自血光量子疗法对红细胞SOD活力的影响及对精神疾病的疗效研究

对２４例精神疾病患者进行了自血光量子治疗，结果发现每个疗程前后患者静脉血红细胞ＳＯＤ活力无明显改变。每次离体血经紫外线照射及充氧后ＳＯＤ活力有显著提高。一个疗程后１１例抑郁症患者的ＳＤＳ分值显著下降，１０例精神分裂症患者的ＢＰＲＳ分值亦有很显著改变。     

血铜锌超氧化物歧化酶含量变化与不同精神疾病的相关性研究

采用双抗体放射免疫法测定精神分裂症１３２例、情感性障碍６２例、神经症５０例及１２８例健康者血铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ）含量。结果显示：精神分裂症和躁狂患者基础血ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ较健康对照者显著增高，神经症和抑郁症则无明显差异。精神分裂症和躁狂症治疗后基础酶含量显著下降，抑郁症则明显增高。从儿茶酚胺代谢与生成氧自由基的生化联系，对上述精神疾病患者血ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ含量改变的意义作了讨论。     

血铜锌超氧化物歧化酶含量变化与不同精神疾病的相关性研究

采用双抗体放射免疫法测定精神分裂症１３２例、情感性障碍６２例、神经症５０例及１２８例健康者血铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（ｃｕｚｎ－ＳＯＤ）含量。结果显示：精神分裂症和躁狂患者基础血ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ较健康对照者显著增高，神经症和抑郁症则无明显差异。精神分裂症和躁狂症治疗后基础酶含量显著下降，抑郁症则明显增高。从儿茶酚胺代谢与生成氧自山基的生化联系，对上述精神疾病患者血ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ含量改变的意义作了讨论。     

自由基代谢与精神分裂症临床症状和药物治疗的关系

目的：探讨自由基代谢与精神分裂症临床症状和药物治疗的关系。方法：是否治疗的慢性精神分裂症患者各４０例分别评定定阳性和阴性症状量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）,并测定膜脂质过氧化物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量、铜／锌超氧化物歧化酶（Ｇｕ－ＺｎＳＯＤ）和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活性。结果：与健康对照组相比,未治疗组患者ＭＤＡ含量和ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性显著增加,治疗组患者无显著改变;而两组患者ＳＯＤ活性显著降低;未治疗     

老年期痴呆患者血液和脑脊液的氧自由基反应相关指标研究

测定了１８例老年期痴呆患者和１５例正常老年人血液及脑脊液中ＳＯＤ，ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活力以及ＭＤＡ含量等氧自由基反应相关指标。发现：ＣＳＦ中平均Ｔ－ＳＯＤ活力及ＳＯＤ／ＭＤＡ比值老年期痴呆组显著低于正常老年组；而ＣＳＦ中ＭＤＡ含量两组之间无显著差别。血清Ｔ－ＳＤＯ活力和铨血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活力以及血清ＭＤＡ含量在两组之间无明显差异。     

精神分裂症缓解期的抑郁症状

用双密顿抑郁量表（ＨＡＭＤ）对６９例精神分裂症缓解期病人进行评定，发现２７例ＨＡＭＤ≥１７分。并与４０例原发性抑郁症ＨＡＭＤ总分，各因子分及抑郁症状进行比较，初步认为分裂症缓解期的抑郁症状系患者对心理，社会因素的反应，与抗精神病所致性功能障碍也有一定关系。     

氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症超氧化物歧化酶的作用

目的：探讨精神分裂症自由基代谢酶超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）在氟哌啶醇治疗前后的变化。方法：用固定剂量氟哌啶醇治疗４６例慢性精神分裂症患者１２周，在治疗前后应用放射免疫法测定血ＳＯＤ含量，并评定ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ和ＳＡＮＳ量表。结果：治疗前ＳＯＤ值与ＳＡＰＳ总分正相关（Ｐ〈０．０５）。治疗后，治疗前高ＳＯＤ组明显降低，而低ＳＯＤ组明显增高（Ｐ均〈０．０５）。阴性型亚组中，治疗前ＳＯＤ值与治疗前后ＳＡＮ     

帕金森病血抗氧化酶活性的研究

本文报道６７例帕金森病（ＰＤ）患者血超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）．谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ），过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性及脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）量的测定结果。ＰＤ病人ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性高于正常对照组，但ＳＯＤ，ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ和ＣＡＴ的活性及ＬＰＯ量与病程长短无明显关系，也与是否服用美多巴无关。研究结果提示，抗氧化酶活性的改变可能与ＰＤ病因有关。     

脑血管病患者SOD、MDA检测意义及其相关性研究

检测８７例脑血管病（ＣＶＤ）患者血清超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）同工酶活性、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量，并对其中３４例患者红细胞内ＳＯＤ（ＲＢＣ－ＳＯＤ）活性进行检测，对其相互间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明，血清总ＳＯＤ（Ｔ－ＳＯＤ）、Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ活性和ＭＤＡ含量明显高于正常对照组，ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ活性无变化或显著降低及ＲＢＣ－ＳＯＤ活性均明显低于对照组。其相关性表现为Ｔ－ＳＯＤ及Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ与ＭＤＡ的改变呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９３２３，Ｐ＜０．００１；ｒ＝０．９２１５，Ｐ＜０．００１），ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ与ＭＤＡ的改变呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．８８６１，Ｐ＜０．００１）。提示这些变化可作为判断脑血管病变发展和严重程度的重要参数。     

综合性医院中抑郁症及其躯体体症状的研究

目的 比较综合性医院中有无躯体化症状抑郁症患者的临床特征。方法 采用半定式检查方法，对连续就诊并且符合ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ和ＩＣＤ－１０抑郁症诊断标准的患者，采用ＨＡＭＤ、ＨＡＭＡ、ＳＣＬ－９０及自制的身体调查表进行评定。结果 躯体化组中ＨＡＭＤ总分及焦虑／躯体际关系、抑郁、焦虑和恐怖因子分均显著高于无躯体化组。结论 综合性医院中抑郁症的躯体化症状，不仅受抑郁症障碍影响，同时与焦虑障碍有关。     

Changes in oxidative stress markers in patients with schizophrenia: The effect of antipsychotic drugs

The aim of this study was to investigate the serum levels or activities of oxidative stress markers in patients with schizophrenia in acute phase and evaluate the changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) after treatment. We consecutively enrolled 41 patients with schizophrenia in acute phase, and 27 patients were followed up with a 4-week antipsychotic treatment. Serum oxidative stress markers were measured with assay kits. We found that Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores were significantly negatively correlated with serum GPx activity and GSH levels and positively correlated with serum SOD activity in patients with schizophrenia in acute phase. In addition, serum GPx activity had a positive correlation with GSH levels and negative correlation with SOD activity. We also found that serum SOD activity was significantly negatively correlated with TBARS levels in patients in acute phase. Furthermore, we found significantly increased changes only in GPx activity in female patients receiving the 4-week treatment (P=0.006). In conclusion, our results suggest that SOD, GPX and GSH might be indicators of schizophrenia severity in acute phase. Furthermore, antipsychotic drugs might affect serum GPx activity in female patients receiving the 4-week treatment.     

The reduction of superoxide dismutase activity is associated with the severity of neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia

This study aimed to explore the relationship between antioxidant enzyme activities and neurological soft signs (NSS) in a sample of patients with schizophrenia. Sixty clinically stable patients with schizophrenia treated mostly by first-generation antipsychotics and 30 matched healthy controls were recruited. NSS were assessed in two groups by a standardized neurological examination (Krebs et al., 2000). The red blood cell (RBC) antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) were measured by spectrophotometry. RBC activities of all enzymes studied: SOD, GSH-Px and CAT, were significantly lower in the patients compared to control group. All NSS scores were significantly higher in the patients compared to healthy controls' scores. In the patients, a negative correlation was found between RBC SOD activity and NSS total score and motor coordination and motor integration sub-scores. The association between low SOD activity as a marker of oxidative stress and NSS in schizophrenic patients suggests a common pathological process of these abnormalities.     

Depressive symptoms at baseline predict fewer negative symptoms at follow-up in patients with first-episode schizophrenia

There is uncertainty regarding the prognostic value of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia, having previously been associated with both favourable and poor outcome. This study investigated the relationship between baseline depressive symptoms and treatment outcome at 6, 12 and 24 weeks in 80 subjects with first-episode schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder in terms of PANSS total and subscale score changes. No significant association was found between baseline PANSS depression factor scores and PANSS total and subscore changes. However, a significant inverse correlation between baseline depression scores and negative scores at 6, 12 and 24 weeks was found (p=0.044, 0.023 and 0.012, respectively). Multiple regression analysis indicated that this finding could not be explained on the basis of age, gender or duration of untreated psychosis. These findings support previous work suggesting that high baseline depressive scores predict favourable outcome.     

Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and evoked response as predictors of anxiety and depression derived from the content analysis of speech

Platelet MAO activity has been reported by several investigators to differentiate schizophrenia, schizophrenia related depressive disorders, alcoholism, unipolar and bipolar depression from normal controls. Evoked potentials likewise have differentiated schizophrenic and affective patients. However, the precise relationship between MAO activity, evoked potentials (EP), and psychiatric illness has not been clarified. A possible association between psychopathology and high MAO activity/EP reducing and low MAO activity/EP augmenting has been reported. Such a bidirectionality further confounds results. This study was undertaken to determine the association of psychopathological dimensions found in a group of subjects whose platelet MAO activity and evoked responses were obtained two years earlier. Utilizing the Gottschalk-Gleser verbal behavior scales of Anxiety, Depression, Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization and Cognitive Impairment a significant correlation was revealed between low platelet MAO activity and high Total Anxiety scale and Shame Anxiety subscale scores. Additionally, a significant correlation was demonstrated between reducing evoked potentials and elevated Death Anxiety, Somatic Concerns, and Total Death and Mutilation Depression subscales scores, combined and separately. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between augmenting evoked potentials and Overt Hostility Outward scores. No significant correlations were demonstrated between platelet MAO activity or evoked potentials and Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization or Cognitive Impairment scores. These findings lend support to the position that biological markers may predict predispositions to anxiety and depression.     

The relationship between cognitive insight, clinical insight, and depression in patients with schizophrenia

Despite comorbid depression being relatively common even in subjects with schizophrenia, to the best of our knowledge, there is, to date, no report in the literature specifically and detailed examining the cognitive and clinical insight in subjects with schizophrenia and a comorbid depressive syndrome. Hence, in this study, we sought to compare the cognitive and clinical insight in our subjects with schizophrenia with and without a comorbid depressive syndrome. We found that participants in the depressive group scored significantly higher on self-reflectiveness and the reflectiveness-certainty (R-C) index scores than those in the nondepressive group. There was no significant difference among groups on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and clinical insight scores assessed by the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder. In addition, self-reflectiveness scores significantly correlated with depression, observed depression, hopelessness, and suicidality subscores of the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia. A better understanding of the cognitive component of insight in schizophrenia with comorbid depression may contribute to develop more efficient cognitive strategies, thus improving patient outcome. However, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of exacerbating a sense of hopelessness and suicide risk during the interventions that improve cognitive insight.     

Depression, suicidal behavior and insight in adolescents with schizophrenia

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the interrelationships between depressive symptoms of adolescent schizophrenia, post-psychotic depression (PPD), negative signs, suicidal behavior and insights into the disease. METHODS: Three groups of 16 adolescent inpatients were assessed with regard to: Schizophrenia alone, schizophrenia with PPD and major depressive disorder (MDD). The following measures were used: DSM IV diagnostic criteria, the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), the PANSS (Positive and Negative Signs of Schizophrenia Scale), (BDI) Beck Depression Inventory, (CCL) Cognitive Check List, (HS) Hopelessness Scale, (SRS) Suicide Risk Scale, (CSPS) Child Suicide Potential Scale and the (SAUMD) Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder. RESULTS: Compared with MDD adolescents, PPD adolescents showed few somatic and behavioral symptoms of depression but had equally severe cognitive and affective depressive symptomatology. Suicide risk scores and actual suicidal behavior was prominent in PPD adolescents. A positive and significant correlation was found between PPD symptoms, suicide risk and awareness of disease (insight). Negative symptoms of schizophrenia could be distinguished from PPD symptoms and there was a negative correlation between blunted affect and PPD scores. CONCLUSIONS: PPD can be diagnosed in adolescent schizophrenia. The symptom pattern is different from MDD, therefore, there may be cause to modify DSM IV provisional criteria for this condition. Adolescents with schizophrenia who have insight into their illness are at higher risk for suicidal behavior and the development of PPD.     

Depression dexamethasone nonsuppression and negative symptoms in schizophrenia

This study compared three measures of depression in schizophrenia and their correlation with the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST). The degree of overlap of these three measures with negative symptoms was also examined. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the depressive syndrome score of the Present State Examination (PSE), and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were administered to 50 acutely ill, hospitalized schizophrenics. Patients were diagnosed using DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. DSM-III criteria were also used to assess the presence of a major depressive episode. Results were that DST nonsuppression was significantly associated with the presence of a major depressive episode, but not with depressive rating scale scores or with negative symptoms. It is concluded that the DST may be of value in differentiating a depressive syndrome from a negative symptom syndrome in schizophrenia.     

Quality of life of Chinese schizophrenia outpatients in Hong Kong: relationship to sociodemographic factors and symptomatology

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between sociodemographic and clinical factors and quality of life (QOL) in a cohort of Chinese schizophrenia outpatients. METHOD: Two hundred subjects with a diagnosis of DSM-IV schizophrenia aged 18-60 years were randomly selected, and their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics including psychotic and depressive symptoms, extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), and quality of life were assessed. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships of sociodemographic, clinical data and QOL. RESULTS: Compared to normative data obtained for the general population in Hong Kong, significantly lower scores in physical, psychological, and social QOL domains were found in the patient group. History of suicidal attempts and the presence of positive, negative, depressive, anxiety and EPS symptoms were all significantly correlated with QOL in schizophrenia patients. After controlling for the effects of variables that were significantly correlated with QOL in the correlation analysis, however, only depressive symptoms were still significantly correlated with each QOL domain. Multiple regression analysis showed that depressive symptoms predicted all QOL domains, while positive symptoms predicted overall and physical QOL domains. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese outpatients with schizophrenia had poorer QOL than the general population. In this patient population, QOL was more strongly related to the severity of depressive symptoms and was independent of sociodemographic factors.     

旅途精神病患者血清超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛水平(英文)

背景 氧化应激是一种神经毒性因素,可能会促使急性精神病的发生。目的 评估旅途精神病(travel-induced psychosis)与氧化应激的关系。方法 对乘坐长途火车诱发的21例旅途精神病住院患者,在其入院时采用简明精神病评定量表(Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale,BPRS)评定精神症状,入院次日清晨测定其血清超氧化物歧化酶(super oxide dlsmutase,SOD)活性和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量;待患者精神病性症状缓解后(通常为小剂量抗精神病药治疗后2~6天),再次进行上述检测。选取性别、年龄匹配的21名健康志愿者为对照组,比较患者与对照者的血清SOD活性和MDA含量。结果 入院时患者的血清SOD活性和MDA含量均高于对照组。精神症状缓解后,患者的BPRS评分、血清SOD活性和MDA含量均显著下降,但后两者仍高于对照组。入院时患者的BPRS总分与SOD活性呈正相关(r=0.32,p=0.164),与MDA含量也呈正相关(r=0.34,p=0.126),但均无统计学意义。治疗后BPRS总分的下降与SOD活性的下降弱相关(r=0.28,p=0.217),也与MDA含量的下降也呈弱相关(r=0.29,p=0.211)。结论 研究结果提示,氧化应激的神经毒性作用与旅途精神病的发生直接相关。这或许能够帮助我们理解其他急性精神病性障碍(如精神分裂症)的发生。     

Serum Oxidative Stress Marker Levels in Unmedicated and Medicated Patients with Schizophrenia

Oxidative stress has been suggested to be involved in schizophrenia, but studies have demonstrated inconsistent results on oxidative stress marker level/activity in patients with schizophrenia. In order to clarify the circulating oxidative stress marker level/activity in patients with schizophrenia, this study recruited 80 schizophrenia patients (40 first-episode, drug-free and 40 chronically medicated patients) and 80 controls to analyze serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and levels of lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in schizophrenia patients, and whether they associate with the severity of the disease. We showed that only serum GSH-Px activity was significantly reduced in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia when compared with control subjects, whereas the other three analyzed oxidative stress markers did not show significant differences between cases and controls. Moreover, our results demonstrated that chronic medication increased GSH-Px activity and MDA levels in patients with schizophrenia, but reduced SOD activity in the patients. We also found that short-term antipsychotic treatments on the patients with schizophrenia reduced the SOD activity. Correlation analyses indicated that the oxidative stress marker activity/level is not significantly associated with the severity of schizophrenia, except that SOD level correlated with PANSS positive score significantly. Taken together, the data from the present study suggested that the dysfunctions of oxidative stress markers in patients with schizophrenia were mainly caused by antipsychotics, emphasizing increased oxidative stress as a potential side effect of antipsychotics on the patients.