心脏再同步化治疗慢性心力衰竭

慢性心力衰竭（CHF）近些年来药物治疗有着突破性的进展，但仍是当今具有较高患病率和死亡率的严重疾患。近年来人们一直在尝试应用心脏起搏的方法来治疗慢性重度心力衰竭患者，取得了可喜的进展，这种起搏方法是心脏再同步化治疗（cardiac resvnchronization therapy，CRT）。CRT是在传统的右心房、右心室双心腔起搏基础上增加左心室起搏，以恢复房室、室间和室内运动的同步性。试验研究证明CRT可以改善心脏不协调运动，增加左室充盈时间，减少室间隔矛盾运动，减少二尖瓣返流，可使慢性重度心力衰竭患者心功能改善，提高生活质量，明显减少慢性重症心力衰竭患者全因死亡率，开创了慢性重症心力衰竭治疗的另一新途径。     

冠状静脉CT成像在心脏再同步化治疗中的研究进展

近年来,心脏再同步化治疗(cardiac resynchronization therapy, CRT)发展迅速。但由于部分患者左心室静脉系统结构变异,左心室电极不能成功植入,或不能置于理想的靶静脉,影响其效果。因此,术前了解冠状静脉解剖结构,选择合适的靶静脉是CRT的关键。冠状静脉CT成像是一种无创的检查方法,临床应用于CRT术前评估逐渐增多。现对其研究进展进行综述。     

希氏束起搏在心脏再同步化治疗中的应用

心脏再同步化治疗通常通过双心室起搏实现,但因解剖因素等导致的左心室电极无法成功植入以及植入后较高的无应答率限制了双心室起搏的应用.希氏束起搏(HBP)不仅符合心脏电生理,还能实现心脏再同步化.HBP不仅在伴左束支传导阻滞的左心室功能受损的心力衰竭治疗中具有良好的疗效,还可替代双心室起搏,使伴有完全性右束支传导阻滞、非特...     

心脏再同步化治疗远期疗效观察

目的:观察7例充血性心力衰竭患者心脏再同步化治疗远期疗效.方法:应用三腔心脏起搏器对有适应症[心脏彩超EF<35%,左室舒张末容积>50mm,二尖瓣有中到大量返流,心电图有完全性左束支或室内阻滞,有反复心功能不全(NYHAⅢ～Ⅳ级)病史]的患者分别将左室电极送入左室侧支,右室、右房电极常规植入,术后观察12个月心脏功能.结果:7例患者临床症状均有明显改善,尤其第一年后EF值、LVEDD,差别有显著性,P<0.05.结论:慢性充血性心力衰竭患者采用CRT治疗比单纯性药物控制效果满意,可明显改善心脏功能.     

提高心脏再同步化治疗效果的研究进展

心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)作为心力衰竭的主要器械治疗手段,其治疗效果因人而异。CRT应答率主要受患者选择、起搏电极植入位置、合适的起搏间期及完善的术后管理等因素的影响。心脏非同步收缩是CRT治疗的理论基础,体表心电图显示具有典型左束支传导阻滞的患者已证实可明显获益。其他如机械非同步、心肌瘢痕、心力衰竭病因等因素均可在一定程度上影响CRT获益。目前尚未发现适用于所有患者的左心室起搏位点,但最迟激动部位起搏的优越性已被充分证实,同时应避免心肌瘢痕起搏。优化起搏间期可提高急性期心脏泵功能,但CRT优化程序简便性及可靠性仍需进一步提高。     

超声心动图在心脏再同步化治疗中的应用

充血性心力衰竭（congestive heart failure,CHF）是各种器质性心脏病的终末阶段,心功能NYHA分级为Ⅲ-Ⅳ的患者预后较差,患者5年存活率仅有25％-38％。除了传统的药物治疗外,近年来,双心室起搏技术作为心力衰竭介入治疗的一种手段,     

心脏再同步化治疗患者术后反应的比较研究

目的回顾分析心脏再同步化治疗（CRT）患者抗心衰药物的治疗变化,指导术后规范用药。方法选取102例CRT治疗患者随访数据,根据术前和末次随访记录的左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）和纽约心功能分级（NYHA）将患者分为有反应组和无反应组;分析两组的血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂／血管紧张素受体拮抗剂（ACEI／ARB）、β受体阻滞剂、利尿剂和地高辛等药物使用变化情况。结果86例患者归入有反应组,16例患者归入无反应组。有反应组术后ACEI／ARB应用剂量明显增加（84比56）,β受体阻滞剂也明显增加（86比60）,利尿剂无明显变化（85比80）,地高辛也无明显变化（82比81）;无反应组术后A—CEI／ARB应用剂量患者明显减少（13比4）,β受体阻滞剂量也明显减少（10比5）,利尿剂无明显变化（16比16）,地高辛也无明显变化（15比16）。ACEI／ARB＋β受体阻滞剂剂量均增加组和单药组比较,NYHA心功能分级改善、LVEDD缩小及LVEF提高更为显著。结论慢性充血性心力衰竭患者CRT术后应及时调整药物治疗方案,CRT治疗能提高抗心衰药物的效果。     

心脏再同步化治疗顽固性心力衰竭的效果分析

目的：探讨应用心脏再同步化(CRT)治疗顽固性心力衰竭患者的临床效果。方法选取36例顽固性心力衰竭患者作为研究对象,分为观察组和对照组(n=18)。对照组采用常规药物治疗方法,观察组在常规药物治疗基础上应用CRT。比较2组患者心功能指标的改善情况、并发症发生率、死亡率、再住院率以及治疗有效率。结果观察组患者各项心功能指标的改善幅度均高于对照组,并发症发生率、死亡率以及再住院率分别为5.56%、0.00%以及5.56%,均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组治疗有效率为94.44%,高于对照组77.78%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论心脏再同步化治疗顽固性心力衰竭患者,可有效缓解患者的心力衰竭症状,应用效果显著,值得推广。     

超声心动图指导心脏再同步化治疗起搏参数优化

心脏再同步化治疗(cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT)是治疗顽固性心力衰竭的有效方法,通过双心室起搏来实现心脏机械同步化,可以提高慢性心力衰竭病人的生活质量降低再住院率和死亡率[1],但仍有20%～30%的心力衰竭病人疗效不佳[2],目前认为起搏参数优化是提高CRT治疗效果的一种方法[3].本研究应用超声心动图指标评价起搏参数优化对左室收缩同步性及心功能的影响,研究超声心动图指导起搏参数优化的临床意义.     

心脏再同步化起搏治疗心力衰竭患者的护理

心力衰竭是各种心脏疾患的终末阶段。研究发现,1／3慢性心力衰竭患者在左心室扩大和心脏收缩力下降时伴有室内传导异常及心脏失同步收缩。在药物治疗基础上,器械治疗尤其是心脏再同步治疗（cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT）以其卓越的疗效已成为心力衰竭的有效治疗手段。     

心脏再同步化治疗中腋静脉径路植入左室导线的临床应用评价

目的:观察慢性心力衰竭患者腋静脉的解剖特征,并探讨心脏再同步化治疗(CRT/CRTD)中经腋静脉途径植入左室导线的可行性和安全性?方法:选择2013年1月—2015年2月行心脏再同步化治疗(CRT或CRTD)患者59例,根据左室导线植入径路分为腋静脉组(n=23)和锁骨下静脉组(n=36),比较两种径路左室导线植入时间?参数及相关并发症;同期选择新植入双腔起搏器(DDD)患者67例,所有患者术前行腋静脉造影,比较慢性心力衰竭和正常心脏结构患者腋静脉内径的差异?结果:所有患者均成功植入CRT/CRTD和DDD装置?心脏再同步化治疗组和双腔起搏器组腋静脉解剖结构相似,两组间腋静脉内径无统计学差异[(10.77 ± 2.19)mm vs (10.11 ± 2.02)mm,P > 0.05];心脏再同步化治疗经腋静脉径路和经锁骨下静脉径路植入左室导线的时间?植入并发症无统计学差异(P > 0.05);右房?右室?左室导线的阈值?感知?阻抗两组间无统计学差异(P > 0.05)?结论:慢性心力衰竭患者腋静脉内径无明显异常,心脏再同步化治疗中经腋静脉径路植入左室导线安全可行?     

Echocardiographic mapping of left ventricular resynchronization during cardiac resynchronization therapy procedures

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy （CRT） is an effective electrical therapy for patients with moderate to severe heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony. This study aimed to investigate the degree of acute left ventricular （LV） resynchronization with biventricular pacing （BVP） at different LV sites and to examine the feasibility of performing transthoracic echocardiography （TTE） to quantify acute LV resynchronization during CRT procedure. Methods Fourteen patients with NYHA Class Ⅲ-Ⅳ heart failure, LV ejection fraction 〈35%, QRS duration 〉120 ms and septal-lateral delay （SLD） 〉60 ms on tissue Doppler imaging （TDI）, underwent CRT implant. TDI was obtained from three apical views during BVP at each accessible LV site and SLD during BVP was derived. Synchronicity gain index （Sg） by SLD was defined as （I＋（SLD at baseline - SLD at BVP）/SLD at baseline）. Results Seventy-two sites were studied. Positive resynchronization （R＋, Sg〉1） was found in 42 （58%） sites. R＋ was more likely in posterior or lateral than anterior LV sites （66% vs. 36%, P 〈0.001）. Concordance of empirical LV lead implantation sites and sites with R＋ was 50% （7/14）. Conclusions The degree of acute LV resynchronizaUon by BVP depends on LV lead location and empirical implantation of LV lead results in only 50% concordance with R＋. Performing l-rE during CRT implantation is feasible to identify LV sites with positive resynchronization.     

Utility of echocardiographic tissue synchronization imaging to redirect left ventricular epicardial lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy （CRT） with biventricular pacing has demonstrated cardiac function improvement for treating congestive heart failure （HF）. It has been documented that the placement of the left ventricular lead at the longest contraction delay segment has the optimal CRT benefit, This study described follow-up to surgical techniques for CRT as a viable alternative for patients with heart failure. Methods Between April 2007 and June 2012, a total of 14 consecutive heart failure patients with New York Heart Association （NYHA） Class Ill-IV underwent left ventricular epicardial lead placements via surgical approach. There were eight males and six females, aged 36 to 79 years （（59.6±9.2） years）. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） was （33.6±7.4）%. All patients were treated with left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony and underwent left ventricular epicardial lead placements via a surgical approach. Tissue Doppler imaging （TDI） and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography were used to assess changes in left heart function and dyssynchronic parameters. Also, echo was used to select the best site for left ventricular epicardial lead placement. Results Left ventricular epicardial leads were successfully implanted in the posterior or lateral epicardial wall without serious complications in all patients. All patients had reduction in NYHA score from Ⅲ-Ⅳ preoperatively to Ⅱ-Ⅲ postoperatively. The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter （LVEDD） decreased from （67.9±12.7） mm to （61.2±7.1） mm （P〈0.05）, and LVEF increased from （33.6±7.4）% to （42.2±8.8）% （P〈0.05）. Left ventricular intraventricular dyssynchrony index decreased from （148.4±31.6） ms to （57.3±23.8） ms （P〈0.05）. Conclusions Minimally invasive surgical placement of the left ventricular epicardial lead is feasible, safe, and efficient. TDI can guide the epicardial lead placement to the ideal tar qet location.     

左心室四极导线在心脏再同步治疗中的临床应用

目的：评估左心室四极导线在心脏再同步治疗中的临床应用。方法选择符合心脏再同步治疗（CRT）适应证患者30例,分为左心室四极导线组和双极导线组。比较两组在临床疗效、同步性、手术时间及并发症等方面的差异。结果两组患者左室导线置入时间、手术时间、X 线曝光时间、左室导线位置均无显著差异。四极导线组可选择的起搏向量远多于双极导线组。术后1个月的超声优化程控显示,四极导线组优化后主动脉射血速度时间积分（AOVTI）和左室同步性均显著改善,同时优于双极导线组优化后（P ＜0．05）。随访至术后6个月,四极导线组的左室射血分数优于双极导线组（P ＜0．05）。结论左心室四极导线与双极导线具有同样的安全性,其血液动力学、同步性和短期临床疗效优于双极导线,并可能有助于减少膈神经刺激避免二次手术等并发症。     

CRT 对扩张型和缺血性心肌病的左室机械重构疗效观察

目的 观察心脏再同步化起搏治疗（CRT）对扩张型和缺血性心肌病的左室机械重构疗效差别。 方法 入选21 例慢性充血性心力衰竭患者,分为扩张型心肌病组（13 例）和缺血型心肌病组（8 例）。所有 患者均符合CRT 指南的I 类适应证。分别观察CRT 术后6、12 个月左室射血分数、左房内径、左室收缩内 径、左室舒张内径、左室收缩末期容积、左室舒张末期容积及二尖瓣反流面积的变化。结果 ①扩张型心肌病 组CRT 术后6 个月,左室射血分数较术前增加,左室舒张和收缩末内径,左室舒张和收缩末容积,二尖瓣反流 面积较术前减少（P <0.05）,术后12 个月,左室射血分数较术前增加,左室舒张和收缩末内径,左室舒张和收 缩末容积,左房内径较术前减小（P <0.05）;②缺血性心肌病组术后12 个月射血分数较术前增加（P <0.05）; ③扩张型心肌病组CRT 术后6 个月二尖瓣反流面积的变化量大于缺血性心肌病组（P <0.05）,射血分数增加 量大于缺血性心肌病（P <0.05）,术后12 个月扩张型心肌病组左室收缩末内径、左室舒张和收缩末容积的变化 量大于缺血性心肌病组（P <0.05）。结论 CRT 对扩张型心肌病患者的心室逆重构效果优于缺血性心肌病患者。     

Echocardiographic mapping of left ventricular resynchronization during cardiac resynchronization therapy procedures

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective electrical therapy for patients with moderate to severe heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony. This study aimed to investigate the degree of acute left ventricular (LV)resynchronization with biventricular pacing (BVP) at different LV sites and to examine the feasibility of performing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to quantify acute LV resynchronization during CRT procedure.Methods Fourteen patients with NYHA Class ⅢⅣ heart failure, LV ejection fraction ≤35%, QRS duration ≥120 ms and septal-lateral delay (SLD) ≥60 ms on tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), underwent CRT implant. TDI was obtained from three apical views during BVP at each accessible LV site and SLD during BVP was derived. Synchronicity gain index (Sg) by SLD was defined as (1+(SLD at baseline - SLD at BVP)/SLD at baseline).Results Seventy-two sites were studied. Positive resynchronization (R+, Sg>1) was found in 42 (58%) sites. R+ was more likely in posterior or lateral than anterior LV sites (66% vs. 36%, P <0.001). Concordance of empirical LV lead implantation sites and sites with R+ was 50% (7/14).Conclusions The degree of acute LV resynchronization by BVP depends on LV lead location and empirical implantation of LV lead results in only 50% concordance with R+. Performing TTE during CRT implantation is feasible to identify LV sites with positive resynchronization.     

Echocardiographic mapping of left ventricular resynchronization during cardiac resynchronization therapy procedures

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective electrical therapy for patients with moderate to severe heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony. This study aimed to investigate the degree of acute left ventricular (LV)resynchronization with biventricular pacing (BVP) at different LV sites and to examine the feasibility of performing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to quantify acute LV resynchronization during CRT procedure.Methods Fourteen patients with NYHA Class ⅢⅣ heart failure, LV ejection fraction ≤35%, QRS duration ≥120 ms and septal-lateral delay (SLD) ≥60 ms on tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), underwent CRT implant. TDI was obtained from three apical views during BVP at each accessible LV site and SLD during BVP was derived. Synchronicity gain index (Sg) by SLD was defined as (1+(SLD at baseline - SLD at BVP)/SLD at baseline).Results Seventy-two sites were studied. Positive resynchronization (R+, Sg>1) was found in 42 (58%) sites. R+ was more likely in posterior or lateral than anterior LV sites (66% vs. 36%, P <0.001). Concordance of empirical LV lead implantation sites and sites with R+ was 50% (7/14).Conclusions The degree of acute LV resynchronization by BVP depends on LV lead location and empirical implantation of LV lead results in only 50% concordance with R+. Performing TTE during CRT implantation is feasible to identify LV sites with positive resynchronization.     

Effect of ventricular leads position on the clinic outcome of cardiac resynchronization therapy

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective treatment for heart failure patients with severely obvious left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and evidence of cardiac dyssynchrony.1-3 With conventional biventricular stimulation,notable left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling,the most reliable predictor of long-term survival in CRT patients,is achieved in only 60％-70％ of the patients.4,5 Lack of LV dyssynchrony,non-optimal position of the LV pacing lead,high-myocardial scar burden,and sub-optimal device programming have been related to non-response to CRT.6-8 Particularly,the optimal placement of LV lead in a tributary of the coronary sinus is one of the most challenging technique of CRT device implantation.This article will discuss the effect of ventricular leads on the clinic outcome after CRT and how to locate the optimal ventricular leads to maximize the haemodynamic benefits of CRT and provide superior longterm outcome.     

Potential proarrhythmic effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy during perioperative period: data from a single cardiac center

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy （CRT） could improve heart function, symptom status, quality of life and reduce hospitalization and mortality in patients with severe heart failure （HF） with optimal medical management. However,the possible adverse effects of CRT are often ignored by clinicians.Method A retrospective analysis of CRT over a 6-year period was made in a single cardiac center.Results Fifty-four patients were treated with CRT（D） device, aged （57±11） years, with left ventricular ejection fraction of （32.1±9.8）%, of which 4 （7%） developed ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation （VT/VF） or junctional tachycardia after operation. Except for one with frequent ventricular premature beat before operation, the others had no previous history of ventricular arrhythmia. Of the 4 patients, 3 had dilated cardiomyopathy and 1 had ischemic cardiomyopathy,and tachycardia occurred within 3 days after operation. Sustained, refractory VT and subsequent VF occurred in one patient, frequent nonsustained VT in two patients and nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia in one patient. VT was managed by amiodarone in two patients, amiodarone together with beta-blocker in one patient, and junctional tachycardia was terminated by overdrive pacing. During over 12-month follow-up, except for one patient＇s death due to refractory heart and respiratory failure in hospital, the others remain alive and arrhythmia-free.Conclusions New-onset VT/VF or junctional tachycardia may occur in a minority of patients with or without prior history of tachycardia after biventricular pacing. Arrhythmia can be managed by conventional therapy, but may require temporary discontinuation of pacing. More observational studies should be performed to determine the potential proarrhythmic effect of CRT.     

左心室内膜起搏对犬失同步化缺血性心力衰竭心电生理的影响

目的 研究失同步化缺血性心力衰竭在左心室内膜起搏下心电生理的变化.方法 应用左束支射频消融术和冠状动脉前降支结扎术建立18只健康犬缺血性心力衰竭模型.使用随机数字表法对18只健康犬进行分组,每组各9只.实验组行左心室内膜心脏再同步化治疗(CRT),对照组行假手术,术后6周检查心电图、超声心动图.结果 实验组左室射血分数明显高于对照组(38.32±6.08 vs.30.62±8.96),失同步化指数显著低于对照组(35.99±5.25 vs.78.21±7.02),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).实验组QRS(60.58±7.43 vs.68.33士8.01)、QTc(347.09±17.33 vs.367.81±22.02)均显著短于对照组(均P＜0.05);且Tp-e(37.03±9.07 vs.45.76±7.11)、ARI(162.33±22.06 vs.187.21±23.87)均明显少于对照组(均P＜0.05).结论 左心室内膜起搏可以产生较好的电生理效应,达到有效的心脏再同步治疗目的.