内镜下治疗上消化道出血的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜下注射药物治疗上消化道出血的临床效果.方法共84例上消化道出血患者,均行内镜检查确诊,其中54例行药物静滴保守治疗,30例内镜下注射冰生理盐水 凝血酶 去甲肾上腺素于出血部位,有明显出血点者内镜下电凝止血.随后以常规方案进行对症治疗,纠正贫血,并统计2组患者的预后状况.结果内镜治疗患者的有效止血率为83.3%(25/30),显著高于保守治疗组的61.1%(33/54)(P＜0.05);内镜治疗组的中转手术率为6.7%(2/30),显著低于保守治疗组的25.9%(14/54)(P＜0.05);止血后1周内再出血率在2组患者之间未见有明显差异.结论内镜下注药止血安全有效,对上消化道出血的疗效优于保守疗法,可减少患者手术率,利于短期内恢复.     

Variable use of endoscopic haemostasis in the management of bleeding peptic ulcers

Background: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that endoscopic haemostasis is beneficial for patients with a bleeding peptic ulcer. The relevance of such data to management outside of RCTs is unclear. Therefore we examined management of patients with a bleeding peptic ulcer in a UK teaching hospital. Methods: All patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy for bleeding peptic ulcer between 1997 and 1999 were identified from an endoscopy database and the clinical records reviewed retrospectively. Results: A total of 872 patients underwent UGI endoscopy for presumed acute UGI haemorrhage; 179 (21%) had an endoscopic diagnosis of bleeding peptic ulcer. Seventy nine patients had a peptic ulcer with stigmata of recent haemorrhage (SRH) but only 61 (77%) of these patients received endoscopic haemostasis (77% adrenaline, 23% combination therapy). Re-bleeding occurred in 24 patients with SRH in whom transfusion requirement was the sole predictor of re-bleeding. The re-bleeding rate among patients who received adrenaline was 25% (n=12), compared with 57% (n=8) in the combination group and 31% (n=4) in those who did not receive endoscopic haemostasis. Patients who received combination endoscopic haemostasis had an increased incidence of active bleeding (p=0.007) and an increased transfusion requirement (p=0.002). Eleven of 20 patients who re-bled had repeat endoscopic haemostasis, with 45% eventually requiring surgery. Conclusions: Results of endoscopic management of bleeding peptic ulcers in the unit studied differ markedly from those published by specialised centres. The data reported here suggest that increased standardisation of endoscopic haemostasis is required, especially in units with provision for emergency "out-of-hours" endoscopy, performed by several individuals of different grades.     

42例食管静脉曲张套扎术临床疗效观察

目的：探讨采用胃镜套扎止血治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者的疗效。方法：对42例肝硬化患者进行常规的胃镜检查,确诊食管静脉曲张,随后在胃镜下对曲张静脉进行急诊、择期单次或多次套扎,其中20例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者进行急诊胃镜检查并行胃镜下套扎术,22例进行择期胃镜下套扎术。结果：42例肝硬化食管静脉曲张套扎术患者中38例（90．48％）在术后2～3周复查胃镜,静脉曲张程度均明显减轻,部分患者静脉曲张完全消失,急诊抢救及择期胃镜下套扎术止血成功率均在90％以上。结论：胃镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术是治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血及预防出血的有效措施。     

内镜食管静脉曲张套扎术的短期疗效和安全性分析

目的:探讨采用内镜套扎术治疗肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张患者的短期疗效及术后并发症。方法:63例肝硬化患者经过常规胃镜检查已确诊食管静脉曲张,随后在胃镜下对食管静脉曲张进行急诊、择期套扎,其中12例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者行急诊胃镜检查并于胃镜下行食管静脉曲张套扎治疗,51例择期行内镜食管静脉曲张套扎治疗。63例患者均于术后4周复查胃镜,并评价套扎术后并发症。结果:54例(85.7%)食管静脉曲张程度均明显减轻,其中9例(14.3%)患者食管静脉曲张完全消失。术后出现胸骨后疼痛49例(77.8%),吞咽困难12例(19.0%),发热8例(12.7%),术后出血5例(7.9%)。63例患者术后4周均未发生死亡。结论:内镜食管静脉曲张套扎术是一种临床上治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张有效和安全的治疗措施。     

急诊内镜治疗上消化道出血63例分析

目的:探讨急诊内镜对上消化道出血的治疗价值.方法:选择63例上消化道出血患者, 24h内行急诊内镜治疗.结果:63例上消化道出血患者止血成功率92.1%,再出血率为11.1%,所有患者治疗后未见穿孔、狭窄等严重并发症.结论:急诊内镜在上消化道出血的治疗上安全性好, 具有很高的实用价值.     

不同方法内镜下治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的对比观察

目的研究内镜下不同方法治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床效果。方法99例肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)病人随机分成3组:硬化(EVS)组29例,套扎(EVL)组40例,内镜联合治疗(EVL EVS EVL)组30例。比较止血和曲张静脉消失情况及不良反应发生率。结果3种方法内镜下止血成功率无明显差异(P>0.05),镜下治疗的常见不良反应:术中出血及胸骨后疼痛发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05);溃疡、发热发生率,以EVS组较高(P<0.05)。EV复发率、再出血率、3年存活率,3种方法有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论内镜治疗EVB,EVL EVS EVL在降低静脉曲张复发率、再出血率和3年存活率以及不良反应发生率方面优于其他治疗方法。     

奥曲肽联合内镜下治疗肝硬化出血患者的效果

目的观察奥曲肽联合内镜下治疗肝硬化出血患者的效果。方法选取2015年1月~2017年1月我院接诊的92例肝硬化出血患者,随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组采用奥曲肽联合内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术;对照组采用内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术。患者治疗前、后经胃镜及CT增强检测,观察统计患者的治疗效果。结果观察组患者的有效率91.30%(41/46)明显高于对照组76.09%(35/46)(P0.05)。观察组患者平均止血时间(15.23±5.37)h、48 h再出血率4.35%(2/46)及并发症的发生率6.52%(3/46)明显低于对照组平均止血时间(19.94±5.23)h、48 h再出血率10.87%(5/46)及并发症的发生率15.22%(7/46)(P0.05)。结论奥曲肽联合内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗肝硬化出血患者,缩短患者止血时间,降低再出血率。     

内镜下组织胶注射联合套扎术治疗食道胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效观察

目的 探讨食道静脉曲张套扎术联合胃底静脉曲张组织治疗术治疗肝硬化食道胃底静脉曲张急性出血的的临床意义.方法 56例确诊肝硬化门脉高压食道或胃底静脉曲张急性出血的患者,于出血24 h内行食道静脉曲张套扎术联合胃底静脉曲张组织胶注射治疗,术后1、3、6个月行内镜随访,观察再出血率、食道胃底静脉曲张好转情况.结果 56例病人全部止血成功,1个月内再发出血5例,3例为排胶期轻度渗血,2例出血量较大,5例病人重新进镜行内镜下喷洒正肾液后血止;6个月内复查无再出血发生.食道静脉曲张治疗有效率为96%,胃底静脉曲张治疗有效率为95%.结论 肝硬化食道胃底静脉曲张急性出血应用内镜组织胶注射联合曲张静脉套扎术是一种安全、疗效肯定的的治疗方法.     

急诊胃镜下套扎术治疗食管静脉曲张出血32例疗效观察

目的:探讨急诊胃镜下套扎术治疗食管静脉曲张出血的临床疗效.方法:32例食管静脉曲张出血患者,均于入院后24 h内施行急诊胃镜检查并行食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗.结果:31例食管静脉曲张破裂出血均成功止血,止血成功率达96.88％,1例术后再出血死亡.结论:急诊胃镜下套扎术对食管静脉曲张破裂出血是一种安全有效的止血方法,宜在...     

Bleeding varices: 1. Emergency management.

The aim of the emergency management of bleeding varices is to stop the hemorrhage nonoperatively if possible, avoiding emergency shunt surgery, an operation that has a higher mortality than elective shunt surgery. Patients with an upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage should undergo endoscopy immediately to verify the diagnosis of bleeding varices. They can then be categorized according to whether they stop bleeding spontaneously (group 1), continue to bleed slowly (group 2) or continue to bleed rapidly (group 3). Group 1 patients are discussed in the second part of this two-part series. Group 2 patients are initially treated with vasopressin given intravenously; those who fail to respond should undergo emergency angiography and receive vasopressin intra-arterially. If this fails, patients at low surgical risk should undergo urgent shunt surgery; those at high risk do better with endoscopic sclerotherapy. Group 3 patients are also given an intravenous infusion of vasopressin. Patients at low surgical risk who continue to bleed then receive tamponade with a Sengstaken--Blakemore tube. If this fails, they undergo emergency creation of an H-shaped mesocaval shunt. Patients at high surgical risk who fail to respond to vasopressin given intravenously are next treated intra-arterially. If this fails they are given either endoscopic or transhepatic sclerotherapy.     

经内镜注射组织粘合剂治疗胃底静脉曲张出血

目的评价组织粘合剂注射治疗胃底静脉曲张出血的临床疗效及不良反应。方法对内镜确诊的18例肝硬化合并胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者进行组织粘合剂注射治疗,观察止血成功率、早期再出血率、静脉曲张消退情况以及不良反应。结果急诊止血成功率为100％（5／5）,早期再出血率为0（0／18）;静脉曲张消退显效13例（72．22％）,有效3例（16．67％）,无效2例（11．11％）;3例出现术后低热,1例出现产碱假单胞菌败血症;11例注射部位出现糜烂,4例注射部位形成溃疡;1例术中出血。结论经内镜注射组织粘合剂治疗胃底静脉曲张出血是一种简便、安全、有效的方法。     

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Malaysia

Despite advancements in endoscopy and pharmacology in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease the overall mortality has remained constant at 10% for the past four decades. The aim of this study was to determine the age, gender, racial distribution, incidence and causes of endoscopically diagnosed cases of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding to summarise treatments undertaken and to report their outcome. A prospective study of UGI bleeding in 128 patients was performed in two surgical wards of Kuala Lumpur Hospital, involving both elective and emergency admissions. The study group comprised of 113 (88.2%) males and 15 (11.7%) females. The mean age was 51.9 years (range 14 to 85 years) and 37.5% (48 of 128 patients) were older than 60 years. The Indian race was over-represented in all disease categories. Smoking (50.1%), alcohol consumption (37.5%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (17.2%), traditional remedies (5.5%), anti-coagulants (2.3%) and steroids (0.8%) were among the risk factors reported. Common presenting symptoms and signs included malaena (68.8%), haematemesis (59.4%) and fresh per rectal bleeding (33.6%). The commonest causes of UGI bleeding were duodenal ulcer (32%), gastric ulcer (29.7%), erosions (duodenal and gastric) (21.9%), oesophageal varices (10.9%) and malignancy (3.9%). UGI bleeding was treated non-surgically in 90.6% of cases. Blood transfusions were required in 62.6% (67/107) of peptic ulcer disease patients. Surgical intervention for bleeding peptic ulcer occurred in around 10% of cases and involved under-running of the bleeding vessel in most high risk duodenal and gastric ulcer patients. The overall mortality from bleeding peptic ulcer disease was 4.7%. Six patients died from torrential UGI haemorrhage soon after presentation, without the establishment of a cause. Active resuscitative protocols, early endoscopy, more aggressive interventional therapy, early surgery by more senior surgeons, increasing intensive care unit beds and more active participation of multidisciplinary teams in co-ordinating management are among remedial measures advocated. Broader educational preventive strategies should target the causes of UGI bleeding.     

肝硬化合并Dieulafoy病所致上消化道出血的诊断和治疗

[目的]探讨肝硬化患者因Dieulafoy病所致上消化道出血的诊断要点及治疗。[方法]收集本院自1998年1月-2006年12月发现的肝硬化合并Dieulafoy病患者16例,分析其诊治特点。[结果]16例患者最初均诊断为肝硬化所致的食道或胃底静脉曲张破裂出血、门脉高压性胃粘膜病变出血、溃疡病出血,但由于治疗效果不好,反复经内镜、血管造影检查,最终确诊为Dieulafoy病,后经内镜下止血或血管介入栓塞治疗好转。[结论]由于Dieulafoy病的诊断困难,当合并肝硬化时更容易误诊或漏诊,故提高对此病的认识可提高其生存率。     

内镜下食道静脉曲张破裂出血连续套扎治疗临床疗效观察

目的：探讨采用内镜下连续套扎治疗肝硬化食道静脉曲张的临床疗效。方法：对43例肝硬化食道静脉曲张破裂出血的住院患者采用内镜下套扎治疗,并观察其疗效、并发症和近期再出血率。结果：食道静脉曲张破裂出血患者的急诊止血率为100％,并发症2．3％,早期再出血4．7％。结论：内镜下套扎治疗是食道静脉曲张破裂出血止血的一种有效方法。     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血内镜下三种治疗方法的临床研究

目的观察食管静脉曲张破裂出血内镜下不同治疗方法的疗效及安全性。方法 98例肝硬化并食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者,随机分为EVS治疗组（n=29）、EVL治疗组（n=39）及二者联合治疗组（n=30）。通过观察食管曲张静脉消失率、EV复发率及再出血率等指标,比较三者的疗效及安全性。结果 EVS、EVL组和联合治疗组的EV消失率分别为86.2%、87.1%和90%;EV复发率分别为37.9%、35.9%和16.7%;随访3年再出血率为44.8%、35.9%和22.2%（P〈0.05）。结论 EVS、EVL均为治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的有效方法,但二者联合治疗效果优于单独套扎术和硬化治疗。     

食管胃静脉曲张出血的治疗进展

食管胃静脉曲张出血(EGVB)是肝硬化患者常见的并发症,病情凶险,出血量大,病死率高。其治疗目标是预防EGVB首次出血、控制活动性出血和预防再出血,以降低病死率。治疗方法包括药物治疗、内镜下静脉曲张套扎、硬化治疗、组织粘合剂注射治疗、介入治疗、联合治疗以及外科手术治疗。根据内镜下的不同情况以及肝功能的分级等采取不同的治疗方法。现就EGVB治疗方法的一些新进展予以综述。     

An update on pediatric endoscopy

Advances in endoscopy and anesthesia have enabled gastrointestinal endoscopy for children since 1960. Over the past decades, the number of endoscopies has increased rapidly. As specialized teams of pediatric gastroenterologists, pediatric intensive care physicians and pediatric endoscopy nurses are available in many medical centers, safe and effective procedures have been established. Therefore, diagnostic endoscopies in children are routine clinical procedures. The most frequently performed endoscopies are esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), colonoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). Therapeutic interventions include variceal bleeding ligation, foreign body retrieval and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. New advances in pediatric endoscopy have led to more sensitive diagnostics of common pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and celiac disease; likewise, new diseases, such as eosinophilic esophagitis, have been brought to light.Upcoming modalities, such as capsule endoscopy, double balloon enteroscopy and narrow band imaging, are being established and may contribute to diagnostics in pediatric gastroenterology in the future.     

食管静脉曲张内镜治疗对门脉高压性胃病的影响

目的　探讨食管曲张静脉内镜下治疗和门脉高压性胃病 (PHG)的关系。方法　对 47例食管曲张静脉采用内镜下治疗。其中内镜下食管曲张静脉套扎术 (EVL) 2 2例 ,内镜下硬化剂注射术 (EIS) 2 5例。所有患者在治疗前和食管静脉曲张消除后均行胃镜和多普勒超声检查。观察胃镜下PHG的胃粘膜变化和多普勒超声测量的门静脉宽度。结果　食管曲张静脉内镜下治疗后PHG的发生率为 19%,EVL组为 3 1.82 %,EIS组为 8%。内镜治疗前后门脉宽度变化 :EVL组治疗前为 15 .82± 4.76mm ,治疗后为 17.13± 4.95mm (P <0 .0 5 ) ;EIS组治疗前为 15 .3 3± 4.83mm ,治疗后为 15 .86± 4.62mm。结论　食管曲张静脉内镜治疗可能是PHG发生和加重的原因之一 ;EVL较EIV治疗更易诱发PHG。因此对已有PHG的食管静脉曲张患者内镜治疗时宜选择EIS。     

食管静脉曲张套扎56例临床疗效分析

目的：探讨行内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术的临床疗效。方法对56例食管静脉曲张出破裂出血行胃镜下曲张静脉套扎术患者的临床资料进行分析总结。结果56例共接受109次内镜套扎治疗,其中生存期超过3个月的52例患者中,平均套扎次数1．95次（其中1例患者套扎达10次）。按照肝功能Child-Pugh分级再出血率为A级10％,B级19．2％,C级35％．患者术前术后肝功能无明显变化。结论肝功能分级是术后再出血的重要影响因素,套扎手术不会对肝脏造成急性肝损伤,内镜套扎治疗是一种安全有效的治疗方式,可有效根除或减轻食管静脉曲张,改善患者生存质量,延长患者的生存期。     

478例食管胃静脉曲张出血急诊内镜治疗

目的回顾分析急诊内镜治疗肝硬化合并食管胃静脉曲张出血疗效。方法 478例次肝硬化合并食管胃静脉曲张出血,采取内镜下套扎、硬化和组织粘合剂栓塞治疗466例次。结果 413例次止血成功（88.6%）,硬化、套扎、组织粘合剂注射的止血率分别为87.8%、89.8%和90.8%。死亡23例,病死率4.9%。结论针对不同出血情况采取不同的内镜下治疗可达到较好的治疗效果。