南京市中学生饮食知识与行为现况调查

目的掌握南京市中学生饮食知识与行为情况,为制定学生健康教育策略提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,抽取1,000名中学生,采用面对面的方法进行问卷调查。结果南京市中学生饮食相关知识的总体知晓率为86.5%,其中,男生为85.3%,女生为87.4%,不同性别间的知晓率差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.656,P=0.006);城市学生知识总知晓率为87.3%,农村学生为85.5%,城乡间的知晓率差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.574,P=0.018)。南京市中学生饮食相关行为的总体形成率为39.9%,其中,男生为39.8%,女生为37.4%,不同性别间的行为形成率差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.394,P=0.065);城市学生正确行为形成率为42.2%,农村学生为34.7%,城乡间的正确行为形成率差异有统计学意义(χ2=33.541,P0.01)。结论中学生饮食知识知晓率水平仍需进一步提高,饮食行为形成率较低,严重低于饮食知识知晓率,应高度重视中学生饮食行为习惯的养成,政府应加大中学生饮食行为健康教育和健康促进的工作力度。     

西藏那曲地区藏族学生恒牙龋病现状调查

目的了解那曲地区藏族学生龋病患病情况,为当地制定口腔预防保健措施提供基线资料。方法采用单纯随机抽样方法,按照WHO 1997年的《口腔健康调查基本方法》,对12～17岁的471名藏族学生进行恒牙龋病检查。结果藏族学生恒牙总患龋率为56.7%,男生患龋率为53.9%,女生患龋率为59.1%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.258,P=0.262);龋均为(4.09±2.11),男生龋均为(4.04±2.10),女生龋均为(4.13±2.11),差异无统计学意义(t=-0.646,P=0.518)。结论那曲地区藏族学生恒牙龋病患病率较高、程度较重,预防治疗措施急需加强。     

重庆市儿童青少年青春发动时相与肥胖及体成分的关系

目的调查重庆市儿童青少年青春发动时相与肥胖及体成分的关系,比较男女生青春期体格和体脂发育的差异。方法采用目的抽样的方法,选取重庆市九龙坡区两所九年一贯制学校的1447名7~17岁中小学生进行身高、体重、腰围和皮褶厚度的体格检查,同时进行女生乳房发育、初潮年龄和男生睾丸容积、阴毛发育的调查。结果女生乳房发育Ⅱ期平均年龄为9.78岁,初潮平均年龄12.32岁。男生睾丸发育Ⅱ期平均年龄为11.50岁,阴毛发育Ⅱ期平均年龄为12.62岁。女生青春期发动提前组超重率(18.8%)大于非提前组(7.7%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=8.881,P=0.005);提前组肥胖率(18.7%)高于非提前组(1.5%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=40.653,P0.001),且青春发动时相提前与体重存在秩相关(r=0.324,P0.001);男生青春发动时相提前组超重率(17.9%)高于非提前组(8.3%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.134,P=0.047),且青春发动时相提前与体重存在秩相关(r=0.103,P=0.030)。女生所有体成分指标均为青春发动时相提前组适时组延迟组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001);男生青春发动时相提前组的瘦体重(46.718±1.186)适时组(42.114±0.437)延迟组(37.899±0.944),差异有统计学意义(F=14.870,P0.001)。结论重庆市女生超重、肥胖及体成分与青春发动时相提前相关联,男生超重及瘦体重与青春发动时相提前相关联。     

13～22岁城市学生赌博行为与3方面家庭因素的关系

目的探讨家庭类型、母亲文化程度、父亲职业等3项家庭因素与学生赌博行为的可能关联,为相应干预措施的制定提供科学依据。方法采用调查问卷,整群抽取17 251名13~22岁学生进行调查。结果赌博行为报告率的差异上,6类家庭男生无统计学意义(χ2=7.411,P=0.116),女生却有统计学意义(χ2=13.844,P=0.008),重组家庭、其他家庭的女生较高;母亲文化程度5个水平女生差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.525,P=0.910),男生有统计学意义(χ2=32.927,P=0.000),母亲文化程度低的男生报告率较高;12类父亲职业男生差异有统计学意义(χ2=24.715,P=0.010),女生也有统计学意义(χ2=31.436,P=0.001),男生报告率较低的是父亲为办事人员、商业/服务人员、工人,女生报告率较高的是父亲为城市务工的农民、个体工商户、商业/服务人员。结论学生赌博行为方面,家庭类型对女生影响明显,母亲文化程度对男生的影响明显,父亲职业对男、女生都有影响。     

湖南省常德市中学生常见病现况调查

目的 了解常德市中学生常见病现况,为学校制定预防保健和健康教育干预措施提供依据.方法 采取分层整群抽样方法,随机抽取3所学校全体学生进行健康体检.结果 三学校总患病率间差异有非常显著性意义(χ2=40.46,P<0.01).其中甲学校中学生肥胖非常显著地高于乙、丙学校(χ2=99.14、79.25,P均<0.01),龋齿亦是甲学校非常显著地高于乙、丙学校(χ2=23.29、24.85,P均<0.01).沙眼则是乙、丙学校非常显著地高于甲学校(χ2=41.51、54.05,P均<0.01).视力低下三校间差别有非常显著性统计学意义(χ2=26.14,P<0.01).营养不良三校间差别则无统计学意义(χ2=0.4981,P>0.05).年级间总患病率差别有非常显著性意义(χ2=27.20,P<0.01).其中三年级中学生肥胖非常显著地高于一、二年级(χ2=10.82,P<0.01;χ2=4.98,P<0.05);龋齿一年级与二、三年级比较差别无统计学意义(χ2=0.71、1.04,P>0.01);而沙眼、营养不良三年级间差别也无统计学意义(χ2=1.49、2.38,P均>0.05);视力低下三年级与一、二年级比较差别有非常显著性统计学意义(χ2=55.25、9.55,P均<0.01).肥胖女生显著高于男生(χ2=13.54,P<0.01);视力低下则女生显著高于男生(χ2=17.27,P<0.01).结论 常德市中学生常见病患病率较高,其中视力低下、肥胖和龋齿是常见病的防治重点,学校和卫生相关部门应开展针对性健康教育,以提高学生的健康水平.     

安徽省太和县中学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为现状分析

目的了解太和县中学生艾滋病基本知识、态度与行为现况,为更好地开展中学生艾滋病健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,对太和县4所学校共800名初、高中学生的艾滋病疾病知识、态度与行为进行问卷调查。结果被调查的中学生艾滋病总知晓率仅为55.0%,不同性别和年级的学生对艾滋病基本知识的知晓率差异有统计学意义,男生高于女生(χ2=12.30,P0.001),高中生高于初中生(χ2=52.55,P0.001);48.8%的中学生愿意与艾滋病人交往,男生与女生间差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.27,P=0.321),高中与初中差异有统计学意义(χ2=38.67,P0.001),中学生主要从电视媒体获取艾滋病防治知识。结论太和县中学生对艾滋病基本知识知晓情况低于全国平均水平,获取艾滋病知识渠道狭窄,不能正确对待艾滋病病毒感染者或病人,存在着明显的歧视倾向。     

高原地区藏族学龄儿童生长发育与营养状况调查

目的:了解高原地区小学生生长发育与营养状况,为改善儿童体质,开展健康教育提供依据。方法:测量泽库县1356例6～13岁藏族学龄儿童身高、体重等指标,用标准身高体重法评价小学生营养及发育状况。结果:泽库县藏族学龄儿童各年龄阶段身高体重平均值低于全国平均值。营养不良患病率26.2%(男生22.6%,女生31.2%),不同性别差异有统计学意义,女生高于男生(χ2=11.945,P<0.01);肥胖患病率为1.4%(男生1.1%,女生1.8%),男生与女生相比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.551,P>0.05)。结论:高原地区藏族学龄儿童生长发育存在明显迟滞现象,营养不良患病率较高,饮食结构单一,家长营养意识淡薄。     

淮北农村中小学生面部蠕形螨感染情况调查

[目的]了解淮北农村学生面部蠕形螨感染情况,为预防中小学生蠕形螨感染提供依据。[方法]采用透明胶纸法对964名中小学生蠕形螨感染进行调查,同时观察其面部皮肤情况。[结果]蠕形螨总感染率为27.49%;小学、初中及高中学生蠕形螨感染率差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.52,P﹥0.05);男生感染率高于女生(χ2=12.23,P﹤0.05);感染螨种大多为毛囊蠕形螨,少数为皮脂蠕形螨和混合感染,差异有统计学意义(χ2=106.65,P﹤0.05);轻度感染多见;鼻唇沟(75.85%)和颊部(73.58%)蠕形螨感染率较高;面部有酒渣鼻、痤疮、脂溢性皮炎蠕形螨感染率高于面部皮肤正常者(χ2=223.57,P﹤0.05)。[结论]淮北农村中小学生蠕形螨感染较为严重,应加强对学生面部蠕形螨感染的防治。     

扎赉诺尔区小学生健康体检结果分析

目的为了掌握我地区学生中常见病、多发病的患病情况及生长发育健康状况,分析其影响因素,为防治工作提供依据。方法采用临床检查与仪器检查相结合的方法,并参照《全区学生常见病的综合防治方案技术规范》进行。2010年、2011年连续两年对扎赉诺尔区在校小学生进行健康体检。结果学生常见病患病率从高到低依次为视力不良、龋齿、肥胖、沙眼、营养不良。其中视力不良患病率41.1%,龋齿患病率23.4%,肥胖患病率18.4%,沙眼患病率3.0%,营养不良患病率0.93%。除营养不良外,其余4项学生身体检查项目的患病率不同性别差异有统计学意义,女生的视力低下率(43.0%)明显高于男生(39.5%,χ2=7.59,p<0.05);男生的龋齿患病率(24.9%)明显高于女生的龋齿患病率(21.8%,χ2=7.29,p<0.05);男生的肥胖率(20.6%)明显高于女生(16.1%,χ2=18.52,p<0.05);女生的沙眼感染率(3.7%)明显高于男生(2.4%,χ2=8.67,p<0.05);女生的营养不良率(1.2%)于男生(0.70%,χ2=3.79,p=0.052)相比,无统计学差异;随着年龄的增加,学生视力低下患病率呈明显上升趋势,而龋齿患病率则呈下降趋势。结论扎赉诺尔区小学生常见病患病率仍较高。应引起相关部门高度重视,并积极开展有效的健康教育与健康促进活动,倡导良好的健康习惯,以提高小学生的健康水平。     

淮安市城区中学生超重和肥胖现况调查

目的了解淮安市城区中学生超重、肥胖分布现况,为制定营养改善措施提供依据。方法采取随机整群抽样方法,选择淮安市城区8所中学学生为调查对象,计算体重指数(BMI),根据《中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查BMI值分类标准》进行评价。结果共调查了18 299名中学生,年龄为12~17岁,其中男生为9 831名,女生为8 468名;超重和肥胖检出率分别为14.5%、8.4%。男女生超重率分别为18.4%和11.4%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=253.50,P0.05);男女生肥胖率分别为10.0%和5.0%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=241.13,P0.05)。初中和高中学生超重率分别为15.0%和14.1%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.53,P0.05);其肥胖率分别为9.8%、7.3%;差异有统计学意义(χ2=36.34,P0.05)。结论淮安市城区中学生超重、肥胖现象并存,应引起重视。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.