Immune system-associated antigens on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

We investigated the immune-associated antigens of peripheral lymphocytes from 13 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 13 age-matched healthy control subjects using two-color analysis with flow cytometry. Four ratios of immune-related antigens, T/B lymphocytes, CD4/CD8, CD4/CD45R and CD4/HLA-DR, were compared for the AD and control groups. The T/B and CD4/CD8 ratios did not differ between the groups, the ratio of CD4+CD45R+ subset in the AD group was lower than the ratio in the control group, and the ratios of CD4+ CD45R- and CD4+HLA-DR+ subsets in the AD group were significantly higher. Further, in the AD group, the CD4+ CD45R+/CD4+ ratio was lower and the CD4+ CD45R- CD4+ ratio was higher than in the control group.     

Effect of high-dose steroid therapy on T-cell subpopulations A longitudinal study in MS patients

Lymphocyte subpopulations, T cell activation antigens, and serum levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL2R), were studied in relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) patients before and after high-dose steroid therapy. Prior to therapy, a minority of patients showed increased HLA-DR antigen expression, and an increased number of CD16 + and CD19+ cells. Steroid treatment induced a significant increase in HLA-DR and CD 19 expression, a significant reduction in CD 16 +, CD57 +, and CD8 + CD57 + cells, and a slight, non-significant, decrease in IL-2 and sIL-2R levels and CD25 expression on CD4 + T lymphocytes.     

Absence of a correlation between T lymphocyte subsets and clinical activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Cytofluorographic analysis of CD3+, Tac+, HLA-DR+ peripheral blood lymphocytes and CD4/CD8 ratio was performed monthly, over a 10-month period, in a group of 16 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). No correlation was found between clinical relapses and fluctuations in the lymphocyte subsets, although patients who were in remission throughout the study showed a number of CD3+ cells and a CD4/CD8 ratio significantly lower than those in normal controls. We concluded that changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets are not related to the disease process and their measurement is not helpful in monitoring the illness.     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗恶性淋巴瘤后大剂量白细胞介素2过继免疫对长期生存的影响

背景：过继免疫治疗是目前肿瘤免疫治疗的热点,白细胞介素2是一种具有多种生物学活性的细胞因子,在机体的抗肿瘤免疫中起到重要作用。 目的：评价比较淋巴瘤自体造血干细胞移植治疗后应用与不应用大剂量白介素2行免疫治疗的临床疗效。 方法：回顾分析30例恶性淋巴瘤患者(治疗组)自体造血干细胞移植后行大剂量白细胞介素2 治疗,与随机挑选30例患者(对照组)自体造血干细胞移植后未行白细胞介素2治疗进行对比,检测两组患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群,观察两组免疫功能的变化,并对所有患者进行随访观察。 结果与结论：自体造血干细胞移植后白细胞介素2治疗组外周血T淋巴细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+水平明显提升。随访结束时统计复发率：治疗组13.3%,对照组26.7%;中位生存期：治疗组14~98 (42±2)个月,对照组8~78 (28±2)个月。提示恶性淋巴瘤自体造血干细胞移植后行大剂量白细胞介素2治疗能提高患者的免疫功能,减少移植后复发率,并有望延长生存期。     

Fenotipos de linfocitos periféricos en las enfermedades de Alzheimer y Parkinson

IntroductionNeuroinflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, in particular Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Alterations in the blood-brain barrier may allow peripheral blood lymphocytes to enter the central nervous system; these may participate in disease pathogenesis.ObjectiveTo evaluate the peripheral blood lymphocyte profiles of patients with AD and PD and their association with the disease and its progression.MethodsThe study included 20 patients with AD, 20 with PD, and a group of healthy individuals. Ten of the patients with AD and 12 of those with PD were evaluated a second time 17 to 27 months after the start of the study. Lymphocyte subpopulations and their activation status were determined by flow cytometry. All patients underwent neurological examinations using internationally validated scales.ResultsCompared to healthy individuals, patients with AD and PD showed significantly higher levels of activated lymphocytes, lymphocytes susceptible to apoptosis, central memory T cells, and regulatory T and B cells. As the diseases progressed, there was a significant decrease in activated cells (CD4+ CD38+ and CD8+ CD38 + in PD and AD, CD4+ CD69+ and CD8+ CD69+ in PD), T cells susceptible to apoptosis, and some regulatory populations (CD19+ CD5+ IL10+ in PD and AD, CD19+ CD5+ IL10+ FoxP3+, CD4+ FoxP3+ CD25+ CD45RO+ in PD). In patients with AD, disease progression was associated with lower percentages of CD4+ CD38+ cells and higher percentages of effector CD4 cells at the beginning of the study. Significant differences were observed between both diseases.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence of changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes associated with AD and PD and their severity. Considering effective blood-brain communication, our results open new avenues of research into immunomodulation therapies to treat these diseases.     

肝移植后受者淋巴细胞亚群表达与免疫平衡

背景：有文献报道,肝移植后受者外周血淋巴细胞的变化较肝脏酶学的改变更为敏感,其特异性有待进一步研究。 目的：分析淋巴细胞亚群中CD3-/HLA-DR+,CD3+/CD25+和CD3+/HLA-DR-与肝移植受者机体免疫状况和并发症的关系。 方法：应用全自动生化分析仪和流式细胞分析仪检测56例肝移植受者移植后肝功能和淋巴细胞亚群,依照肝功能情况划分为肝功能正常组52例和肝功能异常组27例,肝功能异常组中分为急性排斥组7例、药物反应组11例和原因不明组9例。分析各组肝移植受者CD3-/HLA-DR+,CD3+/CD25+和CD3+/HLA-DR 表达水平与其并发症的关系。 结果与结论：肝功能正常组CD3-/HLA-DR+和CD3+/CD25+的表达水平低于肝功能异常组(P=0.011,0.002),CD3+/HLA-DR-的表达高于肝功能异常组(P=0.012)。CD3-/HLA-DR+和CD3+/CD25+在急性排斥组的表达水平明显高于药物反应组(P=0.039,0.048),急性排斥组CD3+/HLA-DR-的表达水平低于药物反应组(P=0.007)。提示CD3-/HLA-DR+,CD3+/CD25+和CD3+/HLA-DR-的表达水平与肝移植后受者机体免疫状况及并发症密切相关,可作为判断肝移植后受者并发症的辅助指标以及进行免疫干预的参考依据。 关键词：肝移植;CD3-/HLA-DR+;CD3+/CD25+;CD3+/HLA-DR-;排斥;药物反应     

Therapeutic effect of lymphocytapheresis on patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM)]

Lymphocytapheresis (LCP) was performed in 7 patients (1 male and 6 females) with HAM to delete lymphocytes from their peripheral blood, resulting in an improvement of motor disability in 6 of 7 patients with HAM. The therapeutic effect appeared within one day after first LCP, and reached maximum in 2 or 3 sessions of LCP. The side effects were only dysesthesia in 5 patients during LCP and mild leukopenia in a patient after LCP. Both of them were mild and transient. The effect of LCP continued for two to five months in 6 patients, the remaining one deteriorated in a month. In the study of T cell subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes by flowcytometry, the CD4/8 ratio and the cell counts of CD4+ DR+, CD8+ DR+ and IL-2R positive cells were gradually decreased by LCP. These results suggest that LCP is one of the effective therapies for HAM and peripheral blood lymphocytes implicate in the pathogenesis of HAM.     

Characterization of cytokine production, screening of lymphocyte subset patterns and in vitro apoptosis in healthy and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) individuals.

In order to investigate the possibility of whether or not the lymphocytes of patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are in an activated state, blood mononuclear cells from 45 AD patients and 45 healthy age matched controls were immunophenotyped by measuring the expression of CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD25, CD28, CD56 and HLA-DR by flow cytometry. Circulating and in-vitro-produced cytokines were also measured by ELISA tests. CD7 and CD8 were significantly decreased in AD patients (48.3% and 18.2%, respectively) when compared to healthy subjects (63.2% and 28.3%, respectively). A significant increase in the CD4, CD25 and CD28 antigen expression was also observed in the AD group (55.3% 24.8% and 65.1%) with respect to healthy subjects (44.5%, 10.3% and 54.3%). In addition there was a significant difference in the extent of apoptosis in lymphocyte culture, as measured by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Fas antigen (CD95) expression on CD4+ T cells in 6 AD patients (MFI = 36% and 43%, by anti-CD3 and hyperthermia mediated-apoptosis, respectively) with respect to 6 healthy individuals (MFI = 24% and 31%, by anti-CD3 and hyperthermia mediated-apoptosis, respectively), as well as in T-cell proliferation assay. A decline of Fas antigen expression on CD8+ subset was observed in the AD group with both stimuli (19% and 28%) comparing to the control group (29% and 39%). No differences were observed on circulating cytokines and spontaneous in vitro production of proinflammatory interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated in vitro production of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 measured by a whole blood culture system was significantly higher in AD patients comparing to controls. Furthermore, the observed differences were more evident at late stages of disease. These findings suggest that immunological tests, based on lymphocyte immunophenotyping combined with pro-inflammatory cytokine determinations and measurement of apoptosis in peripheral blood might represent a useful tool to obtain more insight into the pathogenesis of AD and into the level of immune activation which could characterize the pathological state of lymphocytes from individual AD patients.     

早期肠内营养联合合生元制剂对高血压脑出血患者细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 观察早期肠内营养联合合生元制剂对高血压脑出血患者细胞免疫功能和感染性并发症的影响. 方法 将53例高血压脑出血患者按照随机数字表法分为早期肠内营养组(对照组,26例)和早期肠内营养联合合生元制剂组(研究组,27例),对照组于伤后24～48 h采用肠内营养制剂(瑞素)开始营养支持;研究组则在对照组的基础上联合应用合生元制剂(金双歧,2 g,3次/d)14 d.2组患者在肠内营养营养支持0d、4d、8d和15 d分别检测外周血T淋巴细胞CD3+,T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+和CD4+/CD8+,同时观察2组患者发生感染性并发症的差异. 结果研究组患者在营养支持的第8天,CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+的表达明显比对照组高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在营养支持第15天,研究组CD3+、CD4+的表达仍比对照组明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).研究组术后的感染性并发症的发生率低于对照组[33.33%(9/27)vs46.15%(12/26)],但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 与普通早期肠内营养相比,添加合生元制剂的早期肠内营养有利于促进高血压脑出血患者细胞免疫功能恢复和降低感染性并发症的发生率.     

Pharmacological hyperprolactinemia attenuates hydrocortisone-induced expression of CD11b on human CD8+ cells in vivo

OBJECTIVE: To study the short-term influences of pharmacologic hyperprolactinemia on hydrocortisone (HC)-induced effects on selected immune parameters. METHODS: A single dose of HC (40 mg per os) was administered to eleven healthy female volunteers 1 h after domperidone (10 mg per os) or placebo administration. Immune cell subsets and expression of adhesion molecules was assessed by flow cytometry at baseline and 4 and 6 h after HC administration. Intracellular staining of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production in CD4+ lymphocytes after phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin stimulation was performed at the same time points. RESULTS: HC administration was followed by a significant increase in cortisol levels, numbers of leukocytes and granulocytes and the percentage of CD16+, CD19+, CD11a+, CD11a+CD8+, CD11b+ and CD11b+CD8+ cells. The number of lymphocytes and monocytes and the percentage of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, CD62L+, CD54+ and CD54+CD16+ cells decreased, while the percentage of CD8+ cells was unaffected. Domperidone administration resulted in a significant increase in prolactin (PRL) concentrations. During hyperprolactinemia, the HC-induced increase in CD11b+CD8+ cells was significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated at 4 h. HC-induced changes in other immune parameters remained unaffected. No significant changes in the intracellular production of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in CD4+ lymphocytes were observed after a single dose of HC alone or during hyperprolactinemia. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows an attenuated HC-induced increase in CD11b+CD8+ cells in the peripheral blood of healthy females during hyperprolactinemia. Our in vivo observations suggest that short-term interactions occur between PRL and glucocorticoids, affecting selected immune functions. Further studies are needed for confirmation of these results.     

A prospective study of depression and immune dysregulation in multiple sclerosis.

This study examined psychologic distress and immune function in patients with chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis participating in a placebo-control trial of cyclosporine. Immune measures included percentages and absolute numbers of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, Leu-11-b+, HLA-DR (IA+), and transferrin-receptor-positive cells, which were evaluated by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies. Distress was measured with self-report scales. The Expanded Disability Status Scale assessed neurologic disability. Subjects were followed up for 2 years, and their high-depressed and low-depressed times were compared. Times of greater depression were associated with lower CD8+ cell numbers and CD8+%, and a higher CD4/CD8 ratio. CD4+ cell numbers and percent were also higher when subjects were depressed, but only in the placebo group. There were no differences in Expanded Disability Status Scale when subjects were more depressed. Evaluation of a single subject revealed that Ia+ and transferrin-receptor-positive lymphocytes increased 3 months before distress increased. It was concluded that distress is associated with immune dysregulation in multiple sclerosis, although the mechanisms of this association have yet to be delineated.     

外周血T淋巴细胞与腰椎间盘突出类型及直腿抬高试验的相关性

的：观察腰椎间盘突出症患者外周血T淋巴细胞变化水平,探讨患者外周血T淋巴细胞水平变化与其突出类型、体征的关系。 方法：收集2008-01/10在天津医科大学总医院需外科治疗的49例单阶段腰椎间盘突出症患者外周血,男 26例,女23例。发病部位：L4~5 22例,L5S1 27例。治疗前直腿抬高试验阳性34例,阴性15例。根据术中所见腰椎间盘位置分为破碎疝出组30例和退变突出组19例。以同期健康献血者20名为对照组。采用流式细胞仪检测外周血T淋巴细胞分类。 结果：破碎疝出组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平较对照组高(P < 0.05),CD8+低于对照组(P < 0.05);直腿抬高试验阳性组CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平较阴性组高,阳性组CD8+水平较阴性组低,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。破碎疝出组直腿抬高试验试验阳性率高于退变突出组直腿抬高试验阳性率。 结论：腰椎间盘疝出后出现外周血T淋巴细胞免疫变化,且其不同病理类型也存在差异,T细胞介导免疫反应在患者体征发生、发展中起重要的作用。直腿抬高试验可能有助于证实突出间盘对神经根的损伤及治疗方式的选择。     

脑胶质瘤热休克蛋白抗原肽复合物抑瘤作用的研究

目的提纯大鼠脑胶质瘤C6细胞热休克蛋白抗原肽复合物(HAC),免疫大鼠,观察HAC的抑瘤作用。方法采用免疫亲和层析方法提纯鼠脑胶质瘤C6细胞HAC,免疫20只大鼠为实验组,以另20只大鼠作为对照组,于免疫后一周,采用立体定向脑内接种方法,以C6细胞攻击两组大鼠,于肿瘤细胞攻击后第二周,进行外周静脉血淋巴细胞计数,和血清INF、IL-2、TNF的浓度测定,并于正常对照。观察四周后动物的存活率。进行HE染色,并用免疫组化方法分析脑胶质瘤浸润区T淋巴细胞分布情况。结果实验组大鼠外周血淋巴细胞计数和IFN、IL-2、TNF浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。实验组胶质瘤局部浸润的CD3+和CD4+细胞数均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),CD8+细胞数与对照组比较无显著差异(P>0.05),T淋巴细胞CD4+/CD8+显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论C6细胞中HAC可以诱导大鼠产生对C6细胞的细胞免疫,抑制肿瘤生长,提高接种大鼠存活率。     

Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with tick-borne encephalitis

Introduction – Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocyte subsets were examined by flow cytometry in 33 patients with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in order to determine their values. Patients and methods – Lymphocytes were isolated from CSF and lymphocyte subsets were determined: lymphocytes T (CD3+), lymphocytes B (CD19+), NK cells (CD3-CD56+), helper T cells (CD3+CD4+) and cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+). The expression of IL-2 receptors (CD25+) and transferrin receptors (CD71+) on T cells and HLA-DR molecules on T cell subsets was examined. Furthermore, possible relationships among different TBE patient population variables (gender, age, severity of disease, duration of meningitis) were considered. Results – The analyses of the CSF lymphocyte population subsets are presented. Lymphocytes T (CD3+) were significantly higher in the CSF than in the peripheral blood as was the case with the T cells that expressed transferrin receptors (CD71). Lymphocytes B (CD19+) and NK cells (CD3-CD56+) prevailed in the peripheral blood. In the early course of the disease, a higher expression of HLA-DR molecules on T lymphocytes was observed, while later a higher expression of IL-2 receptors (CD25+) was observed. Discussion – Significant differences in lymphocyte subsets between the CSF and the peripheral blood were found. Significant time-dependent changes of CSF lymphocyte subsets during course of infection were observed. The results of the present study give us deeper insight into CNS cellular immunopathogenic mechanisms in patients with TBE.     

高血压脑出血后T淋巴细胞亚群的动态变化

目的 观察高血压脑出血患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群水平动态变化,探讨高血压脑出血后免疫抑制情况.方法 本研究为前瞻性研究,根据入院时GCS评分纳入轻型(GCS 12～15分)、中型(GCS 9～11分)和重型(GCS 3～8分)高血压脑出血患者各30例.另外纳入无脑出血的原发性高血压患者30例为对照组.高血压脑出血患者于发...     

Neurokinin type-1 receptor antagonist inhibits enhancement of T cell functions by substance P in normal and neuromanipulated capsaicin-treated rats.

Substance P (SP) plays a major role in the regulation of the interaction between immune and nervous systems. SP administration stimulates Con A-induced proliferation of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal and neonatally capsaicin treated rats, which correlated with enhanced IL-2 production and expression of activation antigens such as IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) and RT1B MHC class II molecule. Moreover, SP markedly increased the percentage of CD5+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of capsaicin-treated rats. Concomitant administration of SP with the non-peptide Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist SR140333 completely inhibited the SP-mediated augmentation of Con A-induced PBL proliferation and IL-2 production as well as of CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+ RT1B+ T cell numbers in normal and capsaicin-treated rats. SR 140333 also blocked the increased percentage of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells induced by SP in capsaicin-treated rats.     

Human focal cerebral infarctions induce differential lesional interleukin-16 (IL-16) expression confined to infiltrating granulocytes, CD8+ T-lymphocytes and activated microglia/macrophages

Focal cerebral ischemia elicits a strong inflammatory response which readily participates in lipid oxygenation, edema formation, apoptotic cell death and tissue remodeling. Within these conditions, cytokines are key players of cell activation and are crucial for delayed mechanisms of ischemic damage. Mature IL-16 is an immunomodulatory cytokine, exerting CD4 dependent and independent effects and is characterized by chemotactic activity, induction of early gene phosphorylation, stimulation of pro-inflammatory IL-1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha expression in monocytic cells and also modulates apoptosis. We have now analyzed expression of IL-16 in 20 brains of patients following focal cerebral infarctions (FCI, n=20). Compared to normal control brains (n=3), IL-16 was expressed by infiltrating immune cells such as neutrophils, CD8+ lymphocytes and activated CD68+ microglia/macrophages accumulating in lesion associated reactive zones and in peri-vascular regions. IL-16+ cells accumulated significantly (P<0.0001) in the necrotic lesion and at bordering peri-lesional areas at day 1-2 reaching maximum levels at day 3-4 (P<0.0001). Also, peri-vascular IL-16+ cells reached maximum levels at day 3-4 (P<0.0001) following infarction and decreased after several weeks. During the early microglial activation period, IL-16+ microglia/macrophages coexpress the activation antigen MRP-8. The accumulation of IL-16+ granulocytes, IL-16+, CD8+ lymphocytes and activated IL-16+, CD68+, CD4- microglia/macrophages, early after infarction suggest a CD4 independent, paracrine role of IL-16 in the postinjury inflammatory response, such as recruitment and activation of immune cells leading to microvessel clustering and blood-brain barrier disturbance resulting in secondary damage.     

脑胶质细胞瘤病人IL-2和sIL-2R表达及细胞免疫功能变化的意义

目的 研究脑胶质细胞瘤病人外周血中自细胞介素2（IL-2）、可溶性白细胞介素2受体（sIL-2R）的表达以及红细胞免疫和T淋巴细胞亚群的变化规律．探讨它们之间的相互关系。方法 对55例脑胶质瘤病人及55例健康献血员．采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法测定血清IL-2、sIL-2R含量，免疫黏附法测定红细胞免疫活性及其调节功能，链亲和素一过氧化物酶（SP）一步法测定CD3、CD4、CD8细胞数。结果 脑胶质细胞瘤组IL-2含量较对照组显著性降低（P〈0.01），sIL-2R则显著性升高（P〈0．01）；红细胞C3b受体（RBC-C3bR）、红细胞免疫调节促进因子（RFER）亦显著性降低（P〈0．01），而红细胞免疫复合物（RBC-ICR）、红细胞免疫调节抑制因子（RFm）则显著性升高（P〈0．01）；CD3、CD4细胞数显著性降低（P〈0．001），而CD8无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论 脑胶质细胞瘤病人存在免疫功能低下；检测血清IL-2和sIL-2R含量、红细胞免疫功能及T细胞亚群活性，对脑胶质细胞瘤病人的免疫机制研究具有重要意义。     

Systemic immune aberrations in Alzheimer's disease patients

The role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been implied in a plethora of studies. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immune alterations and the immunological markers in patients suffering from AD. IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha cytokine and helper/inducer (CD4), suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8) T lymphocyte levels were investigated in patients with various degrees of cognitive impairment (mild-moderate and severe stage), as well as in age-matched non demented controls. Cytokines were measured using the ELISA immunoassay method and lymphocytes using flow cytometry. Results showed a significant TNF-alpha increase in patients of severe stage serum compared to controls as well as a significant decrease of CD4 lymphocyte subpopulation levels in patients of severe stage compared to those of mild-moderate stage patients and controls. No significant differences were observed on IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 cytokine levels and on CD8, CD4/CD8 lymphocyte subpopulations levels between patients and controls neither between mild moderate and severe stage patients. CD4 lymphocyte subpopulation and cytokine IL-2 were revealed as having a significant relationship (positive and negative respectively) with the MMSE score of patients. Data suggest the existence of detectable changes of peripheral immune system in AD.