单叶细辛中一个新的马兜铃酸类化合物

为了研究单叶细辛(Asarum himalaicum)的化学成分,利用溶剂提取、硅胶柱色谱、凝胶(SephadexLH-20)柱色谱和半制备型高效液相色谱(semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)等手段进行分离、纯化,从单叶细辛全草中共分离鉴定了15个化合物。其结构经1H NMR、13C NMR、HR-ESI-MS等谱学方法分别鉴定为4-去甲氧基马兜铃酸BII(4-demethoxyaristolochic acid BII,1)、马兜铃酸I(aristolochicacid I,2)、马兜铃酸Ia(aristolochic acid Ia,3)、7-羟基马兜铃酸I(7-hydroxyaristolochic acid I,4)、马兜铃酸IV(aristolochic acid IV,5)、马兜铃次酸II(aristolic acid II,6)、青木香酸(debilic acid,7)、马兜铃内酰胺I(aristololactam I,8)、9-羟基马兜铃内酰胺I(9-hydroxyaristololactam I,9)、7-...     

马兜铃酸相关中药材的探讨

目的：对关木通等相关中药材马兜铃酸的含有情况进行检测、分析。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。色谱条件：Platinum C18色谱柱；流动相：0．05mol/L磷酸二氢钠（含磷酸1ml/L）－腈（60：40）；检测波长：400nm。结果：17种相关中药材仅马兜铃属6种可检测出马兜铃酸类成分。细辛属（Asarum）、木通属（Akebia）、铁线莲属（Clematis）、风龙属（Sinomenium）、千金藤属（Stephania）、川木香属（Vladimiric）及云木香属（Aucklandic）相关植物中均未检出相应成分。结论：初步认为仅限于马兜铃属植物含有马兜铃酸类成分。木通的品种问题应进一步深入研究。     

RP-HPLC法测定14种中药材中马兜铃酸A的含量

目的对14种中药材中的马兜铃酸A进行含量测定。方法采用RP-HPLC法。色谱柱为Kromasil ODS柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-体积分数为1%的冰醋酸溶液(体积比70∶30),检测波长为319 nm,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,柱温为25℃。结果14种中药材中马兜铃酸A的含量分别为:苕叶细辛0.22 mg.g-1,万源山慈菇0.18 mg.g-1,宜宾防己0.72 mg.g-1,川细辛0.58 mg.g-1,寻骨风0.52 mg.g-1,广西山慈菇0.13 mg.g-1,短尾细辛0.15 mg.g-1,淮通0.94 mg.g-1,关木通0.49 mg.g-1,广元防己3.00 mg.g-1;平昌防己、冕宁防己、穆平马兜铃、北细辛地上及地下部分中均未检出马兜铃酸A。结论应用本实验中所建立的方法对多种中药材中的马兜铃酸A进行检测,为相关药材及中成药应用提供了科学依据。     

UPLC-UV测定细辛地上和地下部位中的马兜铃酸A

马兜铃酸因被证实具有肾毒性而引起广泛的重视[1,2],尤其近年来美国FDA有关法令中,已明确提出禁止使用含有马兜铃酸的药物,因此马兜铃科植物的安全性受到质疑.     

辽细辛果实中马兜铃酸A的含量测定

目的比较辽细辛果实中不同部位和不同产地辽细辛果实与种子中马兜铃酸A的含量。方法采用HPLC法对辽细辛果实中不同部位和不同产地辽细辛种子进行马兜铃酸A的含量测定。结果辽细辛果实各部位以及各产地的辽细辛种子中均含有马兜铃酸A,辽细辛果实以种子中的马兜铃酸A含量最高,测定的各产地辽细辛种子以吉林省富江乡和清原县北三家乡产辽细辛种子中马兜铃酸A含量最低。结论辽细辛果实各部位中均含有马兜铃酸A,其中以种子中的含量为最高,不同产地的辽细辛种子中马兜铃酸A的含量不同。     

高效液相色谱法检测北细辛药材不同部位的马兜铃酸

目的检测北细辛药材不同部位的马兜铃酸含量。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,色谱柱为C18柱（150mm×4.6mm,5μm）,磷酸二氢钠-乙腈（60：40）为流动相,检测波长为400nm。结果北细辛药材地上部分、地下部分及全草中均未检出马兜铃酸A。结论该法简便、快速、准确,可用于北细辛药材中马兜铃酸的检测。     

HPLC法测定单叶细辛中马兜铃酸A的含量

目的 HPLC法测定单叶细辛中马兜铃酸A的含量。方法采用Sunfire C18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水-醋酸(60∶36∶4);检测波长316nm。结果线性范围为6.60~39.60μg.mL-1(r=0.9995),平均回收率为95.8%,RSD为0.8%(n=6)。结论该方法简便、准确,可用于单叶细辛中马兜铃酸A的质量控制。     

Studies on morphology and aristolochic acid analogue constituents of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Asarum campaniflorum</Emphasis> and a comparison with two official species of Asari Radix et Rhizoma

Dried whole herbs or roots and rhizomes of Asarum campaniflorum have been sold under the trade name Xixin and used as folk remedies in its producing areas for a long time. In order to avoid the misuse of A. campaniflorum as official species of Xixin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma), a comparative study based on the morphological and phytochemical analysis of the aerial and underground parts was carried out. The usual morphological methods and a microscopic imaging system were used. The results show that A. campaniflorum could be easily distinguished from two official species (Asarum sieboldii and A. heterotropoides var. mandshuricum) by the diameter of thicker roots (1.3–2.7 mm), distinct large parenchymatous cells in phloem of roots, and the size of oil cells in upper leaf epidermises [(40)80–140(174) μm in diameter, where numbers in parentheses are for rare cases], etc. Nine aristolochic acid analogues (AAAs) were identified and estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The aerial and underground parts of A. campaniflorum contained 3–4 AAAs, i.e., aristololactam-II-N-β-d-glucoside (AL-II-Glc), aristololactam I (AL-I), aristololactam II (AL-II), and aristolochic acid I (AA-I), while only AL-I was detected in underground parts of A. sieboldii and no AAAs were detected in underground parts of A. heterotropoides var. mandshuricum. The respective contents (in mg/g) in aerial and underground parts of A. campaniflorum, were as follows: AL-I, 0.06–0.12, 0.05–0.10; AL-II, 0.03–0.04, 0.01–0.03; AA-I, 0.01–0.02, 0.0–0.0. These data suggest A. campaniflorum has a high risk of causing aristolochic acid nephropathy. All these discoveries can contribute to not only the better understanding of this new resource species, but also the safe use of the crude drug Xixin.     

高效液相色谱法测定红金耳环中马兜铃酸A的含量

目的：对红金耳环中马兜铃酸A进行定量分析。方法：采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定马兜铃酸A的含量,色谱柱：Kromasi C18（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相甲醇-水-冰醋酸（65：34：1）,流速1．0ml·min^-1,检测波长310nm,柱温25℃。结果：马兜铃酸A在0．16—0．80μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r为0．9995,平均加样回收率为98．97％,RSD为2．10％。红金耳环中马兜铃酸A的含量为0．0012％。结论：该方法简便,重现性好,可用于测定红金耳环中马兜铃酸A的含量。     

Detection of aristolochic acid in Chinese phytomedicines and dietary supplements used as slimming regimens.

Over the last 10 years, numerous cases of intoxications, leading for the most part to end-stage renal failure, have been reported after consumption of slimming regimens made of Chinese herbal preparations. These intoxications were associated with species of the Aristolochia genus, such as Aristolochia fangchi (Aristolochiaceae), known to contain very nephrotoxic and carcinogenic metabolites named aristolochic acids. Several commercial dietary supplements, teas and phytomedicines used as slimming regimens were analysed for their aristolochic acid I content. A preliminary detection of this toxic compound was made by thin-layer chromatography. The presence of aristolochic acid I in these preparations was confirmed by a HPLC/UV-DAD/MS analysis. A quantitative determination of aristolochic acid I was also achieved in the incriminated preparations using both UV and MS detection. Out of 42 analysed preparations, four were found to contain aristolochic acid I and two were suspected to contain aristolochic acid derivatives. Immediate removal of these products from the Swiss market was called for.     

基于功效和毒性的细辛化学成分研究进展

目的通过梳理相关文献,总结与功效、毒性相关的细辛化学成分研究现状,明确细辛的功效成分与毒性成分,为进一步研究细辛化学成分与功效、毒性间的相互关系提供依据和思路。方法对近30年来国内外发表的相关文献进行分析、整理和归纳。结果细辛主要化学成分为挥发油类、非挥发油类、马兜铃酸类化合物,挥发油类物质中的甲基丁香酚是主要功效物质基础,马兜铃酸Ⅰ是主要毒性物质基础。结论细辛的化学成分研究应注重与细辛的功效和毒性相关联,也应注意产生功效与导致毒性的物质基础的异同,从而分析不同物质基础下作用性质的差异,同时还要结合中医辨证论治与辨病论治的背景,注重在证候背景下功效和毒性反应的物质基础研究。     

Analysis of aristolochic acid in nine sources of Xixin, a traditional Chinese medicine, by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/tandem mass spectrometry

Aristolochic acid I (AA-I), which is a known nephrotoxin, is found in a commonly used Chinese medicine, Xixin, that originates from nine Asarum species (Aristolochiaceae) found in China. A method has been developed using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) tandem mass spectrometry under the positive ion detection mode [LC/(+)APCI/MS/MS] to determine the amount of AA-I in Xixin. The limit of detection of AA-I, estimated by monitoring with LC/MS/MS, was at the low microg/l level. By applying this method to methanol extracts of nine Asarum species, the concentrations of AA-I were found to range from 3.3 ng/mg (Asarum sieboldii) to 3376.9 ng/mg (Asarum crispulatum).     

HPLC法测定辽细辛不同药用部位马兜铃酸IVA的含量

目的建立辽细辛不同药用部位中马兜铃酸IVA的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法。色谱柱为Shiseido C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm5,μm),流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(体积比55∶44∶1),检测波长为252 nm,流速为1.0 mL.min-1。结果马兜铃酸IVA质量浓度在4.720～47.20 mg.L-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6,n=6),辽细辛根、根茎和叶中马兜铃酸IVA的平均回收率分别为99.6%9、9.4%9、8.9%(n=6),RSD均小于2.8%。结论方法简便、快速、准确,可为辽细辛不同部位的质量控制提供参考依据。     

Comparative study of the contents of analogues of aristolochic acid in two kinds of Aristolochiae Fructus by high-performance liquid chromatography

Aristolochiae Fructus (??Madouling??) is derived from the fruits of Aristolochia contorta and A. debilis (Aristolochiaceae). These two species contain potentially nephrotoxic constituents, but are officially used in China. Distinction of constituents and toxicity between these two species remains unclear. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of seven analogues of aristolochic acid (aristolochic acids I, II, IIIa, IVa and VIIa), as well as aristololactams I and II in Aristolochiae Fructus. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C₁₈ column with a gradient mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 1?% acetic acid?C30?mM triethylamine (20:1, v/v) buffer. Analytes were detected with a diode array detector at 250 and 260?nm. The contents of seven constituents in samples (11 batches of A. contorta fruits, 15 batches of A. debilis fruits and 33 commercial samples of Madouling) were determined. The content of aristolochic acid IVa was higher than that of aristolochic acid VIIa in A. contorta fruits, whereas the opposite was true in A. debilis fruits. This feature can be used to distinguish the two species from each other and identify the resource plant of Madouling. Through a morphological method and a newly found principle based on the ratio AA-IVa/AA-VIIa, we found that the 33 commercial samples collected from 12 provinces in China were all derived from the fruits of A. contorta.     

不同产地细辛中有效成分与马兜铃酸Ⅰ含量差异比较

目的：测定不同产地细辛及其不同入药部位中的肾毒性成分和有效成分的含量,优选出肾毒性成分含量低、有效成分含量高的细辛药材品种及产地。方法：HPLC法测定马兜铃酸Ⅰ及细辛脂素的含量;GC法测定甲基丁香酚含量。结果：不同产地细辛中,马兜铃酸Ⅰ含量以陕西宁强（华细辛）地下部分最高,为0.4528mg/g,以吉林通化（北细辛）地上部分最低,为0.0083mg/g;甲基丁香酚含量以吉林合龙（汉城细辛）地下部分含量最高,为1.35%,细辛脂素含量以吉林合龙（汉城细辛）地下部分含量最高,为3.92mg/g。结论：不同产地细辛马兜铃酸Ⅰ、细辛脂素、甲基丁香酚含量差异较大。     

Studies on the metabolism of aristolochic acids I and II

1. After oral administration of aristolochic acid I (AAI) and aristolochic acid II (AAII) to rats, the following metabolites were isolated from the urine and their structures elucidated: aristolactam I, aristolactam Ia, aristolochic acid Ia, aristolic acid I and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-8-hydroxy-1-phenanthrenecarboxylic acid (metabolites of AAI); or aristolactam Ia, aristolactam II and 3,4-methylenedioxy-1-phenanthrenecarboxylic acid (metabolites of AAII). A further metabolite of AAII having a lactam structure has not yet been isolated in pure form.

2. The metabolic pathways have been elucidated by administration of various metabolites.

3. The principal metabolite of AAI in rats was aristolactam Ia; 46% of the dose was excreted in the urine in form of this metabolite and 37% in the faeces. The other substances were minor metabolites. Those metabolites of AAII whose structures have been elucidated were minor metabolites; the largest proportion consisted of aristolactam II, which accounted for 4.6% in the urine and 8.9% in the faeces.

4. The mouse was the only animal which had the same metabolite patterns of AAI and AAII as those found in the rat. Not all the metabolites listed above were found in urine from guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and man.     

Studies on the metabolism of aristolochic acids I and II

1. After oral administration of aristolochic acid I (AAI) and aristolochic acid II (AAII) to rats, the following metabolites were isolated from the urine and their structures elucidated: aristolactam I, aristolactam Ia, aristolochic acid Ia, aristolic acid I and 3,4-methylenedioxy-8-hydroxy-1-phenanthrenecarboxylic acid (metabolites of AAI); or aristolactam Ia, aristolactam II and 3,4-methylenedioxy-1-phenanthrenecarboxylic acid (metabolites of AAII). A further metabolite of AAII having a lactam structure has not yet been isolated in pure form. 2. The metabolic pathways have been elucidated by administration of various metabolites. 3. The principal metabolite of AAI in rats was aristolactam Ia; 46% of the dose was excreted in the urine in form of this metabolite and 37% in the faeces. The other substances were minor metabolites. Those metabolites of AAII whose structures have been elucidated were minor metabolites; the largest proportion consisted of aristolactam II, which accounted for 4.6% in the urine and 8.9% in the faeces. 4. The mouse was the only animal which had the same metabolite patterns of AAI and AAII as those found in the rat. Not all the metabolites listed above were found in urine from guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and man.     

不同产地北细辛的种质特征

目的比较不同产地北细辛的种质特征。方法根据《中华人民共和国国家标准-农作物种子检验规程》和自建的马兜铃酸A检测方法,对8个产地的北细辛种子进行了水分、生活力、千粒质量、发芽率和马兜铃酸A含量的测定,并用SPSS13.0软件对检测结果进行聚类分析。结果各产地的种子总体上粒大饱满,活力较好,但水分都比较高,且都含有马兜铃酸A。结论清原县北三家乡和本溪谢家所产的北细辛种子从总体上来看,水分和马兜铃酸A的含量较低,生活力等其他指标较高,质量相对比较好。     

肾小管上皮细胞特异性转运马兜铃酸机制研究进展

因应用不当或饮食污染摄入马兜铃酸I所引起的、以进展性间质纤维化为特征的急慢性肾炎称为马兜铃酸肾病或巴尔干地方性肾病。马兜铃酸I特异性损伤近端小管,而对肾脏其他组织细胞未表现出明显的直接损伤作用。因此,近曲小管上皮细胞通过有机阴离子蛋白1和3特异性摄入马兜铃酸I,是马兜铃酸I发挥特异性肾毒性作用的关键。近年来对肾小管摄取马兜铃酸I的机制已明确,但参与其在肾小管上皮细胞顶膜侧转运的蛋白鲜有报道。通过综述马兜铃酸I在肾小管的消除机制,以期为预防和治疗马兜铃酸肾病提供新靶点。     

Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of aristolochic acid I – A component of Aristolochiaceae plant extracts used in homeopathy

The medicinal plants Aristolochia clematitis L. as well as Asarum europaeum L., representatives of the plant family Aristolochiaceae and mentioned in the German Homeopathic Pharmacopeia, contain aristolochic acid. We found that the mother tinctures of A. clematitis and A. europaeum inhibited DNA synthesis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. One of the components of the plant extract, aristolochic acid I (AAI), is linked to the development of nephropathy and urothelial cancer in humans. Therefore, we also evaluated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of AAI in HepG2 cells. Cell proliferation was inhibited concentration-dependently by AAI using BrdU-ELISA and colony forming assay. AAI formed DNA adducts (measured by ³²P-postlabeling), induced chromosomal aberrations (micronuclei) and DNA strand breaks. DNA damage induced by AAI led to an arrest of cells in the S-phase which was associated with the increased expression of p53 and p21 proteins. The results are discussed under consideration of former studies.