氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于腹部手术术后镇痛

目的:研究氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于腹部手术术后静脉自控镇痛的效果和不良反应。方法:将择期腹部手术患者196例,ASAI-II级随机分为两组:芬太尼20μg/kg+昂丹司琼8mg(对照组);氟比洛芬酯50mg+芬太尼10μg/kg+昂丹司琼8mg(观察组)。每组98例,术毕接PCA泵静脉自控镇痛,分别于术后6h、12h、24h、48h观察记录生命体征(BP、HR、SaO2、RR)、镇痛评分(VAS)、镇静评分(Ramsay评分)、PCA按压次数及不良反应(恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、呼吸抑制等)。结果:氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼组VAS评分、Ramsay评分、PCA按压次数均低于芬太尼组(P<0.05),过度镇静和恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率均明显低于单用芬太尼组(P<0.05)。结论:氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼静脉自控镇痛,可减少芬太尼的用量和不良反应,镇痛效果确切,提高镇痛质量。     

氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼在女性患者术后镇痛的应用

目的观察女性患者全麻术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)中使用氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼与单纯使用芬太尼的镇痛效果和不良反应。方法选择60例择期手术女性患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,全麻手术后行PCIA,随机分为2组。A组:术后PCIA给予芬太尼1.0 mg+雷莫斯琼0.6 mg稀释成100 mL;B组:术后PCIA给予芬太尼0.5 mg+氟比洛芬酯100 mg+雷莫斯琼0.6 mg稀释成100 mL。比较两组患者术后2、4、24、48 h的镇痛效果(VAS评分)、Ramsay镇静评分及不良反应。结果两组患者镇痛期间各时间点的镇痛效果和镇静评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组患者药物不良反应发生率明显低于A组(P<0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼用于全麻术后女性患者静脉自控镇痛效果与单纯使用芬太尼镇痛效果相似,但恶心、呕吐不良反应的发生率明显降低。     

氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于子宫切除术后静脉自控镇痛的临床观察

目的：观察氟比洛芬酯用于子宫切除术后静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）的效果和安全性。方法：选择ASAⅠ或ASAⅡ级行全子宫切除患者60例,随机均分为A、B和C三组。术毕PCIA为A组：芬太尼1．0mg,格拉司琼6mg;B组为芬太尼0．5mg,氟比洛芬酯100mg、格拉司琼60mg;C组患者在麻醉前静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50mg,术毕PCIA,芬太尼0．5mg,氟比洛芬酯50mg、格拉司琼6mg。镇痛泵药物均用生理盐水稀释至110mL。记录术后4,12,24,36,48h的视觉疼痛模拟评分（VAS）、Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA按压次数及不良反应。结果：术后PCIA按压次数与各时点的VAS三组间差异均无统计学意义。B、C组Ramsay镇静评分及恶心、呕吐发生率低于A组（P〈0．05）。结论：氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于子宫切除术后静脉自控镇痛的效果良好,且能减少芬太尼用量,同时降低不良反应的发生。     

芬太尼和舒芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛效果及不良反应回顾〔1〕

目的:观察比较芬太尼和舒芬太尼联合氟比洛芬酯术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)镇痛效果及不良反应发生率。方法:选择术后自控镇痛患者437例,其中芬太尼组208例,舒芬太尼组229例,手术结束时按"负荷量3 m L+持续剂量2 m L/h+自控镇痛(PCA)0.5 m L"模式给药,PCIA锁定时间为15 min。配方:芬太尼组为芬太尼1 mg,昂丹司琼8 mg,氟比洛芬酯200 mg加生理盐水至100 m L;舒芬太尼组为舒芬太尼100μg,昂丹司琼8 mg,氟比洛芬酯200 mg加生理盐水至100 m L。术后24 h专人随访镇痛效果及不良反应,镇痛效果评分采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS),不良反应主要包括恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、头晕及皮肤瘙痒。结果:两组患者总体镇痛效果差异无统计学意义,不良反应发生率芬太尼组明显高于舒芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:芬太尼和舒芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛效果相似、芬太尼组不良反应发生率高于舒芬太尼组。     

氟比洛芬酯在乳腺癌术后镇痛中的应用

目的探讨氟比洛芬酯在乳腺癌术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中的作用。方法选择行乳腺癌手术患者50例,随机分为A、B两组,A组于手术开始前静脉给予氟比洛芬酯50mg,术后镇痛配方为芬太尼0.6mg+氟比洛芬酯150mg+阿扎司琼10mg/100mL;B组未用氟比洛芬酯,术后镇痛配方为芬太尼1.0mg+阿扎司琼10mg/100mL。PCIA的设置均为:维持量2mL/h,单次负荷量0.5mL,锁定时间15min,观察两组术后6h、12h、24h的镇静、镇痛评分及不良反应。结果两组术后各时点的VAS评分(视觉模拟评分),镇静评分差异无显著意义,A组术后芬太尼用量明显少于B组,A组术后恶心、呕吐、嗜睡等不良反应率低于B组。结论氟比洛芬酯用于乳腺癌术后PCIA镇痛效果好,且明显降低了芬太尼的用量,术后恶心、呕吐、嗜睡等不良反应发生率明显减少。     

氟比洛芬酯或曲马多联合舒芬太尼用于腹部术后镇痛的临床观察

目的观察腹部术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼与曲马多联合舒芬太尼的镇痛效果与不良反应.方法 60例ASAI～Ⅱ级择期行腹部手术的患者,均采用静吸复合麻醉,术后行PCIA镇痛,随机均分为两组.曲马多联合舒芬太尼组(T组)关腹前给予曲马多100mg,术后镇痛给予(舒芬太尼50μg+曲马多500mg+昂丹司琼8mg+0.9%氯化钠)至100mL;氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼组(F组)关腹前给予氟比洛芬酯50mg,术后镇痛给予(舒芬太尼50μg+氟比洛芬酯150mg+昂丹司琼8mg+0.9%氯化钠)至100mL.两组PCIA泵的设置、维持量2mL?h-1、单次负荷剂量0.5mL、锁定时间15min相同.观察两组术后4、12、24、48h的镇痛、镇静评分、不良反应发生率及镇痛结束后统计患者对镇痛治疗的总体满意度.结果 两组术后镇痛及镇静评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),F组药物不良反应发生率低于T组(P＜0.05),镇痛治疗总体满意度两组均为很好.结论 氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼用于开腹术后PCIA的镇痛效果与曲马多联合舒芬太尼相似,但不良反应明显降低.     

氟比洛芬酯及曲马多分别联合芬太尼用于开胸术后镇痛的比较

目的比较开胸术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼与曲马多联合芬太尼的镇痛效果与不良反应。方法选择开胸术后行PCIA患者60例,随机均分为2组。曲芬组关胸前给予曲马多100mg,术后镇痛给予(芬太尼0.5mg 曲马多500mg 昂丹司琼8mg)100ml;氟芬组关胸前给予氟比洛芬酯50mg,术后镇痛给予(芬太尼0.5mg 氟比洛芬酯200mg 昂丹司琼8mg)100ml。2组PCIA泵的设置、维持量2ml/h、单次负荷剂量0.5ml、锁定时间15min相同。观察2组术后24、48h的镇痛、镇静评分和不良反应发生率。结果2组术后镇痛及镇静评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。氟芬组药物不良反应发生率低于曲芬组(P<0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼用于开胸术后PCIA的镇痛效果与曲马多联合芬太尼相似,但不良反应明显降低。     

妇科腔镜手术后氟比洛芬酯静脉镇痛的临床观察

目的观察妇科腔镜手术后患者氟比洛芬酯自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的效果与不良反应。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级妇科腔镜手术后行PCIA患者60例,随机均分为两组。芬太尼组术后PCIA予芬太尼500ug＋昂丹司琼8mg;氟芬组术后PCIA予氟比洛芬酯100mg＋芬太尼250Pg＋昂丹司琼8mg,手术结束前10min静脉予氟比洛芬酯50mg为负荷剂量。两组PCIA均以昂丹司琼作为止吐药,均用生理盐水稀释至100ml。两组PCIA泵的设置相同：维持量2ml／h,单次负荷剂量0．5ml,锁定时间15min。观察两组术后48h的镇痛评分（VAS）、镇静评分（SS）及不良反应发生率。结果两组术后镇痛及镇静评分差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,氟芬组药物不良反应发生率低于芬太尼组。结论氟比洛芬酯用于妇科腔镜手术后PCIA,镇痛效果与单纯芬太尼相似,但不良反应明显减少,提高了镇痛质量。     

地佐辛和氟比洛芬酯联合术后自控静脉镇痛研究

目的 比较地佐辛、芬太尼、氟比洛芬酯联合地佐辛应用于术后患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的有效性和安全性.方法 选择240例行择期手术,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,年龄18～65岁的患者.随机分为3组:地佐辛组(D组)、氟比洛芬酯+地佐辛组(FD组)、芬太尼组(F组)、每组各80例.术后行PCIA,地佐辛组(D组):负荷量地佐辛5 mg,镇痛泵为地佐辛1.0 mg/kg+昂丹司琼8 mg+0.9%氯化钠注射液;氟比洛芬酯+地佐辛组(FD组):负荷量氟比洛芬酯25 mg+地佐辛2.5 mg,镇痛泵为氟比洛芬酯1 mg/kg+地佐辛0.8 mg/kg+昂丹司琼8 mg+0.9%氯化钠注射液;芬太尼组(F组):负荷量芬太尼1 μg /kg,镇痛泵为芬太尼15 μg /kg+昂丹司琼8 mg+0.9%氯化钠注射液;容量均为100 ml.镇痛泵参数设定均为持续输注量2 ml/h,PCA量0.5 ml,锁定时间15 min.采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)和Ramsy镇静评级评估患者48 h内的疼痛程度和镇静情况,同时记录不良反应发生情况,并于术后4、12、24、48 h时采集外周静脉血测定血浆皮质醇浓度.结果 3组患者均获得良好的镇痛效果,各组在同时点的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)无显著差异(P>0.05),各组在同时点的Ramsy镇静评级无显著差异(P>0.05),各组在同时点的血浆皮质醇无显著差异(P>0.05).各组均存在不良反应,但芬太尼组不良反应发生率显著高于其他两组(P<0.05);氟比洛芬酯-地佐辛组的不良反应发生率显著低于其他两组(P<0.05).结论 地佐辛与氟比洛芬酯联合用于术后PCIA能达到满意的镇痛效果,同时可减少不良反应,是一种可行、安全、有效的镇痛方法.     

氟比洛芬酯及曲马多分别用于乳腺癌根治术术后静脉自控镇痛的效果比较

目的观察氟比洛芬酯与曲马多持续静脉镇痛用于乳腺癌根治术术后的镇痛效果并进行比较。方法选取择期行乳腺癌根治术患者50例,随机分为氟比洛芬酯和曲马多两组,每组25例。氟比洛芬酯组镇痛泵内(总量100ml)加入芬太尼7μg/kg、氟比洛芬酯200mg、昂丹司琼8mg,并用生理盐水稀释至100ml。曲马多组镇痛泵内(总量100ml)加入芬太尼7μg/kg、曲马多600mg、昂丹司琼8mg,并用生理盐水稀释至100ml。两组均应用PCIA行术后镇痛(0.5ml/次,2ml/h)。术后两组均行疼痛评分(BCS)及观察不良反应。结果氟比洛芬酯组与曲马多组术后BCS评分差异无统计学意义,但不良反应存在差异,即氟比洛芬酯组明显低于曲马多组。结论乳腺癌根治术术后镇痛应用氟比洛芬酯静脉持续镇痛,效果确切,与曲马多相当;不良反应比曲马多少。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.