗胆道并发症的有效手段.     

劈离式肝移植术后胆管并发症

目的 探讨体外劈离式肝移植术后胆管并发症的危险因素及其防治措施.方法 2006年6月至2010年9月,我院共施行劈离式肝移植术33例,其中1例于术后10 d死亡,予以排除.其余32例患者中男性18例,女性14例,平均年龄33.4岁(6个月～65岁).胆管重建方式胆管端端吻合20例,胆肠吻合12例.胆管并发症的诊断依靠T管造影、经皮经肝胆管造影(PTC)、经内镜逆行胆胰管造影、磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)等方法.胆管并发症定义为存在需要外科、介入、内镜等方法治疗的胆漏或胆管狭窄.结果 受者中位随访时间13.5个月(3～54个月).32例患者中11例患者发生12次胆管并发症(37.5％),其中肝断面胆漏3例(9.3％),胆管吻合口漏4例(12.5％),左肝管残端漏1例(3.1％),胆管吻合口狭窄1例(3.1％),缺血性胆管狭窄3例(9.3％).8例发生胆漏的受者中6例经手术或穿刺放置引流后痊愈,2例因腹腔内感染死亡.单因素分析表明,移植物类型、胆管重建方式等均不是肝断面胆漏的危险因素.结论 与全肝移植和活体肝移植相比,劈离式肝移植术后胆管并发症尤其是胆漏更为常见.进一步防治胆管并发症是改善劈离式肝移植预后的重要因素.     

End-to-end ductal anastomosis in biliary reconstruction: indications and limitations

End-to-end ductal anastomosis is a physiologic biliary reconstruction that is commonly used in liver transplantation and less frequently in the surgical treatment of iatrogenic bile duct injuries. Currently, end-to-end ductal anastomosis is the biliary reconstruction of choice for liver transplantation in most adult patients. In recent years, it has also been performed for liver transplantation in children and in select patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. The procedure is also performed in some patients with iatrogenic bile duct injuries, as it establishes physiologic bile flow. Proper digestion and absorption as well as postoperative endoscopic access are possible in patients who undergo end-to-end ductal anastomosis. It allows endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in patients following surgery. This anastomosis is technically simple and associated with fewer early postoperative complications than the Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy; however, end-to-end ductal anastomosis is not possible to perform in all patients. This review discusses the indications for and limitations of this biliary reconstruction, the technique used in liver transplantation and surgical repair of injured bile ducts, suture types and use of a T-tube.