Morphology of human Fallopian tubes after infection with Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis--in vitro organ culture study

BACKGROUND: Female infertility can be caused by scarring and occlusion of the Fallopian tubes. Sexually transmitted bacteria can damage the delicate epithelial layer of human Fallopian tubes (HFT). Genital mycoplasmas are associated with human reproductive failure. Yet, there is not enough evidence that mycoplasmas can cause tubal factor infertility. We analysed the effects of infections with Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium on the HFT epithelium and compared them with the effects of infections with genital pathogens: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. METHODS: We used an in vitro model in which pieces of normal HFT were infected with different bacteria, and the outcome of the infections was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy. RESULTS: The presence of M. hominis did not cause any morphological changes of the epithelium of HFT. Noticeable changes in the morphology of the ciliated cells were observed in M. genitalium-infected tissue. Five days post-infection, the cilia were abnormally swollen and some of the ciliated cells fell off the epithelium. These effects could be inhibited by pre-incubation of M. genitalium with antibody directed against the C-terminal part of the adhesion protein MgPa before infection of HFT organ culture. CONCLUSION: We have shown that the presence of M. genitalium, but not M. hominis, in the HFT organ culture affected the epithelium and resulted in cilia damage. The effect of infection with M. genitalium on the HFT was, however, very moderate when compared with the extensive damage of the epithelium caused by N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis.     

Mycoplasma genitalium attaches to human spermatozoa

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma genitalium causes urogenital diseases in men and women and is presumed to be sexually transmitted. We wanted to investigate whether spermatozoa could serve as vectors for M.genitalium in order to cause upper genital diseases in women. METHODS: By use of Nomarski light microscopy and transmission X-ray microscopy, the attachment of M.genitalium to spermatozoa was studied. Semen was incubated in vitro with M.genitalium. Purified, motile spermatozoa were examined for attachment of M.genitalium by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Mycoplasma genitalium was shown to adhere to the head, midpiece and tail of the spermatozoa. The spermatozoa became immotile when many M.genitalium were attached. However, the motile spermatozoa were demonstrated to carry M.genitalium and in this case the mycoplasmas were seen to attach mostly to the midpiece or neck region. Occasionally, M.genitalium was seen at the head but not at the tail. By X-ray microscopy, it was possible to observe the diffentiated structure of M.genitalium, and the attachment seemed to be mediated by the tip. CONCLUSIONS: Mycoplasma genitalium can bind to human spermatozoa and thus could be carried by motile sperm. This ability may be important in the process of causing female genital diseases and infertility.     

Usefulness of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy in investigating infertile women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection

BACKGROUND: A new technique called transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) was recently developed for the exploration of the tubo-ovarian structures in infertile patients without obvious pelvic pathology. This study was performed to investigate the usefulness of THL to evaluate Chlamydia trachomatis tubal infertility. METHODS: Forty-one women with primary and secondary infertility participated in this study. Fourteen had past C. trachomatis infection. In 38 (92.7%) of the 41, access to the pouch of Douglas was obtained. In total, 71 (93.4%) out of 76 adnexa were clearly visualized. Thirty-seven patients were analysed and compared their tubal passages and peritubal adhesions using both hysterosalpingography (HSG) and THL. Twenty-four tubes from 14 patients with past C. trachomatis infection and 44 tubes from 23 patients without a history of C. trachomatis infection were compared. RESULTS: For the diagnosis of the tubal passage, there were no significant differences in the discrepancy rates between HSG and THL, in patients with and without past C. trachomatis infection. In 14 (58.3%) of the 24 tubes from patients with past C. trachomatis infection and in eight (18.2%) of the 44 tubes from patients without infection, peritubal adhesion was diagnosed only by THL. There was a significant difference in the discrepancy rates of the diagnosis of peritubal adhesion between HSG and THL in the two groups (P = 0.0007 ). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that C. trachomatis infection is highly associated with peritubal adhesion which is difficult to diagnose by HSG. Therefore, in C. trachomatis antibody-positive patients, exclusion of tubal pathology by THL or standard laparoscopy should be carried out to consider appropriate treatments. Although THL is not a substitute for laparoscopy, it can be proposed as a first line procedure in the early stages of the infertility investigation.     

An experimental model for salpingitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis and residual tubal infertility in the mouse

A mouse model of salpingitis and subsequent tubal infertility induced by a human strain of Chlamydia trachomatis has been studied. C3H/He female mice were inoculated into the ovarian bursa. Some of the mice (six infected, five controls) were killed on days 15 and 23 and the remaining animals (10 infected, 10 controls) were mated on day 15. On day 15, the infection was maximal with intratubal inflammation, elevated antichlamydial antibody titre and positive cultures in 12 cases out of 16. After 19 weeks of housing with the male, the proportion of fertilized females was significantly lower in the infected group (20% versus 100% in the control group P less than 0.01). In the killed mice, hydrosalpinx and or tubal occlusion were noted at this time in nine cases out of 10, despite an apparent bacteriological healing.     

3533例男性不育症患者精液标本的支原体检测与耐药性分析

目的了解我院近三年来男性不育症患者精液标本衣原体、支原体的感染情况和支原体对抗生素的耐药性,为临床治疗用药提供依据。方法对2004～2006年间来我院生殖中心就诊的不同病因的3533例男性不育症患者的精液标本进行支原体和衣原体的检测,同时对支原体检测阳性的标本进行了菌落计数和抗生素敏感性检测,分析其耐药情况。结果2004、2005、2006年的413、1303、1817份男性不育症患者的精液标本中分别有18、124、66份精液标本衣原体金标试验阳性,分别有119、304、408份精液标本检到支原体,检到的支原体以解脲支原体为主,解脲支原体对氧氟沙星耐药率最高、交沙霉素耐药率最低。结论我院近三年男性不育症患者的精液标本中支原体和衣原体是主要的病原,检测支原体的耐药性对合理用药、指导临床治疗和提高不育症患者的生育率具有重要意义。     

Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium

PROBLEM: Mycoplasma genitalium has been associated with male urethritis. We sought to relate M. genitalium to genitourinary signs and symptoms in women. METHOD OF STUDY: We compared 26 culture-positive women (group 1), 257 additional polymerase chain reaction-positive women (group 2), and 107 negative control women. We used logistic regression to evaluate signs and symptoms, controlling for co-infections, pregnancy, age, and intervention group assignment. RESULTS: Comparing group 1 with controls, we found significantly elevated odds ratios (ORs) for intermediate vaginal discharge (OR = 5.4; 95% confidence interval 1.01, 29.2) and action in response to discharge [3.9 (1.1, 13.5)]. Non-significant increases were observed for pathologic vaginal discharge [3.8 (0.78, 18.2)], pathologic dyspareunia [1.5 (0.25, 9.0)], vaginal odor [2.1 (0.75, 5.7)], and cervical mucopus [4.1 (0.74, 22.4)]. Group 2 results were similar, but showed no increase in cervical mucopus relative to controls. CONCLUSION: Infection with M. genitalium in women is independently related to increased genitourinary symptomatology.     

ELISA法检测江门地区性病门诊患者生殖支原体抗原

目的应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测性病门诊患者泌尿生殖道生殖支原体（Mg）抗原，探讨江门地区性传播疾病（STD）门诊患者Mg感染状况。方法采用Mg多克隆抗体，标记酶结合物，建立检测Mg抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA法，对性病门诊患者泌尿生殖道分泌物进行MIg抗原检测。结果双抗体夹心ELISA法可检测到5μg／ml蛋白浓度，除肺炎支原体外与其他泌尿生殖道常见支原体和细菌无交叉反应；共检测了174例标本，Mg抗原阳性33例，阳性率为18．97％，其中男性和女性阳性率分别为19．88％和7．69％；男性患者中，非淋菌性尿道炎（NGU）、淋病、前列腺炎患者的Mg抗原阳性率分别为13．43％、62．5％和4．84％。结论STD门诊患者存在Mg感染，应用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测Mg抗原具有一定的灵敏度，且具有快速、简便的特点，适合临床筛查Mg抗原。     

Identifying a consensus sample type to test for Chlamydia trachomatis,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Mycoplasma genitalium,Trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus

ObjectivesSexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a global cause of acute illness. Early detection plays a crucial role in interrupting transmission and preventing complications. However, the accessibility of STI testing is curbed by the lack of an overall preferred sample type. By means of a prospective study in female sex workers (FSW), we compared the sensitivity of samples from different anatomical sites in detecting Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium and human papillomavirus. Besides, we documented the prevalence of each STI in this high-risk population.MethodsWe selected 303 FSW and tested them for each STI by nucleic acid amplification testing on two vaginal and cervical swabs from different manufacturers, cervical smear and first-void urine. The sensitivity of each sample type was compared for each infectious agent in order to identify a consensus sample type.ResultsVaginal swabs were superior to all other sample types, with an overall sensitivity of 86%. The sensitivity was the lowest for first-void urine, detecting only 63% of positive cases. The prevalence was 3.3% (10/299) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae; 9.0% (27/299) for Chlamydia trachomatis; 7.4% (22/298) for Trichomonas vaginalis; 10.8% (32/296) for Mycoplasma genitalium and 55.6% (158/284) for human papillomavirus.ConclusionsWhen testing for STIs, vaginal swabs are the sample of choice and first-void urine should be avoided. Designating (self-sampled) vaginal swabs as a consensus sample type enables harmonization of STI testing and extension of testing to large numbers of unscreened females.     

Humoral immune response to the chlamydial heat shock proteins hsp60 and hsp70 in Chlamydia -associated chronic salpingitis with tubal occlusion

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of serumimmunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA antibodies to recom-binant chlamydial60 kDa heat shock protein (C-hsp60) and to assess the prevalenceof serum IgG antibodies to recombinant chlamydial 70 kDa heatshock protein (C-hsp70) in Chiamydia-associated chronic salpingitisand/or salpingitis isthmica nodosa with tubal occlusion. Infertilepatients (n = 34) with Chlamydia-associated, histologicallydocumented chronic salpingitis and/or salpingitis isthmica nodosaand bilateral tubal occlusions (group I) were compared withinfertile patients (n = 19) without tubal occlusions (groupII). The prevalence of chlamydial antigen in endocervical, urethraland urine samples was low in both groups. The median chlamydialserum IgG and IgA antibody titres were significantly higherin group I than in group II (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002 respectively).Serum IgG antibodies to C-hsp60 and C-hsp70 were detected in24 out of 34 patients (71%) in group I compared with 10 outof 19 (53%) and nine out of 19 (47%) patients in group II (notsignificantly different). There was a significant difference(P = 0.035) between the prevalences of serum IgA antibodiesto C-hsp60 in groups I (seven out of 34 patients; 21%) and II(none of the 19 patients). The association between the presenceof serum IgA antibodies to C-hsp60 and Chlamydia-ossocmted chronicsalpingitis and/or salpingitis isthmica nodosa with tubal occlusionunderlines the significance of chlamydial 60 kDa heat shockprotein in the pathogenesis of tubal infertility.     

Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile women

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the UK and Europe. The majority of female infections are asymptomatic and recognized sequelae include pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Women with chlamydial infection who undergo uterine instrumentation are recognized to be at risk of ascending infection. Most patients attending for infertility investigations and treatment will undergo some form of uterine instrumentation. Published data regarding the prevalence of chlamydial infection in the subfertile are few and conflicting. In this study, more than 400 consecutive women presenting for infertility investigation and treatment at a single regional fertility centre were screened for Chlamydia: Half were screened using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and half by ligase chain reaction (LCR). Prevalence by diagnostic test was 0% with EIA and 1.9% with LCR. Overall, the low prevalence was at least partly explained by older age. Until more evidence comes from studies testing consecutive subfertile patients both with EIA and a DNA amplification method such as LCR, centres using EIA should consider using prophylactic antibiotics prior to uterine instrumentation.     

Demonstration of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies in the male partner of the infertile couple is correlated with a reduced likelihood of achieving pregnancy

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among both men and women seeking help at an infertility clinic, and to prospectively follow the effect of previous infection on pregnancy rates and pregnancy outcome after a long follow-up period (mean 37 months). METHODS: A total of 244 infertile couples was tested for C. trachomatis IgG antibodies, and IgG(+) couples were also tested for C. trachomatis DNA by PCR in a first-void urine sample. Study parameters were serology, PCR results, clinical diagnoses, treatments, pregnancy rates and pregnancy outcome. As controls, age-matched and spontaneously pregnant women were also tested with serology. RESULTS: The prevalence of IgG antibodies was 24.2, 20.1 and 15.6% among infertile women, infertile men and control women respectively. The prevalence of C. trachomatis DNA was 6.8 and 7.1% among tested women and men respectively. The presence of C. trachomatis IgG antibodies in women was related to tubal factor infertility (TFI) (P = 0.002). Decreased pregnancy rates were seen in couples where the man was IgG(+) (P = 0.005) with no relationship to TFI. Among women who achieved pregnancy, there was no difference in pregnancy outcome between IgG(+) or negative couples. CONCLUSIONS: C. trachomatis IgG antibodies in the man of the infertile couple was related to decreased pregnancy rates and to the presence of IgG antibodies in the woman. There was a high prevalence of asymptomatic persistent infections among infertile couples.     

Chemokine bioactivity of RANTES is elevated in the sera of infertile women with past Chlamydia trachomatis infection

PROBLEM: It has been shown that Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infertile women is highly associated with tubal pathology. Chlamydia trachomatis antibody testing is a simple screening test for tubal factor subfertility, however, it is based on the detection of previous infection. Recently, association between some inflammatory diseases and chemokines has been investigated. This study was performed to clarify the relationship between chemokines in the sera of infertile women and past C. trachomatis infection. METHOD OF STUDY: Serum samples were collected from 10 infertile women having C. trachomatis antibodies [immunoglobulin (Ig)G and/or IgA] in their sera and 10 infertile women without the antibodies. All patients' tubo-ovarian structures were explored by transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL). A CXC chemokine, interleukin-8, and six CC chemokines including macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), MCP-3, eotaxin, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) concentrations in their sera were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The serum concentration of RANTES was significantly higher in patients with C. trachomatis antibodies than those without the antibodies (P = 0.019). However, there were no significant differences of the concentrations of other chemokines between the sera of infertile women with and without C. trachomatis antibodies. The concentration of RANTES in the sera of infertile women did not correlate with C. trachomatis antibody titers or tubal pathology diagnosed by THL. CONCLUSIONS: These findings might indicate significant roles of some chemokines in the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis infection. Further studies are necessary to study the usefulness of evaluations of chemokines in tubal infertility investigations.     

Expression and functional identification of the hypothetical adhesin P32 from Mycoplasma genitalium

Mycoplasma genitalium is the main causative agent for non-gonococcal and non-chlamydial urethritis. P32 is the putative surface-exposed membrane protein of M. genitalium and it has substaintial identity in amino acid sequence with adhesin protein P30 from M. pnewnoniae. Since M. pneumoniae mutants lacking P30 protein is defective in cytadherence, P32 protein has been proposed to be an essential adhesin implicated in the adherence of M. genitalium to host cells. The prokaryotic expression vector pET-30 ( )/p32 was constructed in the present study, and the recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli and purified under denaturing condition. As demonstrated by the immunoblotting analysis, the recombinant protein could react with rabbit antisera against M. genitalium, and adherence inhibition assays were petformed with antisera against this recombinant protein. It was demonstrated that P32 protein apperared to be an adhesion protein of M. genitalium, thus providing the experimental basis for better understanding of the pathogenesis of M. genitalium infection and for the development of the related vaccines against the infection.     

Immunology: Circulating antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in women: relationship to antisperm and antichiamydial antibodies in semen of male partners

The relation between antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis andspermatozoa in sera of 112 asymptomatic female partners of infertilecouples with no history of C.trachomatis infections and antichlamydialantibodies in semen or antisperm antibodies on ejaculated spermatozoaof their male partners was examined. Samples were tested forimmunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG antibodies to C.trachomatis byenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; antisperm antibodies in seraand on motile spermatozoa were assayed by immunobead binding.IgG antibodies to C.trachomatis were detected in 24 (21.4%)of the women; only five (4.5%) women were positive for antichlamydialIgA. Antichlamydial IgG was detected in sera from 10 (40.0%)of 25 women whose partners had antichlamydial IgA in semen asopposed to 14 (16.1%) of 87 women whose partners' semen werenegative for this antibody (P=0.02). Similarly, antichlamydialIgG was detected in sera from five (50%) of 10 women whose partnershad antichlamydial IgG in semen as opposed to 19 (18.6%) of102 women whose partners' semen lacked this antibody (P=0.03).There was no relation between antichlamydial antibodies in womenand circulating antichlamydial antibodies in men. A strong correlation(P=0.001) was observed between IgG antichlamydial antibodiesin a woman's serum and antisperm antibodies on ejaculated spermatozoaof her partner [8 of 14 (57.1%) versus 16 of 98 (163%)]. Conversely,antichlamydial antibodies in a woman's serum was unrelated tothe presence of antisperm antibodies in either her own serumor her partner's serum. The data demonstrate that chlamydialinfections of the male genital tract, which are associated withantisperm antibody formation on ejaculated spermatozoa, arelikely to be transmitted to the female partner. In contrast,the presence of antichlamydial antibodies in sera does not necessarilyappear to indicate an infection of the genital tract and isnot associated with the heterosexual transmission of C.trachomatis.     

Chlamydial serology in the investigation of infertility.

Almost one-quarter of 100 asymptomatic men under fertility investigation had significant titres of IgA antibodies (greater than 1:8) specific for Chlamydia trachomatis in seminal plasma. No clear association was evident between the presence of these antibodies and sperm quality. In a second study, the female partners of men with consistently high serum or seminal plasma levels of chlamydia-specific IgA also exhibited a positive IgA reaction in serum without any clinical indications of the presence of an infection. In one group of men and women, antibiotic treatment for 4 weeks resulted in the disappearance of the IgA from the serum after a variable period of less than or equal to 12 weeks. The study indicates that chronic asymptomatic infections with Chlamydia trachomatis may be responsible for a large number of cases of infertility. It also implies that all men and women under investigation for infertility should be routinely screened with chlamydial serology regardless of previous history and clinical findings.     

生殖支原体和解脲支原体感染与自然流产的关系

目的：探讨生殖支原体和解脲支原体感染与自然流产的关系。方法：收集自然流产患者胚胎组织54份作为流产组;另取40例人工流产者胚胎组织为对照组。采用套式PCR方法对两组标本进行了生殖支原体和解脲支原体的检测。结果：流产组54例中Mg阳性9例阳性率16．7％;Uu阳性21例,阳性率38．9％Mg与Uu合并阳性4例,占7．4％。Mg和Uu分别与对照组比较,结果有显著性差异。结论：自然流产与Mg和UU感染有密切关系。     

Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock proteins in women with tubal factor infertility are associated with prior infection by C. trachomatis but not by C. pneumoniae.

The antibody response to heat shock proteins 60 and 10 were studied in 163 patients with tubal factor infertility and in 163 age-matched pregnant women. The associations of these antibodies with specific antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and to Chlamydia pneumoniae as well as with antibodies to the common chlamydial lipopolysaccharide antigen were studied. Patients with tubal factor infertility had significantly higher frequencies and titres of all antibodies except to C. pneumoniae. In a logistic regression model an association was found between the prevalence of antibodies to the heat shock proteins and to C. trachomatis but no independent influence of antibodies to C. pneumoniae. No interaction between C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae suggesting a synergistic effect was found although the heat shock proteins from these two organisms are immunologically similar. Antibodies to the chlamydial lipopolysaccharide also seemed to be related to C. trachomatis and not to C. pneumoniae in these women.     

Cyclophilin A is the potential receptor of the Mycoplasma genitalium adhesion protein

The Mycoplasma genitalium adhesion protein (MgPa), the most important outer membrane protein of M. genitalium, plays a vital role in the adhesion to and invasion of host cells by M. genitalium. Identification of MgPa receptors will help elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of M. genitalium. However, the receptor protein of MgPa has not been reported to date. In this study, an MgPa-binding protein with a molecular weight of approximately 17 kDa was screened from SV-HUC-1 cell membrane proteins by a modified virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was used to analyze the protein components of the 17-kDa protein. The results demonstrated that the MgPa-binding protein was most likely Cyclophilin A (CyPA). The binding activity and distribution of CyPA in SV-HUC-1 cells were detected using indirect ELISA, western blotting, far-western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. We found that recombinant MgPa (rMgPa) could bind with CyPA from SV-HUC-1 cell membrane proteins and to recombinant CyPA, which indicated that CyPA was predominant component of the 17-kDa protein band and can interact with rMgPa. In addition, an indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that CyPA was partially distributed on the membrane surfaces of SV-HUC-1 cells and could partially inhibit the adhesion of rMgPa and M. genitalium to SV-HUC-1 cells. Co-localization assays further indicated that rMgPa and M. genitalium can interact with CyPA. These results suggested that the CyPA located on SV-HUC-1 cell membranes may be the potential receptor of MgPa, which could provide an experimental basis for elucidating the function of MgPa and the possible pathogenic mechanism of M. genitalium.     

Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein-60 induced interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 production in infertile women

Chlamydia trachomatis-associated tubal factor infertility (TFI) involves enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune response to the chlamydial 60 kDa heat shock protein (CHSP60). We evaluated the role of CHSP60-induced immune response in TFI by studying lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine (interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10) secretion in response to C. trachomatis elementary body (EB) and CHSP60 antigens in 57 women with TFI and in 76 women with other causes of infertility. Positive proliferative response of PBMC to CHSP60 was more common in the TFI group (20/57; 36%) than in the other groups (17/76; 22%) although the frequency or the median responses did not differ significantly (1.6, range 0.2-22.1 versus 1.4; 0.2-24.4). C. trachomatis EB induced significantly higher IFN-gamma and lower IL-10 secretion in the TFI group compared to the other groups. The EB and CHSP60 induced IL-12 secretion was similar in all study groups and correlated with IFN-gamma secretion in the other but not in the TFI group. The lack of correlation between EB-induced IL-12 and IFN-gamma production and simultaneously found prominent IL-10 secretion in response to CHSP60 in the TFI group suggests that the CHSP60 may have a specific role in regulating the immune reactions during chlamydial infection and may consequently contribute to the immunopathogenesis of TFI.     

生殖支原体感染与不良孕产史关系研究

目的：探讨生殖支原体感染与不良孕产史的关系。方法：运用套式PCR研究不良孕产史孕妇的脐血、羊水、胎盘及胎儿各种组织（脑、肝、肾、脾、肺）中生殖支原体感染的情况。结果：胎盘中的阳性率为33．33％，肝脏为22．22％，肺为17．78％，脑为15．56％，脾为11．11％肾为6．07％。脐血为11．11％，结论；生殖支原体的感染与锴胎、死产、分娩畸形儿等不良孕产史的发生有关，是围产期致病微生物之一。