2006年江苏省农药中毒状况分析

[目的]探讨农药中毒发生的特点,为制定相应防治策略提供科学依据.[方法]对2006年江苏地区农药中毒报告资料进行描述性分析.[结果]2006年江苏省发生农药中毒5847例,每天平均16例中毒,其中死亡273例,总的死亡率4.67%.中毒主要集中在6、7、8月份.中毒多发生在生产性自用和非生产性自服,涉及7大类30个品种的农药中毒.引起农药中毒和死亡的农药种类以有机磷杀虫剂占首位,其次是除草剂和杀鼠剂.[结论]2006年江苏省农药中毒由自服和生产性中毒所致,自服中毒的人数超过生产性中毒,杀虫剂、除草剂和杀鼠剂中毒病例数居前3位,杀虫剂中又以有机磷中毒人数最多.     

2008年莱芜市急性农药中毒情况分析

[目的]了解莱芜市急性农药中毒现状,为制定预防措施提供依据。[方法]收集2008年所有农药中毒报告卡,按照不同区域、不同季节、不同性别、不同年龄组以及中毒类型和农药种类分别进行统计,用SAS 8.1统计分析软件进行统计学处理,用卡方检验对计数资料进行统计分析。[结果]2008年莱芜市共发生急性农药中毒176例,非生产性中毒占98.3%(173例),生产性中毒占1.7%(3例),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。莱城区农药中毒发生率为1.29/万,钢城区农药中毒发生率为1.72/万,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。女性中毒占59.7%(105例),男性中毒占40.3%(71例),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。各年龄组均有中毒病人,35～岁年龄组中毒人数最多,占26.7%(47例)。1～4季度中毒者分别占总数的23.3%、29.0%、24.4%、23.3%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。中毒农药主要是杀虫剂、除草剂和杀鼠剂,中毒人数分别占总中毒人数的86.36%(152例)、11.36%(20例)、2.3%(4例),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。杀虫剂中又以有机磷农药为主,占中毒总人数的77.8%(137例),与其它杀虫剂比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论]莱芜市农药中毒以非生产性中毒为主,钢城区发病率高于莱城区,女性高于男性,中毒发生无明显的季节性和时间性。中毒农药以杀虫剂为主。     

2009-2014年盱眙县农药中毒流行病学分析

摘要:目的　了解盱眙县农药中毒的流行病学特点,为农药中毒的防治、安全防护措施的制订及施行提供参考依据。方法　收集2009-2014年盱眙县《农药中毒报告卡》中农药中毒病例数据,进行流行病学分析。结果　2009-2014年盱眙县共报告各类农药中毒552例,涉及7大类农药。生产性中毒108例,占中毒总病例数的19.57%,男性多于女性;非生产性农药中毒444例,占中毒总病例数的80.43%,女性多于男性。中毒病例平均年龄（43.95±10.89）岁,主要集中在35～55岁年龄段。生产性农药中毒在第三季度高发,占全年生产性农药中毒的60.19％。生产性农药中毒主要集中在观音寺镇、马坝镇、淮河镇和维桥乡,4个乡镇病例占全部病例的51.85%,而非生产性农药中毒病例较为分散。农药中毒的主要类别是杀虫剂（79.89%）,其次是除草剂（8.88%）和杀鼠剂（6.34％）,杀虫剂中以有机磷为主,共327例,占总病例的59.24%,其中前三顺位的农药是氧乐果（16.67%）、甲胺磷（12.14%）和敌敌畏（11.05%）。农药中毒病死率最高的前3类农药分别是混合制剂（16.67%）、生物化学农药（16.67%）和除草剂（8.16%）。结论　农药中毒严重威胁着盱眙县公众的健康,非生产性农药中毒应该引起重视,有机磷类杀虫剂是主要中毒农药。     

绍兴市2006至2011年急性农药中毒分析

目的 描述绍兴市2006至2011年急性农药中毒特征,为预防和控制农药中毒提供参考.方法 利用中国疾病预防控制信息系统中绍兴市2006至2011年农药中毒报告的数据并进行整理分析.结果 2006至2011年绍兴市共报告急性农药中毒2024例,漏报44例,漏报率为2.1％(44/2086).死亡119例,病死率5.9％(119/2024),其中生产性中毒病死率为1.0％(3/289),非生产性中毒病死率为6.7％(116/1735).女性急性农药中毒1038例(51.3％),男性986例(48.7％),各年度不同性别急性农药中毒构成比的差异无统计学意义(x2=9.16,P=0.10).2024例急性农药中毒病例平均年龄为(47.0±18.7)岁,其中男性(50.7±19.0)岁,女性(43.4±17.8)岁,男性急性农药中毒病例的平均年龄高于女性,差异有统计学意义(t=9.01,P＜0.001).生产性中毒289例,占全部病例的14.3％,其中男性生产性中毒22.2％(219/986);非生产性中毒1735例,占全部病例的85.7％.其中女性非生产性中毒93.3％(968/1038).2024例中毒病例的中毒农药为杀虫剂中毒86.7％(1754/2024),除草剂5.1％ (104/2024),杀鼠剂3.6％(72/2024),杀菌剂、混合制剂、生物化学农药以及其他4类共占4.6％(94/2024).杀虫剂中有机磷中毒占83.0％(1455/1754).结论 绍兴市非生产性急性农药中毒发生率较高,且以女性为主,30～ 60岁组人群中毒的构成比较高;中毒农药主要为杀虫剂.应进一步加强健康知识宣传教育和农药的安全管理.     

皖西地区农药中毒流行病学分析

目的分析皖西地区农药中毒流行特征,为制定预防策略和控制措施提供依据。方法收集皖西地区2006—2016年通过职业病与职业卫生信息监测系统报告的农药中毒报告卡,对农药中毒发生概况、病例三间分布及中毒农药种类进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2006—2016年皖西地区累计报告农药中毒2 993例,其中生产性中毒280例(9.36%),非生产性中毒2 713例(90.64%),年均发病率为4.63/10万,呈逐年升高趋势(P0.01);农药中毒死亡100例,病死率为3.34%。生产性中毒和非生产性中毒均以第三季度(7—9月)病例数最多,分别占78.22%和28.86%;生产性中毒病例主要分布在45~55岁组,非生产性中毒病例主要分布在35~45岁,分别占29.64%和20.94%;生产性中毒和非生产性中毒病例数男女性别比分别为2.33∶1和1∶1.57。中毒农药种类涉及杀虫剂、杀菌剂和杀鼠剂等7类,以有机磷中毒为主(30.84%),农药中毒病死率最高的是杀虫双(10.93%)。结论非生产性农药中毒是皖西地区农药中毒的主要类型,有机磷类杀虫剂是引起中毒的主要农药种类。     

综合性医院急诊农药中毒的调查

目的 探讨急诊农药中毒的特点。方法 有条件地选择25家综合性医院急诊科作为调查点,其中省市级医院14家、县级医院11家;观察对象为在2001年7月1日至2002年6月30日观察期内到25家医院急诊救治的首诊农药中毒患者(包括初诊和转诊),对其进行调查并分析其特点。结果25家医院急诊科共救治农药中毒患者2 261例,居同期急诊科救治各类中毒总例数的第三位;农药中毒患者的男女性别比为1:1.47;在1 618例初诊患者中,有43.9％的病例(710例)使用救护车急诊;以有意接触而致中毒为主要原因,占68.3％;女性的有意接触占75.8％;在4个年龄段中,15-34岁是农药中毒的急诊高峰年龄段,各年龄段农药中毒占本年龄段总中毒的比例明显不同,以0-14岁组居高,其中又以1-4岁儿童最高,占65.9％;98.2％的病例需要急救处理,经急诊救治后,患者中52.4％转住院治疗;中毒对象依次为农民、家务劳动者、学生和学龄前儿童等;杀虫剂中毒居首位,占60.1％,急诊观察农药中毒病死率为3.9％(不包括由急诊科转住院、ICU病房继续治疗患者的结局);60.8％农药中毒患者来自县医院救治的病例,居县医院救治各类中毒总例数的首位。结论 普及宣传科学、安全、合理使用和贮存农药的知识,减少非生产性农药中毒,是控制、减少农药中毒的关键。     

2006—2015年内蒙古自治区农药中毒病例流行病学分析

目的了解内蒙古自治区农药中毒现状,为预防和控制农药中毒的发生提供科学依据。方法通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统报告平台,对内蒙古自治区2006—2015年农药中毒报告病例进行统计分析。结果内蒙古自治区2006—2015年各年度报告农药中毒总体呈现上升趋势,共报告农药中毒1 201例,死亡91例,病死率为7.91%。非生产性农药中毒(1 088例,占90.59%)为主要的农药中毒类型。113例生产性中毒病例死亡4例,1 088例生产性中毒病例死亡91例。生产性中毒病例中男性多于女性(男性:女性=1.17:1),非生产性中毒病例中女性多于男性(男性:女性=0.92:1)。中毒的平均年龄为42.65岁,25~54岁年龄段中毒最多(784例,占65.35%)。农药中毒具有明显的季节性,在第二、三季度发生率较高(774例,占64.45%);生产性农药中毒具有明显的季节集中性,有59.29%集中于第三季度;非生产性农药中毒以第二、三季度最多,占61.76%。杀虫剂(956例,占79.60%)为引起农药中毒的主要毒物,其中又以有机磷农药中毒(87.87%)为主。结论内蒙古自治区农药中毒主要以非生产性中毒为主,引起中毒的农药种类以杀虫剂为主。相关部门应加强农药监督管理工作,并制定有效的控制对策。     

彭州市2010—2017年农药中毒特征分析

目的 分析彭州市农药中毒特征, 为制定农药中毒预防控制措施提供参考。
方法 收集职业病网络直报系统中彭州市2010-2017年全部农药中毒报告病例, 对其发病特征、中毒原因等进行分析。
结果 2010-2017年网络报告农药中毒病例共计1 637例, 死亡59例, 病死率3.60%。中毒病例以非生产性中毒为主, 1 574例(占96.15%); 平均年龄(41.95 ±19.33)岁, 30~45岁年龄组的农药中毒病例最多(占25.11%); 男女性别比为1:1.06, 非生产性中毒女性多于男性; 春季和夏季农药中毒病例数相对较多; 导致中毒的农药以除草剂为主, 有机磷排第二。生产性和非生产性中毒、各年份间中毒、不同性别间中毒、不同季节间中毒的病死率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);病死率随着年龄的增加而升高(P < 0.05), 杀虫剂、除草剂致死率高于其他种类农药(P < 0.05)。
结论 彭州市农药中毒特征与四川省农药中毒病例报告的总体趋势一致。应规范农药销售、购买和使用, 加强农村的农药管理; 应给予留守妇女和老人更多关心和支持。
     

湖州市农药中毒病例特征分析

目的分析2013—2018年湖州市农药中毒病例特征,为农药中毒防控提供依据。方法从中国职业病与职业卫生信息监测系统导出2013—2018年湖州市农药中毒病例资料,对中毒病例的性别、年龄、中毒时间、中毒地区、中毒类型和引起中毒的农药种类进行描述性分析。结果共报告农药中毒2 901例,死亡93例,病死率为3.21%。其中生产性农药中毒388例,占13.37%;非生产性农药中毒2 513例,占86.63%。非生产性农药中毒病死率为3.62%,高于生产性农药中毒的0.52%(P0.05)。农药中毒病例年龄集中于45～95岁,1 722例占59.36%;农药中毒病死率随年龄增加呈上升趋势(P0.05)。农药中毒病例最多的地区为长兴县、安吉县和南浔区;农药中毒病例集中在第三季度,1 025例占35.33%;病死率以第一季度最高,为4.78%。农药种类以杀虫剂和除草剂为主,服用国家禁用农药中毒633例,占总农药中毒例数的21.82%。结论湖州市农药中毒类型以非生产性自服中毒为主,农药中毒病死率随年龄增加呈上升趋势,病例主要分布于长兴县、安吉县和南浔区,农药中毒病例集中于第三季度,农药种类以杀虫剂和除草剂为主。     

台湾的农药中毒与治疗

台湾的农药包括 :1杀虫剂 ;2除草剂 ;3除菌剂 ;4杀螨剂 ;5植物生长调节剂 ;6杀鼠剂等 ,这些农药几乎随时随地可以买到。根据毒药物咨询中心 1991年度之个案统计 ,属于农药中毒的个案有 10 6 4例 (占致毒物质中毒 4 2 6 4例之 2 5 .0 % ) ,环境卫生用药 35 6例 (8.3% )见表 1。农药中毒以有机磷(2 8.7% )、年年春类除草剂 (16 .6 % )、氨基甲酸盐 (11.4 % )、巴拉割 (10 .3% )、除虫菊精类 (9.9% )等占多数 ,其他农药如 (有机锡、有机砷、草霸王 )也有发现 (表 2 ,表 3)。表 1　台湾 1 989- 1 991年致毒物质中毒个案分类统计致毒物质 1 989.7…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.