成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程的构建

目的 探讨适合我国成人重症患者深静脉血栓快速筛查的流程,为血栓预防护理提供参考。方法 应用循证护理方法,针对成人重症患者深静脉血栓筛查流程提出问题,进行系统检索、证据提取等,形成成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体筛查的证据;通过2轮焦点小组访谈确定成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程。结果 形成的成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程包括风险评估、超声筛查、深静脉血栓预防、管理与质控4个步骤。结论 本研究构建的成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程,可用于成人重症患者深静脉血栓风险筛查。     

成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程的构建

目的 探讨适合我国成人重症患者深静脉血栓快速筛查的流程，为血栓预防护理提供参考。方法 应用循证护理方法，针对成人重症患者深静脉血栓筛查流程提出问题，进行系统检索、证据提取 等，形成成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体筛查的证据；通过2轮焦点小组访谈确定成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程。结果 形成的成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程包括风险评估、超声筛查、深静脉血栓预防、管理与质控4个步骤。结论 本研究构建的成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程，可用于成人重症患者深静脉血栓风险筛查。     

Endoscopic necrosectomy of organized pancreatic necrosis: a currently practiced NOTES procedure

Background  Endoscopic necrosectomy is now an established minimally invasive method for treatment of organized pancreatic necrosis. Methods  Review of methods and results of endoscopic treatment of pancreatic necrosis. Results  Reports by multiple groups have demonstrated favorable results of endoscopic necrosectomy. The mortality of critically ill patients undergoing endoscopic treatment in several series is approximately 10%. Some patients will eventually also require surgery for situations such as complete pancreatic duct disruption, but even in these cases endoscopic necrosectomy is useful because pancreatic surgery can often be delayed until the patient is stable. Conclusions  Endoscopic necrosectomy will likely assume an increasing role in the treatment of pancreatic necrosis. This should result in reduced morbidity and mortality in these critically ill patients.     

���������Σ�ز��˵�Ӫ��֧����Ч

??How to maximize efficacy of nutrition support in the adult critically ill patients WU Guo-hao. Department of Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032??China
Abstract Critically ill patients are hypermetabolic and have increased nutrient requirements. Nutritional support is now considered as a standard of care for the critically ill patients. However, many questions about the appropriate substrate, timing, route and amount of nutritional support in critically ill patients remain understudied. Enteral nutrition is favored over parenteral nutrition when the gastrointestinal tract is functional. Early enteral nutrition is recommended for critically ill patients. Parenteral nutrition is indicated for patients who cannot tolerate enteral feedings. Supplemental parenteral nutrition combined with enteral nutrition can be considered to cover the energy and protein targets when enteral nutrition alone fails to achieve the caloric goal. Clinical studies have demonstrated that new formulae enriched with specific nutrients improves the outcomes of critically ill surgical patients.     

Oxygen transport

The maintenance of adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues is essential in the care of critically ill patients, however, there is debate over what that level of oxygen delivery should been or how best to assess the adequacy of tissue oxygenation. Survival amongst critically ill patients is closely related to the ability to maintain a high cardiac output, oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption. This fact led to the hypothesis that increasing oxygen delivery could decrease oxygen debt and reduce mortality. Clinical trials have been designed to investigate whether intervention to increase oxygen delivery leads to a reduction in mortality in high-risk surgical, trauma and critically ill patients. These trials have shown mixed results, though there is a consensus view that aggressive attempts to increase oxygen delivery in all critically ill patients is not justified.It has been hypothesized that organ failure in critically ill patients may be due to a failure of oxygen utilization rather than oxygen delivery. There is a considerable amount of research demonstrating that mitochondrial dysfunction may arise in sepsis, through a variety of mechanisms, resulting in impaired oxygen consumption. Recent work has suggested that oxygen utilization and metabolic efficiency may be influenced by genetic factors. (c) 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd     

如何提高外科危重病人的营养支持疗效

外科危重病人高分解代谢、营养物质需求增加,营养支持是危重病人治疗的重要措施之一。合理、有效的营养支持包括提供合适的营养底物,选择正确的喂养途径和时机。早期肠内营养、改善肠内营养的安全性和耐受性、联合应用肠外肠内营养以满足机体对热量的需求、有效控制高血糖以及提供一些药理营养素均可降低应激状况下机体的分解代谢反应,改善机体重要脏器和免疫功能,降低并发症发生率,缩短入住ICU和住院时间,提高危重病人救治成功率。     

New-onset,postoperative tachyarrhythmias in critically ill surgical patients

Tachyarrhythmias in critically ill surgical patients can have varying effects, from minimal consequence to lifetime sequelae. Atrial fibrillation can be common in the post-operative period, often a result of fluctuations in volume status and electrolyte derangements. While there is extensive literature regarding the critically ill medical or cardiac patient, there is less focusing on the critically ill surgical or trauma patient. More specifically, there is minimal regarding tachyarrhythmias in burn patients. The latter population tends to have frequent and wide variations in volume status given initial resuscitation and after major excisions, concomitant with acute blood loss anemia, which can contribute to cardiac disturbances. A literature review was conducted to investigate the incidence and consequences of tachyarrhythmias in critically ill surgical and trauma patients, with a focus on the burn population. While some similarities and conclusions can be drawn between these surgical populations, further inquiry into the unique burn patient is necessary.     

Bedside diagnostic laparoscopy in the intensive care unit: a 13-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Frequently, critically ill patients suffer from intraabdominal pathology, such as sepsis or ischemia, either as a cause of a critical illness or as a complication from another illness requiring an intensive care unit (ICU) admission. These complications are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality (between 50% to 100%). The diagnosis of these problems can be difficult in these very ill patients because it may require transport of unstable patients to additional departments outside the ICU setting. One option in the diagnosis of these difficult patients is bedside laparoscopy, as it avoids patient transport, is very accurate, and maintains ICU monitoring. METHODS: From 1991 to 2003, 13 patients underwent bedside diagnostic laparoscopy in the ICU to diagnose intraabdominal pathology in critically ill patients. All the procedures were done at the bedside in the ICU with the patient under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. RESULTS: Mean procedure time was 36 minutes (range, 17 to 55). Mean patient age was 75.5 years (range, 56 to 86). There were 8 males and 5 females. Forty-six percent of the patients were diagnosed with mesenteric necrosis and died within 48 hours with no further testing or procedures. One patient with massive fecal contamination died the same day. Thirty percent of patients had a normal intraabdominal examination; of these, 2 died of unrelated illnesses and 2 survived their nonabdominal illness. Fifteen percent were diagnosed with acute acalculous cholecystitis as a complication of their ICU illness, which resolved satisfactorily. No intraoperative complications occurred with the ICU procedure. CONCLUSION: Bedside diagnostic laparoscopy in the ICU is feasible, safe, and accurate in the assessment of possible intraabdominal problems in properly selected, critically ill patients.     

外科重症患者早期肠内营养误吸状况及影响因素研究

目的探讨重症患者早期肠内营养误吸发生现况及影响因素,为临床护理干预提供参考。方法采用便利抽样法,选取实施早期肠内营养的外科重症患者,动态监测并记录患者从实施肠内营养开始7 d内误吸情况,采用Logistic回归分析误吸发生的影响因素。结果共纳入126例患者,发生误吸30例(23.81%)。误吸组第7天目标热量达标率显著低于无误吸组,住院时间、住院费用显著高于无误吸组(均P<0.01)。APACHEⅡ评分、意识状况、营养风险、鼻饲管置入长度是外科重症患者误吸的危险因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论重症患者早期肠内营养误吸发生率较高,与患者意识、营养状态、疾病程度和鼻饲管置入长度相关。应针对误吸危险因素采取针对性措施防范重症患者肠内营养误吸。     

Anemia and red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill

Critically ill patients are anemic early in their intensive care unit (ICU) course. As a consequence of this anemia they receive a large number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. There is little evidence that "routine" transfusion of stored allogeneic RBCs is beneficial to critically ill patients and may in fact be associated with worse clinical outcomes. It is clear that most critically ill patients can tolerate hemoglobin levels as low as 7 g/dl and therefore a more conservative approach to RBC transfusion is warranted. Strategies to minimize loss of blood and increase the production of RBCs are also important in the management of all critically ill patients.     

Transthoracic echocardiography is not cost-effective in critically ill surgical patients

BACKGROUND: Echocardiography has been shown to be valuable in critically ill surgical patients. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) often fails to provide adequate imaging in critically ill patients, necessitating subsequent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The objective of this study was to determine and quantify factors associated with failure of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in critically ill surgical patients, and to define a cost-effective strategy for echocardiography in these patients. METHODS: Demographic and clinical data were collected retrospectively and evaluated to determine which factors were associated with failure of TTE to provide adequate imaging. In addition, models were developed to estimate costs for echocardiography in critically ill surgical patients. RESULTS: TTE has a high failure rate in critically ill surgical patients. This failure rate increases significantly in patients who gain > 10% body weight from admission weight, who are supported with > or = 15 cm H(2)O positive end-expiratory pressure, and in those with chest tubes. As a result, the use of TTE in critically ill surgical patients is not cost-effective. TEE, however, is highly effective in this group of patients, and is more cost-effective than TTE in evaluating those critically ill surgical patients requiring echocardiography. CONCLUSION: The routine use of TTE to initially evaluate all critically ill surgical patients who require echocardiography should be abandoned because it is not cost-effective. TEE appears to be the most cost-effective echocardiographic modality in the surgical intensive care unit.     

Combining sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score with acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score to predict hospital mortality of critically ill patients

The ability to accurately adjust for the severity of illness in outcome studies of critically ill patients is essential. Previous studies have showed that Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score can predict hospital mortality of critically ill patients. The effects of combining these two scores to predict hospital mortality of critically ill patients has not been evaluated. This cohort study evaluated the performance of combining the APACHE II score with SOFA score in predicting hospital mortality of critically ill patients. A total of 1311 consecutive adult patients admitted to a tertiary 22-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU) in Western Australia were considered. The APACHE II, Admission SOFA, Delta SOFA and maximum SOFA score were all related to hospital survival in the univariate analyses. Combining Max SOFA (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.875 vs. 0.858, P = 0.014; Nagelkerke R2: 0.411 vs. 0.371; Brier Score: 0.086 vs. 0.090) or Delta SOFA score (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.874 vs. 0.858, P = 0.003; Nagelkerke R2: 0.412 vs. 0.371; Brier Score: 0.086 vs. 0.090) with the APACHE II score improved the discrimination and overall performance of the predictions when compared with using the APACHE II score alone, especially in the emergency ICU admissions. Combining Max SOFA or Delta SOFA score with the APACHE II score may improve the accuracy of risk adjustment in outcome studies of critically ill patients.     

重危患者护理质量跟踪评估表的应用效果评价

目的建立一个系统、动态、有效的重危患者护理质量跟踪评估体系,以提高重危患者的护理质量。方法在实施急危重症患者抢救工作规章制度和重危患者护理质量控制流程的基础上,利用电子信息系统提供的全院重危患者信息选择跟踪评估对象,由护理质控专家及夜查房护士长根据自行设计的重危患者护理质量跟踪评估表对重危患者护理质量进行评估。结果重危患者护理质量跟踪评估表应用后重危护理质控检查评分显著高于应用前(P<0.01),患者对护理服务的满意度有所提升,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论重危患者护理质量控制体系的完善、实施,对重危患者的护理工作起到了良好的监管、指导作用,可提高重危患者护理质量,确保护理安全。     

Impaired monocyte cytokine production in critically ill patients with acute renal failure

BACKGROUND: Plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are predictive of mortality in patients with acute renal failure (ARF). Anti-inflammatory strategies are postulated to be beneficial in treatment. However, there are few studies simultaneously examining monocyte cytokine production and plasma cytokine levels in patients with ARF. METHODS: Study populations consisted of 20 critically ill patients with ARF, 19 critically ill patients without ARF (CRIT ILL), 28 healthy subjects (HS), 19 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 15 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Monocyte intracellular content of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was determined by flow cytometry in whole blood. Plasma interleukin 6 and TNF-alpha concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: At baseline, there were no differences in intracellular monocyte cytokine levels between groups. After lipopolysaccaride stimulation, monocyte production of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 in ARF patients was reduced by 41%, 84%, and 45%, respectively, compared to healthy subjects (P < 0.01 in each case), and similarly reduced compared to CKD and ESRD patients, and were similar to CRIT ILL patients. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly higher in ARF patients than healthy subjects, CKD, and ESRD patients (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Critically ill patients with acute renal failure have impaired monocyte cytokine production and elevated plasma cytokine levels in a pattern that closely resembles critically ill patients without ARF, and that is dissimilar to CKD and ESRD patients.     

Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent candidal infections in critically ill surgical patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prophylactic use of enteral fluconazole to prevent invasive candidal infections in critically ill surgical patients. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Invasive fungal infections are increasingly common in the critically ill, especially in surgical patients. Although fungal prophylaxis has been proven effective in certain high-risk patients such as bone marrow transplant patients, few studies have focused on surgical patients and prevention of fungal infection. METHODS: The authors conducted a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in a single-center, tertiary care surgical intensive care unit (ICU). A total of 260 critically ill surgical patients with a length of ICU stay of at least 3 days were randomly assigned to receive either enteral fluconazole 400 mg or placebo per day during their stay in the surgical ICU at Johns Hopkins Hospital. RESULTS: The primary end point was the time to occurrence of fungal infection during the surgical ICU stay, with planned secondary analysis of patients "on-therapy" and alternate definitions of fungal infections. In a time-to-event analysis, the risk of candidal infection in patients receiving fluconazole was significantly less than the risk in patients receiving placebo. After adjusting for potentially confounding effects of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III score, days to first dose, and fungal colonization at enrollment, the risk of fungal infection was reduced by 55% in the fluconazole group. No difference in death rate was observed between patients receiving fluconazole and those receiving placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral fluconazole safely and effectively decreased the incidence of fungal infections in high-risk, critically ill surgical patients.     

Die Intensivgallenblase als Schockorgan

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) represents a severe disease in critically ill patients. The pathogenesis of acute necroinflammatory gallbladder disease is multifactorial and intensive care unit (ICU) patients show multiple risk factors. In addition AAC is difficult to diagnose because of the vague physical and non-specific technical findings. Only the combination of clinical and technical findings including the challenging physical examination of critically ill patients, laboratory results and ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan, will lead to the diagnosis. The condition of AAC has a rapid progress to gallbladder necrosis, gangrene and perforation and these complications are reflected in the high morbidity and mortality rates, therefore, therapy should be promptly initiated. If there are no clinical contraindications for an operative approach cholecystectomy is the definitive treatment and both open and laparoscopic procedures have been used. In unstable, critically ill patients percutaneous cholecystostomy should be immediately performed. In addition, transpapillary endoscopic drainage is also possible if there are contraindications for percutaneous cholecystostomy. Patients who fail to improve or deteriorate following interventional drainage should be reconsidered for cholecystectomy. Due to the fact that more than 90? % of patients treated with percutaneous cholecystostomy showed no recurrence of symptoms during a period of more than 1 year, it is still unclear if percutaneous cholecystostomy is the definitive treatment of AAC for unstable patients or if delayed cholecystectomy is still necessary.     

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: past,present and future

In the past, our approach to multiple organ failure in the injured or critically ill surgical patient was driven by attempts to simplify a complex process. Early studies focused on uncontrolled invasive infection (sepsis) as the driving force of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). However, some patients with adequately controlled infection and those without sepsis nevertheless develop MODS and signs of systemic inflammation. This discrepancy led to investigations of systemic activation of inflammation by a wider variety of biological modulators than just infection. Despite the apparent involvement of biological modulators such as endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-1 receptor in MODS, agents that neutralize these modulators have failed to thwart the progression of sepsis, septic shock, and organ failure. A new paradigm suggests that, in the critically ill patient at risk for organ failure, an integrated process propagates an excessive systemic inflammatory response and/or an inadequate compensatory anti-inflammatory response. Future studies should examine the balance between these two processes at the level of the individual patient with organ failure. Careful stratification of individual patient responses to inflammatory stressors may be an essential step for creating better strategies for therapeutic interventions that can restore balance between the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes in the critically ill patient and possibly prevent organ failure.     

Hyperglycemia in the intensive care unit: no longer just a marker of illness severity

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is a common occurrence in critically ill patients. Recent evidence has demonstrated improved survival in patients in surgical intensive care units (SICUs) receiving "tight glycemic control." The mechanisms of this survival advantage are not well understood. METHODS: A review of the English language literature pertaining to potential mechanisms affecting outcome in critically ill patients receiving insulin therapy, including recently published human trials evaluating mortality outcomes. RESULTS: This review discusses the results of clinical trials of "tight glycemic control," considers mechanisms of hyperglycemia in critical illness, and reviews potential mechanisms of improved outcome related in the critically ill patient. CONCLUSIONS: A number of human studies have demonstrated improved outcomes in critically ill patient populations receiving insulin therapy with a target of euglycemia, suggesting at least part of the benefit of this therapy is normal blood sugar and not the effects of insulin. An important population not studied to date is patients in the medical ICU. However, aggressive control of hyperglycemia now remains an important component of care for all surgical patients in the ICU.     

急诊科院际危重症转运专职护士岗位设立及实践

目的探讨急诊科设立院际危重症转运专职护士岗位的可行性及效果。方法选拔并规范化培训35名转运专职护士,制定转运制度和流程,明确工作内容及岗位职责,实施1年后共转运4 503例危重症患者;以设立转运专职护士岗位前转运的2 378例患者为对照,比较专职岗位设置前后院际危重症患者转运不良事件发生率。结果专职岗位设置后院际转运不良事件发生率显著低于设置前(P0.05,P0.01)。结论危重症转运专职护士岗位的设立可降低转运不良事件发生率,保障危重症患者转运安全。     

New strategies to improve outcomes in the surgical intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: Over the last half-decade, substantial breakthroughs have taken place in terms of routine therapy of critically ill patients. The combination of these strategies has the potential to result in improvement in the overall outcomes for patients in intensive care units. METHODS: A focused review was undertaken of trials of interventions in critically ill patients with outcome endpoints. RESULTS: This review discusses recent results related to transfusion avoidance, new drug therapy of sepsis, low tidal volume ventilation, tight glycemic control, early goal-directed resuscitation in sepsis, and the contribution of intensivists to improved outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate incorporation of these strategies into everyday practice will likely result in improvements in the care of critically ill surgical patients.