腰硬联合阻滞复合喉罩麻醉与气管插管全麻在腹腔镜阑尾炎手术中的应用对比

目的：对比腰麻联合硬膜外阻滞（combined spinal and epidural anesthesia, CSEA）复合喉罩麻醉与气管插管全身麻醉在腹腔镜阑尾切除术（laparoscopic appendectomy,LA）中的麻醉效果。方法：选择240例ASA分级I或Ⅱ级的LA患者,随机分为两组,每组120例,复合组采用CSEA复合喉罩通气,全麻组采用静脉复合插管全麻。记录两组患者MAP、HR、PETCO2、镇痛情况、血糖、麻醉费用等相关指标。结果：全麻组术中血糖高于复合组（P〈0．05）;复合麻醉组镇痛满意度更高,麻醉费用更低。结论：与单纯全麻相比,CSEA复合喉罩可更好地抑制IA术中患者的应激反应,全麻药物用量减少,术后镇痛效果好,费用低,是基层医院LA术中麻醉的理想选择。     

Patient dissatisfaction with anesthetic care

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of services by patients is an essential component of quality improvement in anesthesiology. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors for patient dissatisfaction. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 9974 consecutive patients who had received spinal or general anesthesia for elective surgery between 1999 and 2002. Pre-anesthetic, intra-anesthetic and post-anesthetic variables were recorded and patient satisfaction was assessed using direct interviews at the post-anesthetic clinic. Qualitative data on dissatisfaction were obtained by asking patients' reasons for dissatisfaction. RESULTS: 348 of the 8843 respondents (3.9%) had dissatisfaction with anesthesia. The rates of dissatisfaction were higher in women than in men and in spinal anesthesia than in general anesthesia, and were observed mostly in the patients aged from 20 to 39 years. Qualitative data show that the common reasons for dissatisfaction with anesthesia were spinal anesthesia as the most dissatisfactory factor, followed by epidural anesthesia, postoperative pain, vomiting/nausea and memory of tracheal extubation. However, other various factors were associated with dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult for anesthesiologists to satisfy all patients, because patients' senses of values were varied. However, we conclude that anesthesiologists can improve the quality of anesthesia by enlightenment of the patient about anesthesia, and moreover, by better peri-anesthetic management for dissatisfactory factors with anesthesia.     

Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine for a patient with a history of severe leg pain after intrathecal dibucaine

An 87-year-old man was scheduled for the 11th transurethral bladder tumor resection (TURBT). He had a history of non-active syphilis for 21 years, diabetes mellitus for 7 years, and severe emphysema. Preoperative physical examination of the lower extremities, revealed loss of knee-jerk reflex, and loss of vibratory and proprioceptive perception. Four years previously, he underwent TURBT twice under spinal anesthesia with dibucaine, which caused severe leg pain during anesthesia. Therefore, subsequent TURBTs (eight times) were performed under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation, which frequently caused postoperative respiratory distress. Recently, bupivacaine, less neurotoxic than dibucaine, was on the market in Japan for use in spinal anesthesia. Therefore we planned spinal anesthesia using 0.5% bupivacaine, 2.0 ml. This time, he did not complain of leg pain during anesthesia, and postoperative conditions were satisfactory. We can conclude that bupivacaine is very useful for spinal anesthesia especially in patients with a history of leg pain by spinal anesthesia with dibucaine.     

Carotid endarterectomy with regional anesthesia

The senior author (REH) has changed his technique for performing carotid endarterectomy from the use of general anesthesia to the use of cervical block anesthesia. Because a randomized study was not performed, it is difficult to separate effects of increased surgical experience from those caused by a change in anesthetic regimen. Nonetheless, there has been a substantial decrease in complications, length of hospital stay, and costs concomitant with the change to regional anesthesia; we think there is a causal relationship. The use of cervical block anesthesia has practically eliminated the non-stroke-related complications associated with carotid endarterectomy in our practice. The technique for performing carotid endarterectomy under cervical block anesthesia is described in detail.     

Spinocath导管连续蛛网膜下隙阻滞的临床应用

目的 应用Spinocath导管行连续蛛网膜下隙阻滞，观察麻醉效果，血液动力学变化及术后可能的并发症。方法 择期行下腹部及下肢手术病人20例，选L2-3或L3-4间隙行连续蛛网膜下隙阻滞，首量0.5%的重比重布比卡因1-2ml，术中每隔60-90分钟追加0.5-1ml，术后随访72小时。结果 Spinocath导管连续蛛网膜下隙阻滞可以在手术的过程中连续提供满意的镇痛和肌松，对循环和呼吸的影响小。结论 Spinocath导管连续蛛网膜下隙阻滞血液动力学稳定，并发症少，可应用于脐以下部位手术的麻醉。     

Successful management of a patient with myotonic dystrophy under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, remifentnil and rocuronium bromide, combined with epidural anesthesia

In general anesthesia for a patient with dystrophia myotonica (DM), respiratory depression and muscle weakness by opioid, as well as prolongation of the effect of muscle relaxant are seen postoperatively. Therefore it is desirable to choose agents with short duration of action and to dose these medicines to the minimum. We report a case of a 45-year-old woman with DM who underwent laparotomy for uterine cancer under general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia. Epidural catheter was placed from T 11-12, and anesthesia was inducted with propofol and remifentanil (RF). We administered rocuronium bromide (RB) 5 mg while watching TOF ratio with a muscle relaxation monitor (TOF-Watch). T1 became 0 after giving a dose of 10 mg, and intubation was performed. We maintained anesthesia by propofol and RF combined with epidural anesthesia. TOF ratio was restored to around 80% 90 minutes after RB administration, but we did not give supplemental doses because the operation went well smoothly. Recovery was smooth and fast. The respiratory depression and the muscle spasm were not noticed. RB and RE both with short duration of action, are useful in anesthesia management in DM cases.     

Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol is associated with a lower rate of postoperative delirium in comparison with sevoflurane anesthesia in elderly patients

Study objectivePostoperative delirium (POD) is a common complication of anesthesia. The incidence of POD in elderly patients ranges from 37% to 53%, and POD increases the morbidity and mortality of elderly patients. However, the effects of anesthetics on POD are not well known. The present study aimed to compare the incidence of POD resulting from propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia.DesignDouble-blind prospective study.SettingOperating room and postoperative recovery area.PatientsThirty patients in the sevoflurane anesthesia group and 29 in the propofol anesthesia group.MeasurementsStatistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010 for Windows 7 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash). Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher exact test and Student t test.Main ResultsThe incidence of POD in the propofol anesthesia (6.9%) was significantly less than that observed in the sevoflurane anesthesia (26.7%; 038).ConclusionIn comparison with sevoflurane anesthesia, propofol anesthesia is associated with a lower incidence of POD in elderly patients.     

Dental anesthesia for patients with special needs

To offer individualized dental treatment to certain patients who cannot tolerate dental treatment, sedation or general anesthesia is required. The needs could be either medical, mental, or psychological. The most common indications for sedation or general anesthesia are lack of cooperation, multiple morbidities, and pediatric autism. In adults, cognitive impairment and multiple morbidities are most commonly encountered indications. Because of suboptimal home care, incomplete medical history, poor preoperative management, lack of cooperation, and developmental abnormalities, it is a challenge to prepare anesthesia for patients with special needs. The American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) has proposed guidelines for office-based anesthesia for ambulatory surgery. In patients with ASA physical status IV and V, sedation or general anesthesia for treatment in the dental office is not recommended. The distinction between sedation levels and general anesthesia is not clear. If intravenous general anesthesia without tracheal intubation is chosen for dental procedures, full cooperation between the dentist, dental assistant, and anesthesiologist is needed. Teamwork between the dentist and healthcare provider is key to achieve safe and successful dental treatment under sedation or general anesthesia in the patient with special needs.     

Assessment of TVT efficacy in the management of patients with genuine stress incontinence with the use of epidural vs intravenous anesthesia

Our aim was to validate the use of intravenous anesthesia as an alternative to epidural anesthesia for the placement of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) in patients with urodynamic stress incontinence. Eighty-six patients participated in this prospective study. Forty-five patients were operated with intravenous anesthesia and 41 patients with epidural anesthesia. All patients had a full history taken and a complete gynecological examination performed at initial visit. Preoperative and postoperative urodynamic investigations included filling and voiding cystometry, urethral profilometry, uroflow, and cough stress test. Genuine stress incontinence diagnosis was based on the findings of urodynamic investigations. Patients with prolapse more than first degree or detrusor instability were excluded from the study. The objective success rate for patients operated with intravenous anesthesia was 86.6%, whereas for patients operated with epidural anesthesia was 88% at 12 months of follow-up. We had no cases of postoperative bleeding or hematoma development. Postoperative urinary tract infection developed in three cases (3 of 74). Application of TVT procedure with intravenous anesthesia provides comparable results with the use of epidural anesthesia and could be a very good alternative.     

Comparison of epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia for patients with bronchial asthma

We prospectively investigated the incidence of asthmatic attacks in 94 patients (1.5%) who were diagnosed as definite asthma. We separated the patients into three groups: epidural anesthesia (n = 10) including combined spinal/epidural anesthesia (n = 7), combined epidural and general anesthesia (n = 23), and general anesthesia (n = 54). General anesthesia was induced with propofol or midazolam and maintained with N2O and O2 with sevoflurane in adults. Patients who underwent epidural anesthesia and combined spinal and epidural anesthesia showed no asthmatic attacks. The incidence of bronchospasm with combined epidural and general anesthesia was 2/23. The incidence of bronchospasm with general anesthesia was 4/54. Bronchoconstriction occurred after tracheal intubation in 5 patients except in one patient, in whom it occurred after induction of anesthesia with midazolam. All episodes of bronchospasm in the operative period were treated successfully. The frequency of bronchospasm did not depend on the severity of asthmatic symptoms or the chronic use of bronchodilators before operation. These findings suggest that tracheal intubation, not the choice of anesthetic, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchospasm.     

Central blocks with levobupivacaina in children

Regional anesthesia has become a routine practice in paediatric anesthesia and local anaesthetics are now widely used in infants and children. Although local anaesthetics are generally quite safe and effective, they may produce systemic toxic reactions affecting the heart and brain. Because postoperative analgesia is often the primary justification for regional anesthesia in infants and children, bupivacaine, a long-acting local anaesthetic, is the most commonly used local anaesthetic for paediatric regional anesthesia. Levobupiva-caine has been used in children by caudal injection, by lumbar epidural route for anesthesia during operation, by continuous epidural infusion for pain control after operation and for spinal anesthesia. Levobupivacaine had shown comparable clinical profiles to that of bupivacaine but produced lower incidence of residual motor blockade. Efforts to minimize the risk of complications during caudal anesthesia must be directed towards measures that reduce accidental intravenous and intraosseous injections, reduce the total amount of local anaesthetic used and use drugs with lower toxic potential. In patients under general anesthesia, when using a large amount of local anaesthetic, in case of accidental intravenous infusion, patients receiving levobupivacaine may tolerate larger doses before manifestation of toxicity compared with those receiving bupivacaine. There are clinical situations including prolonged local anaesthetic infusions, use in neonates or small babies, and caudal block, where replacement of bupivacaine with levobupivacaine appears to be safer.     

Considerations for general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia in a patient with stiff-person syndrome

We report the successful management of anesthesia in a patient with stiff-person syndrome (SPS) undergoing a thymectomy using a volatile anesthetic combined with epidural anesthesia. The anesthetic concern in patients with SPS is the possibility of postoperative hypotonia due to the presence of excessive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) resulting from an interaction between the anesthetic agents and preoperatively taken therapeutic drugs. Epidural anesthesia has the advantages of decreasing the required amount of anesthetics with GABAergic action, and relieving the postoperative pain that causes the symptoms of SPS. Epidural anesthesia could be a useful technique in SPS patients.     

Isoflurane and Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Pigs with a Preexistent Gas Exchange Defect

Background : Decreased arterial partial pressure of oxygen (Pao2) during volatile anesthesia is well-known. Halothane has been examined with the multiple inert gas elimination technique and has been shown to alter the distribution of pulmonary blood flow and thus Pao2. The effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on pulmonary gas exchange remain unknown. The authors hypothesized that sevoflurane with a relatively high minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) would result in significantly more gas exchange disturbances in comparison with isoflurane or control.

Methods : This study was performed in a porcine model with an air pneumoperitoneum that generates a reproducible gas exchange defect. After a baseline measurement of pulmonary gas exchange (multiple inert gas elimination technique) during propofol anesthesia, 21 pigs were randomly assigned to three groups of seven animals each. One group received isoflurane anesthesia, one group received sevoflurane anesthesia, and one group was continued on propofol anesthesia (control). After 30 min of volatile anesthesia at 1 MAC or propofol anesthesia, a second measurement (multiple inert gas elimination technique) was performed.

Results : At the second measurement, inert gas shunt was 15 +/- 3% (mean +/- SD) during sevoflurane anesthesia versus 9 +/- 1% during propofol anesthesia (P = 0.02). Blood flow to normal ventilation/perfusion ( A/ ) lung areas was 83 +/- 5% during sevoflurane anesthesia versus 89 +/- 1% during propofol anesthesia (P = 0.04). This resulted in a Pao2 of 88 +/- 11 mmHg during sevoflurane anesthesia versus 102 +/- 15 mmHg during propofol anesthesia (P = 0.04). Inert gas and blood gas variables during isoflurane anesthesia did not differ significantly from those obtained during propofol anesthesia.     

Thyroid and parathyroid surgery performed with patient under regional anesthesia

Thyroid and parathyroid surgery is usually performed with the patient under general anesthesia; however, for selected patients regional anesthesia may be preferable. Between September 1977 and March 1986 regional anesthesia was used successfully as the sole anesthetic technique in 17 patients who underwent thyroid surgery and two patients who underwent parathyroid surgery. Procedures included two total thyroidectomies, 14 lobectomies or lobectomies with isthmusectomies, and one isthmusectomy. These 17 operations represent approximately 5% of the thyroid operations performed by the senior surgeon over the corresponding time. One patient underwent combined completion thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy, and another patient underwent successful parathyroidectomy under regional anesthesia. In two additional patients, procedures could not be completed under regional anesthesia alone. In one of these two patients regional anesthesia appeared to effect a transient recurrent nerve paralysis. The indications for use of regional anesthesia have been primarily patient preference and associated cardiac or pulmonary disease. We now consider as contraindications to regional anesthesia patient apprehension about the technique, deafness, high spinal cord injury, recurrent laryngeal or phrenic nerve palsy, and allergy to local anesthesia. During this period, from 1977 to 1986, our administration of regional anesthesia has evolved from bilateral deep and superficial cervical plexus blocks to bilateral superficial blocks alone using bupivacaine with epinephrine, 1:200,000.     

Epidural anesthesia in patients with morbid obesity

Epidural anesthesia with spontaneous respiration was used in 86 obese patients with the excessive body weight 130% more than the ideal weight. The minimum influence of epidural anesthesia upon oxygenation of the arterial blood in spontaneous respiration with the atmospheric air during abdominal interventions was noted. This kind of anesthesia decreased the risk of development of toxic complications characteristic of general anesthesia and gave less intraoperative load upon the cardio-vascular system of obese patients. The results obtained allow considering the epidural anesthesia to be the method of choice in very obese patients during operations on organs of the abdominal cavity.     

Anesthetic management of a patient with severe combined pulmonary disease under epidural anesthesia with spontaneous respiration

A 74-year-old man with gastric cancer was complicated with abdominal aortic aneurysm. A two-stage operation was scheduled (repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm and subsequent gastrectomy). He also had severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We planned to maintain spontaneous breathing during operations under epidural anesthesia and light general anesthesia. For the first surgery, two epidural catheters were placed at T1-2 and T7-8 on the day before surgery. After establishing epidural anesthesia, general anesthesia was induced and maintained with midazolam, fentanyl and sevoflurane, but without muscle relaxants under BIS monitoring. Ropivacaine solution 0.375% was infused through an epidural catheter to provide analgesia, and spontaneous breathing was kept throughout the procedure. Surgery lasted 4 hours and 50 minutes, and patient recovered without complications. Forty days after the first surgery, the second operation was scheduled. Anesthetic management was almost the same as in the first one, except for the use of dexmedetomizine rather than sevoflurane. In both operations, sufficient analgesia was provided with epidural anesthesia, and the surgeons rated muscle relaxation as satisfactory. No respiratory complications developed postoperatively. Maintaining spontaneous breathing during abdominal surgery using epidural anesthesia and light general anesthesia is a good option for COPD patients.     

Isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia in pigs with a preexistent gas exchange defect.

BACKGROUND: Decreased arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) during volatile anesthesia is well-known. Halothane has been examined with the multiple inert gas elimination technique and has been shown to alter the distribution of pulmonary blood flow and thus PaO2. The effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on pulmonary gas exchange remain unknown. The authors hypothesized that sevoflurane with a relatively high minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) would result in significantly more gas exchange disturbances in comparison with isoflurane or control. METHODS: This study was performed in a porcine model with an air pneumoperitoneum that generates a reproducible gas exchange defect. After a baseline measurement of pulmonary gas exchange (multiple inert gas elimination technique) during propofol anesthesia, 21 pigs were randomly assigned to three groups of seven animals each. One group received isoflurane anesthesia, one group received sevoflurane anesthesia, and one group was continued on propofol anesthesia (control). After 30 min of volatile anesthesia at 1 MAC or propofol anesthesia, a second measurement (multiple inert gas elimination technique) was performed. RESULTS: At the second measurement, inert gas shunt was 15 +/- 3% (mean +/- SD) during sevoflurane anesthesia versus 9 +/- 1% during propofol anesthesia (P = 0.02). Blood flow to normal ventilation/perfusion (V(A)/Q) lung areas was 83 +/- 5% during sevoflurane anesthesia versus 89 +/- 1% during propofol anesthesia (P = 0.04). This resulted in a PaO2 of 88 +/- 11 mmHg during sevoflurane anesthesia versus 102 +/- 15 mmHg during propofol anesthesia (P = 0.04). Inert gas and blood gas variables during isoflurane anesthesia did not differ significantly from those obtained during propofol anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: In pigs with an already existent gas exchange defect, sevoflurane anesthesia but not isoflurane anesthesia causes significantly more gas exchange disturbances than propofol anesthesia does.     

Anesthetic management of a parturient with neuromyelitis optica

Women with neuromyelitis optica, an acute inflammatory demyelinating condition of the central nervous system, have an unpredictable clinical course in pregnancy. Providing neuraxial anesthesia for these patients is controversial, although relapses may occur after exposure to either general or neuraxial anesthesia and are common. We report the successful obstetric anesthesia management of a parturient with neuromyelitis optica, review the medical literature, and discuss specific considerations for obstetric anesthesia in patients with underlying demyelinating disease.     

Anesthetic management of a patient with mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treated with dual-chamber pacing

A 64-year-old man complicated with mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (MVO) was scheduled for resection of rectum cancer under general anesthesia with epidural block. Because of unexpected circulatory collapse at the induction of anesthesia, the operation was canceled. Therefore three weeks later, we inserted a temporary dual-chamber (DDD) pacing device before induction of general anesthesia, and we could maintain stable hemodynamics during general anesthesia. In the patients with MVO, blood outflow from the left ventricle to the aorta is decreased by the abnormal blood flow produced by hypertrophy of the mid left ventricle when inotropic stimulation is applied. Even in an asymptomatic patient with MVO, the hemodynamic catastrophe could occur during the operative period. In patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), DDD pacing appears to be effective to reduce the pressure gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta. Similarly, in our case, DDD pacing was effective to maintain the hemodynamic state during general anesthesia in a patient with MVO.     

Anesthesia for a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum

A 23-year-old man with xeroderma pigmentosum underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. He experienced transient worsening of the neurological symptom after anesthesia with volatile agents in the previous surgery. Because volatile anesthetics potentially cause genotoxic effects in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, this time we chose total ir.travenous anesthesia (TIVA). The intraoperative management and the post-operative course were uneventful this time. From these two anesthesia experiences in one patient, we suggest that TIVA is more appropriate than anesthesia with volatile agents as a method for general anesthesia for xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Minimum usage of muscle relaxants under the monitoring of neuromuscular blockade is also recommended, since xeroderma pigmentosum patients are sensitive to muscle relaxants due to the neuronal dysfunction and muscle