Relation between arterial pressure, dietary sodium intake, and renin system in essential hypertension

Forty-one patients with mild essential hypertension, 36 patients with severe hypertension, and 28 normotensive subjects were studied on a high sodium intake of 350 mmol/day for five days and low sodium intake of 10 mmol/day for five days. The fall in mean arterial pressure on changing from the high-sodium to the low-sodium diet was 0.7 +/- 1.7 mm Hg in normotensive subjects, 8 +/- 1.4 mm Hg in patients with mild hypertension, and 14.5 +/- 1.4 mm Hg in patients with severe hypertension. The fall in blood pressure was not correlated with age. Highly significant correlations were obtained for all subjects between the ratio of the fall in mean arterial pressure to the fall in urinary sodium excretion on changing from a high- to a low-sodium diet and (a) the level of supine blood pressure on normal diet, (b) the rise in plasma renin activity, and (c) the rise in plasma aldosterone. In patients with essential hypertension the blood pressure is sensitive to alterations in sodium intake. This may be partly due to some change either produced by or associated directly with the hypertension. A decreased responsiveness of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system shown in the patients with essential hypertension could partly account for the results.     

Evidence for a raised concentration of a circulating sodium transport inhibitor in essential hypertension

A cytochemical technique that measures the ability of plasma to stimulate guinea-pig renal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in vitro, which is a marker of its ability to inhibit Na+-K+-adenosine-triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase), was used in 19 patients with essential hypertension and 23 normotensive, healthy subjects. The ability of plasma to stimulate G6PD was significantly greater in the hypertensive patients when they were taking their normal sodium diet than in the normotensive subjects, and was significantly correlated with blood pressure. The ability of plasma to stimulate G6PD was inversely correlated with plasma renin activity in the hypertensive patients and increased with age and sodium intake in the normotensive subjects. These results support the hypothesis that essential hypertension, and also perhaps the increase in blood pressure with age in communities that consume large quantities of salt, is in part due to an increase in a circulating concentration of an inhibitor of Na+-N+-ATPase.     

U波倒置者行动态血压监测的意义

目的分析在心电图提示u波倒置者中行动态血压监测是否有助于检出高血压。方《丧选取心电图检查提示u波倒置的患者54例,行动态血压监测,分析U波倒置与24h平均血压、13间平均血压、夜间平均血压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压、昼夜节律之间的关系。结果24h平均血压正常和升高者分别为16例（29．6％）和38例（70．4％）,夜间平均血压正常和升高者分别为12例（22．2％）和42例（77．8％）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。收缩压和舒张压昼夜节律正常与不正常者所占比例比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论U波倒置者行动态血压监测有助于发现未知的高血压患者及已知高血压患者中血压控制欠佳者,以指导临床更好地控制血压。     

吲哒帕胺对原发性高血压患者血压昼夜节律的影响

目的:观察吲哒帕胺对原发性高血压患者血压昼夜节律的影响.方法:选择同期入院的原发性高血压患者98例,其中杓型血压组患者48例,非杓型血压组患者50例,分别给予吲哒帕胺2.5 mg,1次/d,口服,疗程为4周.疗程结束后最后1 d,给予动态血压监测.结果:杓型患者组夜间血压下降不受吲哒帕胺的影响,而在非杓型患者组,吲哒帕胺能显著增加夜间平均动脉压下降水平(t=5.872,P＜0.05).结论:吲哒帕胺可以使原发性高血压患者的血压昼夜节律由非杓型向杓型转变.     

Dietary Potassium Intake and Renal Handling,and Their Impact on the Cardiovascular Health of Normotensive Afro-Caribbeans

Objective:

Recent nutritional profiles of dietary intake have indicated a shift from the ancient diet to the Western diet. The ancient diet provided high potassium and low sodium intake, which in turn led to sodium conservation and potassium excretion. This change in the dietary intake is expected to affect potassium and sodium handling in the kidneys. Numerous studies have been done to emphasize the importance of sodium handling by the kidneys and its impact on cardiovascular health. This study will investigate potassium intake and handling, and its impact on the cardiovascular health of a sample of normotensive Afro-Caribbeans by the possible modulation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS).

Methods:

A sample of 51 normotensive Afro-Caribbean participants was recruited for the study. Participants were observed over a two-day period in which they were given a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor and a container to collect blood pressure data and a 24-hour urine sample. Anthropometric measurements were noted. Urinary electrolytes and supine plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined from the 24-hour urine collection and a blood sample. Dietary potassium intake was estimated based on dietary intake observations, and calculated based on the urinary potassium excretion. SPSS version 19 was used to analyse the data to make inferences.

Results:

The daily potassium intake was observed to be 2.95 g/day and measured intake from the urinary potassium was between 4.95 and 7.32 g/day. Urinary potassium excretion was 3.66 (± 1.40) g/day. The urinary potassium excretion in the Afro-Caribbean sample in Barbados was higher than the other population samples. The averaged PRA of the participants (supine) was 0.778 (± 1.072) ng/mL/hour. The averaged nocturnal systolic blood pressure dip of the participants was 5.97 (± 4.324) %. There was no significant correlation between urinary potassium excretion, blood pressure, nocturnal systolic blood pressure dip and PRA.

Conclusions:

The Afro-Caribbean sample has an inadequate daily potassium intake based on the observed intake and recommended values, with a high urinary excretion of the electrolyte compared to other values in the literature. This high potassium excretion could have been partly due to low plasma renin activity levels in the study participants. As a possible consequence, an increase in the nocturnal peripheral resistance is a likely cause for the diminished systolic dip. The lack of correlations between dietary potassium excretion and the blood pressure parameters does not allow any firm inference of the electrolyte''s handling and its impact on cardiovascular health in the normotensive Afro-Caribbean participants. However, further research is needed to get a more accurate daily potassium intake value, and a more statistically robust sample to assess whether potassium handling and blood pressure would be affected by a change in potassium intake.     

老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 探讨老年高血压患者不同类型的血压昼夜节律与颈动脉粥样硬化之间的关系.方法 选取2019年2月-2020年2月在西安交通大学第一附属医院治疗的老年高血压患者128例为研究对象,根据24 h动态血压监测结果将患者分为杓型组(32例)和异常昼夜节律组(96例),再将异常昼夜节律组分为非杓型组(68例)和反杓型组(28例...     

Ⅱ型糖尿病合并高血压患者血压昼夜节律的临床分析

目的：探讨Ⅱ型糖型糖尿病合并高血压（ＨＤＭ）患者动态血压水平,昼夜节律改变及与尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）的关系。方法：行２４ｈ动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ）,测ＵＡＥＲ。结果：ＨＤＭ组夜间血压明显高于原发性高血压组（对照组）（Ｐ〈０．０５）,昼夜血压变化差值百分率明显小于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,昼夜节律异常;ＨＤＭ组夜间血压与ＵＡＥＲ成正相关（Ｐ〈０．０５）,昼夜血压变化差值百分率与ＵＡＥＲ成负相关（Ｐ     

高盐饮食对Dahl大鼠肾脏SGK1基因表达的影响

目的：通过观察高盐负荷后Dahl盐敏感大鼠肾脏血清和糖皮质激素调节蛋白激酶1（SGK1）基因的表达,探索其在盐敏感性高血压形成中的作用。方法对Dahl盐敏感大鼠和对照组SS-13BN大鼠分别给予正常盐[0.3%氯化钠（NaCl）]和高盐（8%NaCl）饮食3周干预,测定血压,采用Real-time PCR检测肾脏SGK1基因信使核糖核酸（mRNA）。结果 SS高盐饮食组大鼠及SS-13BN高盐组大鼠血压均比其低盐饮食组高;与13BN组相比,SS高盐组血压较低盐组升高幅度更为显著;Dahl盐敏感大鼠高盐组肾脏SGK1的表达较低盐组显著增加,同时也显著高于高盐组SS-13BN大鼠。结论高盐引起Dahl盐敏感大鼠肾脏SGK1的表达异常增加可能是盐敏感性高血压形成的重要原因。     

高血压患者血压昼夜节律与心肌缺血心律失常的关系

目的:探讨高血压患者血压昼夜节律与ST-T异常改变以及心律失常之间的关系,为临床治疗提供可靠依据。方法:对56例高血压病患者同步检测24 h动态血压(ABP)和动态心电图(DCG),分析其血压昼夜节律变化与发生心肌缺血、心律失常之间的关系。结果:血压昼夜节律下降、消失占83.9%,呈非杓型ABP曲线占76.8%;DCG有ST-T改变分别占28.5%和55.3%;房性、室性心律失常较多见分别占78.5%和39.2%;ST-T改变和房性、室性心律失常与ABP血压昼夜节律异常(白天最低值)及最高值有显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:24 h ABP和DCG同步监测高血压患者,其血压昼夜节律异常与心肌缺血、心律失常有密切关系,更具有临床指导意义。     

氨氯地平与左旋氨氯地平治疗夜间高血压疗效比较

目的 :观察左旋氨氯地平与氨氯地平治疗夜间高血压患者的疗效及其对血压昼夜节律的影响。　方法 :6 0例轻、中度原发性高血压患者 (必须同时具备夜间血压增高 )随机接受氨氯地平 5mg或左旋氨氯地平 2 .5mg(各30例 )治疗 4周。用 2 4h动态血压监测治疗前后血压的昼夜节律变化。　结果 :氨氯地平和左旋氨氯地平降压疗效显著 ,但二药之间比较无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,均不影响血压昼夜节律。　结论 :氨氯地平和左旋氨氯地平治疗有夜间血压增高的轻、中度高血压患者疗效好 ,而且安全     

Changes in Plasma Angiotensin Ⅱ and Circadian Rhythm of Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients with Sleep Apnea Syndrome Before and After Treatment

Objective To explore the changes in plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) and circadian rhythm of blood pressure among hypertensive patients with sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or surgical treatment.Methods A total of 180 essential hypertension patients were enrolled in our study.The determination of plasma Ang II concentration,ambulatory blood pressure (ABP),and polysomnography (PSG) monitoring were performed before and 3 months after CPAP or surgical treatment.Results Patients were classified into three groups by their apnea-hypopnea index (AHI):essential hypertension group (EH group,n=72;AHI<5),essential hypertension with mild SAS group (EH+mild SAS group,n=60,5≤AHI<20),and essential hypertension with moderate and severe SAS group (EH+moderate-severe SAS group,n=48,AHI≥20).The concentrations of plasma AngⅡ in the above three groups were 13.42±3.27,16.17±3.82,and 18.73±4.05 ng/mL respectively before treatment,and AngⅡ concentration in EH patients combined with SAS was significantly higher than that in EH group (all P<0.05).After treatment the values in the latter two groups significantly decreased to 14.67±2.56 and 15.03±3.41 ng/mL respectively (P<0.05).The incidence of non-dipper blood pressure curve in EH patients was 31.9%,and those in hypertensive patients with mild SAS and moderate-severe SAS were 51.7% and 58.3%,respectively before treatment.The incidence of non-dipper blood pressure curve in the EH patients with mild SAS was significantly higher than that of patients with EH alone (P<0.05).After CPAP treatment or surgery,the incidence of non-dipper blood pressure curve in the two SAS groups was significantly decreased to 38.3% and 39.6%,respectively (P<0.05).Conclusions Ang II might play a role in blood pressure variability in patients with obstructive SAS.CPAP or surgical treatment can improve blood pressure disorder and decrease plasma Ang II level in patients with obstructive SAS.     

动态血压负荷值及昼夜节律对老年高血压靶器官损害的评价

目的 探讨老年高血压患者血压负荷值（BPL）及血压昼夜节律与靶器官损害的关系.方法 对214例老年高血压患者进行24 h动态血压监测,根据是否有靶器官损害分为单纯高血压组（A组）和靶器官损害组（B组）,并对两组的BPL及血压昼夜节律进行分析.结果 B组的BPL,尤其是夜间BPL以及血压昼夜节律较A组明显增高（P〈0.01）.结论 在老年高血压的治疗过程中,应重视降低血压负荷值,尤其是夜间血压负荷值,纠正紊乱的血压昼夜节律.     

Blood pressure variability and arterial elasticity in hypertensive subjects

Apart from the mean 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), the blood pressure variability (BPV) also bears an independent relationship with target-organ damage in hypertension. A reduction in arterial compliance has been demonstrated in hypertension but its relation to BPV is still unknown. The aim of the study is to compare BPV and arterial compliance between hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Eighteen hypertensives and 18 controls were enrolled. Noninvasive 24-hour ABP monitoring was performed with BR-102 monitor (Schiller Inc. Germany). Arterial compliance was determined by the HDI/Pulsewave Research Cardiovascular Profiling Instrument (Hypertension Diagnostic Inc. USA). There were significantly higher systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BPV in hypertensives as compared to normotensive group. Only systolic BPV remained significantly high in hypertensives during night time. There were lower arterial compliances in hypertensive as compared to normotensive group. No significant relationship however was found between BPV and arterial compliance in hypertensive subjects. In conclusion, there were higher BPV and lower arterial compliances in hypertensive subjects as compared to normotensive subjects.     

50例高血压患者内皮素和一氧化氮与血压节律相关性的研究

目的探讨高血压患者血浆内皮素(ET)和血清一氧化氮(NO)与血压节律的相关性.方法 50例高血压患者和25例血压正常人进行动态血压监测和ET、NO测定.结果高血压组ET增加,NO下降.将选出的50例高血压患者按动态血压监测结果分为勺型和非勺型组,在非勺型组,ET明显增高(54.2±18.9)vS(37.7±10.1)ng/L,NO明显降低(32.9±12.8)VS(48.7±11.2)mg/L;且夜间血压下降与ET负相关(r=0.51,P＜0.05),NO正相关(r=0.53,P＜0.05).结论高血压病患者内皮素和一氧化氮水平可能参与昼夜血压节律的调节.     

糖尿病肾病动态血压与儿茶酚胺的相关性研究

目的：探讨尿儿茶酚胺（uCA）与2型糖尿病肾病（DN）动态血压（ABP）的关系。方法：用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器（HPM—EDA）测定22例糖尿病肾病（Ⅲ）UCA浓度;昼、夜UCA包括去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺索（E）、多巴胺（DA）,同时监测24hABP。结果：DN病人高血压者（HDM）及血压昼夜节律异常（反转及非反转）者24hMBP与日、夜及24h尿的IVE、E水平之间。本资料提供的信息不能认为有相关性（P〉0．05）,UCA与24hABP各指标间亦不能认为有相关性（P〉0．05）。HDM病人日夜DA水平明显低于正常人（P〈0．05）,差别有统计学意义。结论：交感神经肾上腺髓质系统活性与糖尿病肾病高血压及血压昼夜节律异常之间不能认为有相关性,外周DA水平降低有可能与糖尿病肾病变及高血压的发病有关。     

原发性高血压患者服硝苯啶前后血和尿中某些离子的变化

本文对45例原发性高血压按用药前基础血浆肾素活性(PRA)分为高、正、低三组,分别测用药前及服硝苯啶二周后的血清和尿钙、镁、钠及全血离子钙和血压。结果发现:低肾素型原发性高血压全血离子钙、血清镁以及尿钙、镁比正常血压组明显升高(比高、正肾素型原高更明显)。经服硝苯啶二周,低肾素型原发性高血压患者血压及血镁、尿钙、镁、钠均趋向正常水平,提示不同肾素分型的原发性高血压服硝苯啶前、后其钙、镁、钠代谢存在异质性。     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for the management of hypertension

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has become indispensable in the current management of hypertension. ABPM is particularly useful in the accurate diagnosis of hypertension. Its diagnostic thresholds had been recently established based on hard clinical outcomes. Cross-classification of patients according to office and ambulatory blood pressure identifies white-coat, masked, and sustained hypertension. ABPM is also useful in cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment. It provides information on...     

正常血压中年人群的盐敏感状况及盐敏感检测方法

目的 调查血压正常的中年人群的盐敏感状况,比较慢性盐负荷试验与冷加压试验两种方法在盐敏感性检出上的一致性。 方法 对68例血压正常的中年人进行冷加压试验和慢性盐负荷试验,根据慢性盐负荷试验结果将该人群分为盐敏感(SS)组和盐不敏感(NSS)组,比较SS组和NSS组的一般资料及血压增幅值差异。采用配对四格表资料的χ2 检验比较慢性盐负荷试验和冷加压试验两种方法检测盐敏感性的差异。 结果 慢性盐负荷试验结果发现,SS组为22例(32.4%),NSS组为46例(67.6%)。与NSS组相比,SS组的年龄偏大、高血压家族史比例偏高(P<0.05),静息时心率、收缩压、舒张压均偏高(P<0.01)。与NSS组比较,SS组在冷加压试验后舒张压、收缩压、平均动脉压增幅均升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。慢性盐负荷试验和冷加压试验两种方法检测盐敏感性的结果差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.363,P＞0.05)。结论 血压正常的中年人群中盐敏感性检出率为32.4%,冷加压试验或可代替慢性盐负荷试验检测人群的盐敏感性。     

原发性高血压患者动态血压与窦性心率震荡的关系

目的探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者动态血压与窦性心率震荡(HRT)的关系。方法对100例EH患者进行24h无创性动态血压监测和24h动态心电图检查,分别计算平均收缩压(24hSBP)、平均舒张压(24hDBP)、昼夜节律、震荡初始(TO)及震荡斜率(TS),根据动态血压结果将患者分为24hSBP、24hDBP1、2、3级组;昼夜节律正常组、昼夜节律消失组,并比较各组患者TO及TS均值。结果TO值:24hSBP各组间TO值差异有统计学意义[(-2.30±2.15)vs(-1.55±1.29)vs(-1.07±1.02)%],24hDBP各组间TO值差异有统计学意义[(-2.28±2.03)vs(-1.65±1.18)vs(-1.14±0.93)%],血压越高TO负值越低;昼夜节律正常组较昼夜节律消失组TO负值增高[(-1.89±1.05)vs(-0.45±0.29)%],差异有统计学意义;TS值:24hSBP各组间TS值差异有统计学意义[(3.16±2.07)vs(2.43±1.68)vs(1.88±1.37)ms/RR],24hDBP各组间差异有统计学意义[(3.26±2.12)vs(2.63±1.45)vs(1.78±1.39)ms/RR],血压越高TS越低;昼夜节律正常组较昼夜节律消失组TS明显增大[(3.21±2.10)vs(2.33±1.88)ms/RR],差异有统计学意义。结论原发性高血压患者HRT现象减弱或消失与其血压高低及昼夜节律有密切关系,提示血压越高者及昼夜节律消失患者自主神经功能明显受损。     

老年高血压病的临床特点分析(附170例报告)

目的:探讨24h动态血压监测对老年高血压病诊断及预后判断的意义。方法:对170例于本科门诊或病房经观察偶测血压,按1999年WHOISH高血压分类标准,确诊为高血压病老年患者实施24h动态血压监测,根据动态血压结果,剔除白大衣性高血压〔1〕,及诊断依据不充分的患者。将确定无疑的高血压病患者动态血压指标进行分析研究。结果:老年单纯收缩期高血压病占全部高血压病的12.5%。单纯收缩期高血压病患者的靶器官损害发生率明显高于非单纯收缩期高血压病患者,非单纯收缩期高血压病例中,血压昼夜节律消失组靶器官损害发生率亦显著高于血压昼夜节律存在组。结论:动态血压监测是正确诊断高血压病的必要选择,老年高血压病中单纯收缩期高血压病患者及血压昼夜节律消失者占较大比例,并有更加严重的靶器官损害。