2000-2010年我国宗教心理学研究现状的文献计量学分析

目的 探讨我国宗教心理学研究现状和存在的问题.方法 以中国期刊网为平台检索宗教心理学的文献,并对其进行文献计量学分析,主要以百分比和频次分析为主.结果 1宗教心理学论文在前6年呈缓慢增长的趋势,后5年波动较大,2008年达到最多;2论文主要是期刊类;③论文发表源较为广泛,但以高校学报为主;④研究力量机构不均衡,主要集中于高校,而在高校又以师范类院校居多;⑤研究地域分布不均衡,主要集中在北京、上海等经济发达区以及四川、新疆等少数民族聚居区;⑥研究类型主要是理论研究,实证研究薄弱;⑦研究方式以独撰为主.结论 目前我国宗教心理学研究还处于初始阶段.     

Training graduate-level pediatric psychology researchers at Case Western Reserve University: meeting the challenges of the new millennium

OBJECTIVE: To describe the challenges in training graduate-level pediatric psychology researchers for successful careers and to discuss solutions. METHODS: We reviewed experiences in training graduate students at Case Western Reserve University to identify key challenges in research training and potential strategies to meet them. RESULTS: We identified the following key challenges: stimulating graduate students' career interest in pediatric psychology research; teaching students about the pragmatic challenges of conducting research in pediatric settings, specialized research design, and data analytic issues; helping students to develop essential research skills; developing opportunities for student research-related collaborations; helping students develop professional identities as researchers; and developing and supporting their research careers beyond graduate school. CONCLUSIONS: Useful strategies for meeting these challenges include involving an interdisciplinary faculty in research training; developing specialized training methods that focus on critical research skills such as writing and data analysis; peer support; and involvement with multiple mentors who are successful researchers. Pediatric psychologists should also develop opportunities for the next generation of researchers by facilitating research job options and leadership opportunities.     

Assessment of positive functioning in clinical psychology: Theoretical and practical issues

Positive psychology has led to an increasing emphasis on the promotion of positive functioning in clinical psychology research and practice, raising issues of how to assess the positive in clinical setting. Three key considerations are presented. First, existing clinical measures may already be assessing positive functioning, if positive and negative functioning exist on a single continuum (such as on bipolar dimensions from happiness to depression, and from anxiety to relaxation). Second, specific measures of positive functioning (e.g., eudemonic well-being) could be used in conjunction with existing clinical scales. Third, completely different measures would be needed depending on whether well-being is defined as emotional or medical functioning, or as humanistically orientated growth (e.g., authenticity). It is important that clinical psychologists introduce positive functioning into their research and practice in order to widen their armoury of therapeutic interventions, but in doing so researchers and practitioners need also to be aware that they are shifting the agenda of clinical psychology. As such, progress in clinical psychology moving toward the adoption of positive functioning requires reflection on epistemological foundations.     

The Narrowing of Theoretical Orientations in Clinical Psychology Doctoral Training

The focus of this article is the increasingly narrow range of therapeutic orientations represented in clinical psychology graduate training programs, particularly within the most research‐oriented programs. Data on the self‐reported therapeutic orientations of faculty at “clinical science” Ph.D. programs, Ph.D. programs at comprehensive universities in clinical and in counseling psychology, Psy.D. programs at comprehensive universities, and Ph.D. or Psy.D. programs at freestanding specialized institutions reveal a strong predominance of faculty with cognitive‐behavioral orientations at the more science‐focused programs, and a narrower range of orientations than in the more practice‐focused programs. We discuss the implications of this trend for the future development of clinical psychology and provide suggestions for addressing the attendant concerns.     

Assessing mental imagery in clinical psychology: A review of imagery measures and a guiding framework

Mental imagery is an under-explored field in clinical psychology research but presents a topic of potential interest and relevance across many clinical disorders, including social phobia, schizophrenia, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is currently a lack of a guiding framework from which clinicians may select the domains or associated measures most likely to be of appropriate use in mental imagery research. We adopt an interdisciplinary approach and present a review of studies across experimental psychology and clinical psychology in order to highlight the key domains and measures most likely to be of relevance. This includes a consideration of methods for experimentally assessing the generation, maintenance, inspection and transformation of mental images; as well as subjective measures of characteristics such as image vividness and clarity. We present a guiding framework in which we propose that cognitive, subjective and clinical aspects of imagery should be explored in future research. The guiding framework aims to assist researchers in the selection of measures for assessing those aspects of mental imagery that are of most relevance to clinical psychology. We propose that a greater understanding of the role of mental imagery in clinical disorders will help drive forward advances in both theory and treatment.     

Heterogeneity in the familial aggregation of fasting serum uric acid level in five North American populations: the Lipid Research Clinics Family Study

This study represents the first formal examination for heterogeneity in the familial aggregation of fasting serum uric acid (UA) levels. Data from 5 clinics (Cincinnati, Stanford, Iowa, Minnesota, and Oklahoma) participating in the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) family study, which included a total of 685 nuclear families (N = 2,146), were analyzed. Heterogeneity among the clinics in familial resemblance was detected. However, this heterogeneity could not be attributed to differences in distributional properties (such as means and variances) or to path model parameters representing latent genetic or cultural (environmental) components associated with UA levels. Intergenerational differences in genetic heritabilities were found, with higher offspring (h2 = 43%) than parent (h2z2 = 16%) estimates, but no generational differences were detected for cultural heritability (c2 = 0.09). Equal maternal and paternal cultural transmission was found, and effects due to extra sibling environments and to marital resemblance were both significant. These results show no clear indication as to the source of the heterogeneity observed for familial resemblance of UA levels in randomly selected data. This question should be further investigated, especially in clinical samples such as dyslipoproteinemic families.     

基于软件OpenSim的人体运动建模理论及其应用领域概述

红外捕捉系统、高速摄像、平面摄影、表面肌电测试等现行实验室测试手段不能显示人体运动时肌肉产生肌力的具体信息以及准确阐释神经-肌肉协调机制。因此,计算机模拟与仿真应运而生。目前,国内用来进行人体动作仿真的软件主要有Life MOD、Any Body、ANSYS等,这些软件有其自身的缺陷,如肌肉控制不够精确、价钱昂贵等。为了更好解决肌肉模拟问题,斯坦福大学团队研发了一款免费软件Open Sim,它是基于C++和JAVA语言开发的一款应用于肌肉模型开发、模拟仿真与分析神经肌肉系统的开放性软件。以计算机建模与数学理论推导为基础,对Open Sim建模理论和步骤进行详细介绍,为国内从事运动生物力学研究学者提供一些理论参考;同时,探讨未来利用Open Sim建模仿真研究的主要方向,例如通过Open Sim的模拟研究可以探求偏瘫步态、帕金森步态等异常步态的神经-肌肉机制,为异常步态康复手段的改进和完善提供依据。     

Conflict-of-interest policies for investigators in clinical trials

BACKGROUND: There is substantial concern that financial conflicts of interest on the part of investigators conducting clinical trials may compromise the well-being of research subjects. METHODS: We analyzed policies governing conflicts of interest at the 10 medical schools in the United States that receive the largest amount of research funding from the National Institutes of Health. These institutions are Baylor College of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Harvard Medical School, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, the University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, the University of Washington School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, and Yale University School of Medicine. RESULTS: All 10 universities required that faculty members disclose financial interests to university officials. Only four required disclosure by all members of the research staff. Five universities required disclosure of all financial interests, even though federal regulations specify a threshold for disclosure. Six universities required disclosure to the institutional review board as well as to a committee on conflicts of interest or a university official. Four universities had stricter requirements for investigators conducting clinical trials than required by federal regulations. One university prohibited investigators from having stock, stock options, consulting agreements, or decision-making positions involving a company that sponsored the research. A second university prohibited researchers from trading stock or stock options in a company that sponsored the research or sold the product or device under study. Two universities ordinarily did not allow faculty members to participate in clinical research if they had what federal regulations refer to as a "significant" financial interest in the company owning the product or device being studied, but exceptions were allowed. CONCLUSIONS: Policies governing conflicts of interest at leading medical schools in the United States vary widely. We suggest that university-based investigators and research staff be prohibited from holding stock, stock options, or decision-making positions in a company that may reasonably appear to be affected by the results of their clinical research. Of the 10 medical schools we studied, only 1 had a policy that was close to this standard.     

An innovational model of elite tuition of students motivated towards scientific research activity

Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy has accumulated almost 20-year positive experience in the work of the faculty training research and educational staff. The functioning of such a faculty perfects the original elite system for training research and educational staff at the undergraduate stage of medical education. Search for and introduction of innovational technologies to the educational process to train a new generation of researchers for biomedical science and universities is constantly carried out. The system favors the providence of medical schools, scientific and practical medical institutions with qualified staff, as well as the integration of Russian education into the European system of medical education.     

A Critical Look at the Relationship Between Impulsivity and Decision-Making in Adolescents: Are They Related or Separate Factors?

This study examined the relations between impulsivity and decision-making as assessed by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). A total of 73 nonclinical adolescents were administered self-report measures for trait impulsivity and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to assess cognitive impulsivity. We found significant correlations between trait impulsivity and WCST performance among adolescents exhibiting poor performance on the IGT, and no such correlations for those adolescents performing well on the IGT. We recommend that researchers should assess performance on the IGT at the individual level in terms of learning.     

Epistemology and Psychotherapy Data: The Unspeakable, Unbearable, Horrible Truth

Recent discussions of the scientist/practitioner schism in clinical psychology have begun to take note of the epistemology of practice. This article focuses on the far-reaching implications of a very specific aspect of psychotherapy practice—the uncovering of concealed clinical phenomena. These phenomena are both ubiquitous and inaccessible to conventional research methods, leaving the profession in an epistemological dilemma. Using the extensive philosophical analysis of the nature of testimony by the Australian philosopher C. A. J. Coady, It is shown that such anecdotal data are not necessarily invalid (as is often asserted) and may be legitimately used in constructing the knowledge base for the profession of clinical psychology. At the same time, this analysis points the way to new forms of research collaboration between researchers and clinicians in psychology.     

Promoting wellness: integrating community and positive psychology

Many psychological researchers and practitioners aim to promote the wellness of individuals and communities. Community psychology has a rich theoretical tradition related to building competencies and promoting adaptive functioning. Many of these theories, however, have limited empirical support. Recently, the field of positive psychology has pushed for research investigating three areas related to optimal psychological functioning: positive emotions, positive character traits, and positive institutions. Although this call for research has advanced the study of individual well‐being, positive psychology researchers have largely ignored positive institutions. This article aims to tie together the themes and theories of community psychology and positive psychology and highlight how a synthesis of the fields can help better promote community wellness. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A scoping review: The utility of participatory research approaches in psychology

Consistent with community psychology's focus on addressing societal problems by accurately and comprehensively capturing individuals’ relationships in broader contexts, participatory research approaches aim to incorporate individuals’ voices and knowledge into understanding, and responding to challenges and opportunities facing them and their communities. Although investigators in psychology have engaged in participatory research, overall, these approaches have been underutilized. The purpose of this review was to examine areas of research focus that have included participatory research methods and, in turn, highlight the strengths and ways that such methods could be better used by researchers. Nearly 750 articles about research with Indigenous Peoples, children/adolescents, forensic populations, people with HIV/AIDS, older adults, and in the area of industrial‐organizational psychology were coded for their use of participatory research principles across all research stages (i.e., research design, participant recruitment and data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and dissemination). Although we found few examples of studies that were fully committed to participatory approaches to research, and notable challenges with applying and reporting on this type of work, many investigators have developed creative ways to engage respectfully and reciprocally with participants. Based on our findings, recommendations and suggestions for researchers are discussed.     

Biomedical informatics training at Stanford in the 21st century

The Stanford Biomedical Informatics training program began with a focus on clinical informatics, and has now evolved into a general program of biomedical informatics training, including clinical informatics, bioinformatics and imaging informatics. The program offers PhD, MS, distance MS, certificate programs, and is now affiliated with an undergraduate major in biomedical computation. Current dynamics include (1) increased activity in informatics within other training programs in biology and the information sciences (2) increased desire among informatics students to gain laboratory experience, (3) increased demand for computational collaboration among biomedical researchers, and (4) interaction with the newly formed Department of Bioengineering at Stanford University. The core focus on research training-the development and application of novel informatics methods for biomedical research-keeps the program centered in the midst of this period of growth and diversification.     

网络成瘾干预研究概述

网络成瘾问题引起了人们的极大关注,其研究已成为当前心理学研究的热点.对网络成瘾者如何进行干预,是国内外研究者迫切需要解决的问题.本文试就网络成瘾干预的相关研究作个简要概述.指出了目前网络成瘾干预研究存在的问题,并就未来的研究趋势进行展望.     

Social function assessment tools for children and adolescents: a systematic review from 1988 to 2010

Advances in neuroscience have added to the understanding of social functioning which has become an increasing area of focus in the psychology and neuropsychology literature. Given importance of appropriate social functioning to everyday interactions, as well as psychological well-being, accurately identifying and documenting such functions constitute a critical undertaking for both researchers and clinicians in psychology and related health professions. This review aimed to identify available social function assessment tools for children and adolescents using a comprehensive search method. Eighty-six measures were identified. Information on the assessment tools including the theoretical model they are based on, age range, sample used in development, and psychometric information are described. Results will aid researchers, psychologists and other health professionals in the selection of an appropriate tool to assess social function.     

The current status of psychology in Korea]

This paper read as the special lecture at the Annual Convention of The Japanese Psychological Association, held at Tokyo Metropolitan University in 1990, and reported on the recent trends of psychology in the Republic of Korea. This report dealt essentially with four topics; 1) the history of Korean psychology which was divided into four periods of creation, reconstruction, development, and current status, after the liberation at the end of the World War II in 1945, 2) the distribution and academic status of 26 universities, with formal department of psychology, 3) general situation of job opportunities for the graduates in psychology of these universities, 4) the composition of Korean Psychological Association (KPA), consisting of nine divisions (social, industrial and organizational, clinical, consultations and psychotherapy, experimental and cognitive, developmental, biological and physiological psychology) with the total of about 400 members. Last, some directions of Korean psychology to the future was suggested.     

Pitfalls and pratfalls in research on an experimental community: Lessons in integrating theory and practice from the Rajneeshpuram research project

A community psychology perspective guided a field study of the social-psychological aspects of the experimental community of Rajneeshpuram, Oregon. This natural experiment illustrates methodological and theoretical challenges to research on the community level. Entry into the community and the building of rapport was a slow and dynamic process, carried out by several methods, such as feedback from respondents, focus groups, and new approaches to the roles of investigators and respondents. Although informants proved to be necessary and valuable, community researchers should be alert to cognitive biases, including the false consensus bias, personal validation, and the self-serving bias, that may lead informants to provide inaccurate information. This project also demonstrates the importance of studying behavior in context and how methodology from psychology may be used to enhance field studies.