武汉市售杀虫气雾剂的质量监测

我国气雾剂行业经过 2 0多年的发展 ,已初具规模 ,将很快成为亚洲地区最重要的加工基地。武汉市由于特殊的气候条件、地理环境 ,每年在武汉市场上销售的气雾剂种类繁多 ,为了有效地控制市场发展方向 ,保证产品质量 ,防止假冒伪劣产品投放市场 ,保护广大消费者的利益 ,改善人民生活水平 ,我站多年来不断对市售的杀虫气雾剂进行监测 ,并将监测结果在公众媒体上公告 ,指导市民消费。现将2 0 0 1年杀虫气雾剂监测情况作一简述。1　材料与方法所检测杀虫气雾剂均由我站在市场随机抽样获取。致倦库蚊为羽化后第 2d ,第 3d未吸血的雌成蚊 ;家蝇为羽…     

杀虫气雾剂的安全性

杀虫气雾剂自20世纪80年代初在我国研制成功以来，以其使用便捷，对卫生害虫优异的杀灭效果，得到了迅速的发展。2004年我国的杀虫气雾剂年产量约达到2．5亿罐，占我国气雾剂总量的44％。随着杀虫气雾剂成为家居必备的日常用品，该产品的安全性就显得非常重要了。一个合格的杀虫气雾剂产品，必须对人、环境、非靶标昆虫、植物、动物等是安全的，或者能明确标明产品在某些方面的危害与不足，提醒使用者注意避免危害发生。     

杀虫气雾剂溶剂述评

溶剂是杀虫气雾剂的重要组成部分，对产品的喷射性能、使用效果、经济性、安全性（包括毒性和燃烧性）及居住环境都有重要影响。选择合适的溶剂是成功设计杀虫气雾剂的关键。1杀虫气雾剂对溶剂的要求溶剂在杀虫气雾剂中约占50％左右，其选用要科学、合理，应具备下列属性：（1）对有效成分具有良好的溶解能力，且不发生化学反应，不破坏或降低药效；（2）适宜的挥发度，使药物喷雾后，雾滴粒径在20～50um之间，使空中的药物有持效；（3）对卫生害虫体表有良好的覆盖、湿润、渗透、扩散性能，使药物迅速进入昆虫体内，发挥药效；（4）无色、…     

杀虫气雾剂的安全性评价

目的 评价杀虫气雾剂的安全性。方法 委托检验50种杀虫气雾剂,按GB 15670-1995农药登记毒理学试验方法有关急性经口、吸入毒性试验,家兔眼刺激试验及家兔急性皮肤刺激试验进行;对杀虫气雾剂的主要成分及载体进行了调查。结果50种杀虫气雾剂急性经口毒性、急性吸入毒性均属微毒级,对眼的刺激强度均为轻度刺激性,18种杀虫气雾剂对皮肤有轻度刺激性,32种杀虫气雾剂对皮肤无刺激性。杀虫的主要成分为除虫菊酯类农药,均为混配。94％杀虫气雾剂为有机载体(油剂)。结论 杀虫气雾剂属微毒农药制剂,用水作杀虫气雾剂的载体是发展的方向。     

市售家用卫生杀虫气雾剂卫生质量状况的调查

家用卫生杀虫气雾剂一般由拟除虫菊酯类速效杀虫药物与有机溶剂配制而成,具有杀虫作用极强、用量少、杀灭快、使用方便等优点,已广泛用于家庭和公共场所,其卫生质量状况直接影响到人们的生活和身体健康［１］。为了解家用卫生杀虫剂的卫生质量状况,我们于１９９７年４月～６月对娄底市市售家用卫生杀虫气雾剂进行了卫生学调查,现将结果报告如下。１　内容与方法１－１　在娄底市城区内抽取家用卫生杀虫气雾剂批发单位及大型零售商场的每种家用卫生杀虫气雾剂样,使用统一调查表格对产品名称,厂名厂址,生产批次,有效期限,卫生许可证…     

八种杀虫气雾剂稳定性药效观察

目前,在国内外卫生害虫防治中,气雾杀虫剂是应用最广泛,而且是家庭最常用的一种杀虫剂。为了解不同杀虫剂在无光照的情况下,自然存放几年后的药效差别,我们于2001年在实验室进行了8种卫生杀虫气雾剂对淡色库蚊、家蝇、德国小蠊的比较测定,现将结果报告如下:     

新型杀虫气雾剂的研究

实验室、模拟现场和现场一系列试验结果表明，新型杀虫气雾剂具有高效、广谱的杀虫效果；对蚊、蝇和蟑螂的击倒效果达到国外同类产品的水平。并明显优于ＯＴＡ标准气雾剂；对人畜安全，使用方便，产品性能稳定，成本低廉，该气雾剂已大量推广使用，并得到广大用户的认可。     

杀虫气雾剂的配方及杀虫效果研究

目的研究不同杀虫气雾剂配方,以及不同配方对淡色库蚊、家蝇、德国小蠊的防制效果.方法按照GB 13917.2-92和GB/T 17322.2-1998制定的室内药效试验和模拟现场试验方法.结果 41种配方的杀虫气雾剂在室内对蚊、蝇和蟑螂的KT50均在3 min以内,24 h死亡率均达到100%;在模拟现场,1 h击倒率和24 h死亡率均达到100%,达到国家A级标准.结论所有设计的杀虫气雾剂配方对蚊、蝇和蟑螂等具有很好的击倒作用和杀灭效果.     

杀虫气雾剂三座大山相继压来路在何方

杀虫气雾剂是改革开放后我国第一个工业化生产的气雾剂产品，也是我国最主要的气雾剂产品。25年来由于它在除害防病、提高人民生活质量、增进健康水平方面的重要作用已成为广大人民群众夏秋季节的生活必需品。它的产量不断增长，2007年超过了4亿罐，稳居世界第一位。而且鉴于我国的卫生设施、环境水平，人们的卫生意识以及我国幅员辽阔、生态环境状况复杂，虫种繁多，它仍有着巨大的发展空间。然而，就是这样一类产品正遭遇三座大山的重压。     

杀虫气雾剂烃类抛射剂初探

抛射剂的作用 ,是常温下能在密封的容器内提供必要的压力 ,揿按阀门即将容器内的有效物质从喷嘴中喷射出来 ,均匀飘浮在空中 ,或涂布于害虫经常出没的地方。因此 ,选择抛射剂时 ,必须考虑喷雾的状态、压力、溶解度、稳定性、安全性及成本等。由于烃类对臭氧层无破坏作用 ,喷雾压力适中 ,稳定性好 ,毒性低 ,比重小 ,价格低 ,是目前杀虫气雾剂中使用最多的抛射剂。1　液化气与烃类抛射剂的区别无论是天然的还是精制后的液化气ＬＰＧ(Ｌｉｑｕｉｆｉｅｄｐｅｔｒｏｌｇａｓ) ,在组成和精制方法上与烃类抛射剂ＨＡＰｓ(Ｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎａ…     

Microbial population structure in near-ground aerosols during fog-haze days in northern China

Studies on microbial populations in near-ground aerosols during fog–haze days could help enhance our knowledge concerning the relationship between fog–haze and human health. In this study, microbial populations in aerosols near-ground during a fog–haze event in Beijing were analyzed using clone library methods. Results showed that the bacterial diversity in aerosols during fog–haze days was lower than that after fog–haze days. Proteobacteria alone and Proteobacteria with Firmicutes were respectively detected in 1.5 and 20 m aerosols during fog–haze days. In addition to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes alone and Acidobacteria with Verrucomicrobia were respectively found in aerosols at 20 and 1.5 m after fog–haze days. The fungal species observed during fog–haze days were completely different from those detected after fog–haze days. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were respectively detected during and after fog–haze days. The distribution of microbial diversity in aerosols exhibited meteorological and site-associated variations. The same potential pathogenic microorganisms were detected at different heights during fog–haze days. This study on the characteristics of microbial population in aerosols could provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors causing the harmful effects of particles on humans during fog–haze days.     

卫生用杀虫气雾剂中添加敌敌畏的调查与分析

杀虫气雾剂在近十年来发展较快,由最初的进口发展到我国自行研制开发,由原来的几家企业生产发展到现在几百家企业生产,可以说品种繁多.然而,杀虫气雾剂的质量问题时有发生,有的产品给广大消费者的身体健康造成危害.为了解敌敌畏在杀虫气雾剂中的使用情况,笔者于2002年6～8月在西安市的各大商场及批发市场采取随机抽样法,抽取了国内18个企业生产的35个产品(所采样品有效成分的标识均为菊酯类),用单项测试DDVP的方法进行组分分析,现将分析结果报告如下.     

Variations of chemical compositions in coarse aerosols and fine aerosols in two successive episodes

Particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and ranging between 10 to 2.5 microm (PM10-2.5) were simultaneously collected at four air-quality monitoring stations in the Taichung area of central Taiwan during the period of February 12 to 22, 2004. Two different types of PM10 episodes, a nonlocal dust-storm episode and a local episode, were observed in the present study. High concentrations of coarse aerosols occurred during the dust-storm episode, whereas high concentrations of fine aerosols were present during the local episode. Relatively high levels of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl- in coarse aerosols were observed during the dust-storm episode. Very high concentrations of secondary aerosols (NH4+, SO4(2-), and NO3-) in fine aerosols were observed during the local episode. The nitrate ion demonstrated the greatest increase in the ratios of ionic species to PM2.5 and ionic species to PM10-2.5 during the local episode. Significantly high ratios (0.444) of NO3- to NO2 in fine aerosols were present during the local episode, indicating that the relatively high formation rate of NO3 was one of the important factors leading to the increase of the NO3 to PM2.5 ratio during the local episode. Results also showed that an abundant quantity of fine ammonium nitrate was formed during the local episode, and chloride depletion probably was the major pathway to form coarse NaNO3 during this episode.     

Respirable particulates in household aerosols

The methods of optical microscopy, cascade impaction, and single-particle aerodynamic relaxation-time (SPART) analysis were used to determine the size spectra of five common household aerosol products. Count median diameters obtained in the microscope study agreed well with the values obtained in the SPART analysis, with values ranging from 0.74 to 1.22 μm in both studies. Comparison of mass median diameters obtained in the SPART analysis and cascade impaction study showed less agreement. Values for both techniques ranged from 1.95 to 3.80 μm with the exception of the oven cleaner, which yielded a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 23.5 μm in the impaction study.     

北京市大气气溶胶总α、总β放射性测量与分析

目的 了解2016—2017年北京市大气气溶胶总α、总β放射性浓度与雾霾的相关性。方法 对北京市大气中气溶胶开展了大流量采样,利用BH1217型低本底α、β测量仪对采集到的气溶胶样品进行总放射性测量。结果 2016年32个监测日大气气溶胶总α、总β放射性浓度范围分别为0.36~9.02 mBq/m³、0.06~3.75 mBq/m³;2017年47个监测日大气气溶胶总α、总β放射性浓度范围分别为0.01~4.31 mBq/m³和0.02~2.61 mBq/m³。结论 大气中总α、总β放射性浓度与季节有关,与PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度之间不存在明显的相关性。