牡蛎活性肽的制备及其理化性质的初步研究

目的从牡蛎蛋白质的酶解物中分离制备活性肽并对其理化性质进行初步研究。方法采用胰蛋白酶对牡蛎蛋白质进行酶解,使其释放出具备特殊活性的活性肽,将含有活性肽的粗提物分别用Sephadex G25凝胶柱层析,DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换柱层析和C18反相柱进行分离和纯化。结果牡蛎活性肽粗提物经过分离纯化制备出3个组分F31,F32,F41。组分F32,F41的等电点分别是7.12和7.08;组分F31,F32,F41的相对分子质量分别为885,810及409;其蛋白含量分别为51.9%,80.2%及99.8%;其糖含量分别为19.2%,4.3%及0%。结论以胰蛋白酶作用的最佳条件采用一步酶解的工艺,牡蛎蛋白质可以得到良好的酶解,同时得到的牡蛎活性肽粗提物活性较高。     

仙鹤草多糖的分离纯化及理化性质研究

目的从中药仙鹤草中提取仙鹤草多糖,并对其理化性质进行研究。方法利用水提醇沉法得粗多糖,并依次经纤维素DE-52柱和Superdex-200凝胶柱色谱进行纯化。采用光谱法和色谱法对其总糖含量、单糖组成、相对分子质量等理化性质进行研究。结果分离纯化的仙鹤草多糖HAPⅢ总糖含量、蛋白含量、糖醛酸含量分别为81%,3.4%,45%,由半乳糖、葡萄糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、木糖组成,摩尔比为5.65∶2.67∶2.61∶1.86∶1.12∶1.09∶1。其平均相对分子质量为1.90×105。结论仙鹤草多糖HAPⅢ是一水溶性酸性杂多糖。     

白头翁糖蛋白的分离纯化及其性质

从中药白头翁根的水提取液中分离纯化得均一的糖蛋白组分PcG－A。它由木糖和葡萄糖组成，摩尔比为1．5：1，分子量6．25×104，糖含量61．8％，并含有10种氨基酸。初步分析表明PcG－A为非O-连接的糖蛋白。     

威灵仙多糖的分离纯化及其理化性质

目的:对威灵仙多糖进行分离纯化,并进行组成和理化性质分析。方法:威灵仙根经热水提取、DEAE-SepharoseFF柱层析得到威灵仙多糖CCP-Ⅰ、CCP-Ⅱ、CCP-Ⅲ3个组分。CCP-Ⅲ再经Superdex-200柱层析得到威灵仙多糖CCP-Ⅲa、CCP-Ⅲb。通过HPLC和比色等方法对CCP-Ⅲa、CCP-Ⅲb进行分析测定,采用红外、气相色谱、高碘酸氧化等手段对其结构进行初步研究。结果:CCP-Ⅲa为均一组分,其总糖含量、糖醛酸含量分别为92.4%,27.6%,相对分子质量为3.1×105Da,单糖组成及摩尔比为鼠李糖-阿拉伯糖-甘露糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖(4.7∶1.0∶5.6∶26.4∶3.9);CCP-Ⅲb也为均一组分,其总糖含量、糖醛酸含量分别为89.9%,39.5%,相对分子质量为1.5×105Da,单糖组成及摩尔比为鼠李糖-甘露糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖(1.5∶1.0∶25.8∶16.3)。糖苷键主要为β-构型,且均含有1→3、1→6连接键型。结论:CCP-Ⅲa和CCP-Ⅲb是2种均一的酸性杂多糖。     

灰树花菌丝体多糖的分离纯化和理化性质研究

对灰树花菌丝体粗多糖进行分离纯化和结构鉴定，并检测其活性。采用大孔树脂进行脱色，紫外扫描、红外、薄层层析、以及高效液相和气相色谱等进行纯度和结构鉴定，荷瘤小鼠检测抗肿瘤活性。结果表明弱极性和非极性的大孔树脂对色素的吸附量大，解吸容易，适用于灰树花菌丝体粗多糖的脱色，同时利于色素的收集及进一步研究。分离所得的多糖为白色粉末状，为a-葡聚糖，对S180肿瘤有明显抑制作用。     

海带硫酸多糖的降解、分离纯化及理化性质分析

文章采用自由基方法降解海带硫酸多糖，然后通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、凝胶色谱等方法进行分离纯化；分别利用硫酸酚法和明胶比浊法，测定糖的含量和硫酸根的含量；MN-纤维素膜层析和气相色谱测定单糖组成；利用超滤和凝胶过滤测定降解多糖的分子质量等。海带硫酸多糖可以被自由基有效地降解，降解之后海带硫酸多糖的多糖含量、硫酸根含量及单糖组成基本没有变化，分子质量可被降解到10000-15000左右。     

胀果甘草多糖的分离纯化及其理化性质

目的对新疆地产胀果甘草Glycyrrhiza inflataBat.中获得的一种水溶性多糖(GIP-2)进行分离纯化,并测定其部分理化参数。方法采用脱脂、回流提取、乙醇沉淀、Sevag法除蛋白,从胀果甘草药材中提取粗多糖,透析后经DEAE-52离子交换层析和Sepharose CL-6B、Sephadex G-50凝胶柱层析分离纯化得到一种水溶性多糖(GIP-2);UV及IR法检测其性质;自动旋光仪测定旋光度;高效凝胶渗透色谱法(HPGPC)分析其纯度和分子量范围;完全酸水解法鉴定多糖的单糖组分。结果胀果甘草多糖GIP-2为黄白色粉末,无甜味,易溶于水;UV检测192 nm处有明显吸收峰,260、280 nm处均无吸收峰,证明被测物为多糖,且不含核酸及蛋白质;IR分析结果显示,在3393、2932、1616、1423、1101 cm-1处表现为典型的多糖吸收峰;GIP-2分子量>2000 kDa,主要由葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖组成,其摩尔比为3.3:11.7:1.0。结论提取分离所得胀果甘草多糖GIP-2为单一、纯净的多糖。     

马齿苋多糖POPⅡ的分离纯化及理化性质研究

为研究马齿苋多糖组分的性质，采用水提醇沉方法从马齿苋全草中提取粗多糖，通过Sevage法脱蛋白质后，再经DEAE-纤维素柱层析和SephadexG-200葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱分离纯化得到马齿苋精多糖POPⅡ，由醋酸纤维薄膜电泳和SephadexG-200葡聚糖凝胶过滤法鉴定为均一性组分，化学定性反应和光谱鉴定表明POPⅡ不含蛋白质和核酸、不含酚类物质，但含有糖醛酸的非淀粉类多糖，其相对分子质量为12100。POPⅡ完全酸水解后经薄板层析、气相色谱分析（结合半乳糖醛酸含量），确定它由阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸组成，其中阿拉伯糖：半乳糖的摩尔比为1．00：1．05，其组成中半乳糖醛酸含量为9．18％。红外光谱分析表明POPⅡ具有典型的多糖吸收峰，结构中存在β-型糖苷键。     

不同工艺制备的硫酸软骨素的理化性质差异

对硫酸软骨素按目前国内普遍采用的稀碱和浓碱两种工艺制备所得产品的理化性质的研究,表明两者存在差异。     

太平洋牡蛎多糖的提取、分离和结构分析

目的　从太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)肉中提取和分离纯化多糖,并对其基本理化性质和结构组成进行分析。方法　将牡蛎鲜肉制成丙酮粉,依次采用室温水,60 ℃热水和稀碱提取牡蛎粗多糖,对其总糖含量、蛋白含量和单糖组成进行分析。采用DEAE Sepharose FF阴离子交换和Sephacryl S-400凝胶柱层析对粗多糖进行分离纯化,并对获得的纯化组分采用红外光谱 (IR)、甲基化、气质联用 (GC-MS)、电喷雾质谱 (ESI-MS) 和核磁共振波谱 (NMR) 等方法进行化学结构分析。结果　从牡蛎肉中提取得到了3种牡蛎粗多糖,单糖组成都只含有葡萄糖 (Glc)。对粗多糖进一步分离,得到了5种多糖纯化组分。对水溶性多糖纯化组分 MC-11 的结构进行了分析,表明其是以 →4)-α-D-Glc-(1→ 为主链,含有 →3,4)- β-D-Glc-(1→和 →2,4)- β-D-Glc-(1→ 分支的 D-吡喃型葡聚糖,相对分子质量为1299 kDa。结论　从太平洋牡蛎肉中分离纯化得到了5种多糖组分,并采用多种方法确定了1种纯化组分 MC-11 的结构,为牡蛎多糖结构与活性关系的深入研究提供了基础。     

非标记定量蛋白质组方法分析牡蛎多糖抗D-半乳糖导致的小鼠衰老作用的研究

目的 研究牡蛎多糖抗衰老作用机制。方法 利用非标记定量蛋白质组方法分析牡蛎多糖抗衰老作用机制。将去除高丰度蛋白后的小鼠血清样本经酶解后进行LC-MS/MS分析,利用Maxquant软件(版本号1.3.0.5)查库,进行LFQ非标定量分析。结果 本研究共鉴定到4624个肽段,541个蛋白质。将模型组与牡蛎多糖治疗组进行t-test分析,得到20个差异表达蛋白质。对在小鼠数据库中查找到的19个差异蛋白质进行分析,发现这些差异蛋白质参与15个生物过程、具有8类分子功能、存在于5个细胞组分中(Level 2)。这些差异表达蛋白质中,peroxiredoxin-2(AC：Q61171)和malate dehydrogenase(AC：P14152)的上调以及xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase(AC：Q00519)的下调可以提高机体清除自由基的能力。结论 牡蛎多糖是通过提高机体清除自由基的能力来发挥其抗衰老作用的。     

Effect of Different Species of Prorocentrum Genus on the Japanese Oyster Crassostrea gigas Proteomic Profile

This paper assesses the effects of exposure to toxic concentrations (1200 to 6000 cells/mL) of the dinoflagellates Prorocentrum lima, Prorocentrum minimum, and Prorocentrum rhathymum and several concentrations of aqueous and organic extracts obtained from the same species (0 to 20 parts per thousand) on the Crassostrea gigas (5–7 mm) proteomic profile. Through comparative proteomic map analyses, several protein spots were detected with different expression levels, of which eight were selected to be identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analyses. The proteomic response suggests that, after 72 h of exposure to whole cells, the biological functions of C. gigas affected proteins in the immune system, stress response, contractile systems and cytoskeletal activities. The exposure to organic and aqueous extracts mainly showed effects on protein expressions in muscle contraction and cytoskeleton morphology. These results enrich the knowledge on early bivalve developmental stages. Therefore, they may be considered a solid base for new bioassays and/or generation of specific analytical tools that allow for some of the main effects of algal proliferation phenomena on bivalve mollusk development to be monitored, characterized and elucidated.     

雷公藤多苷纳米乳的制备及其理化性质评价

目的:研制雷公藤多苷纳米乳并对其理化性能、稳定性等进行评价。方法:结合雷公藤多苷在不同的油和表面活性剂中的溶解度以及伪三元相图的绘制,研制雷公藤多苷纳米乳,并对其类型、形态、粒径、理化参数及稳定性进行考察。结果:雷公藤多苷在聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油(RH-40)和肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(IPM)中溶解度较大,且以RH-40为表面活性剂,IPM为油相时纳米乳形成区域最大,最终纳米乳配方确定为RH-40∶IPM∶水,重量比为27∶3.3∶69.7,其中可添加浓度小于5%的透皮促渗剂氮酮;制备的雷公藤多苷纳米乳为棕黄色,澄清透明,流动性良好的O/W型纳米乳,该纳米乳粒子形态主要为圆球形,平均粒径为23.6nm,稳定性良好。结论:研制的雷公藤多苷纳米乳是质量稳定的新制剂。     

Interactions between Filter-Feeding Bivalves and Toxic Diatoms: Influence on the Feeding Behavior of Crassostrea gigas and Pecten maximus and on Toxin Production by Pseudo-nitzschia

Among Pseudo-nitzschia species, some produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a source of serious health problems for marine organisms. Filter-feeding organisms—e.g., bivalves feeding on toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp.—are the main vector of DA in humans. However, little is known about the interactions between bivalves and Pseudo-nitzschia. In this study, we examined the interactions between two juvenile bivalve species—oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and scallop (Pecten maximus)—and two toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species—P. australis and P. fraudulenta. We characterized the influence of (1) diet composition and the Pseudo-nitzschia DA content on the feeding rates of oysters and scallops, and (2) the presence of bivalves on Pseudo-nitzschia toxin production. Both bivalve species fed on P. australis and P. fraudulenta. However, they preferentially filtered the non-toxic Isochrysis galbana compared to Pseudo-nitzschia. The presence of the most toxic P. australis species resulted in a decreased clearance rate in C. gigas. The two bivalve species accumulated DA in their tissues (up to 0.35 × 10⁻³ and 5.1 × 10⁻³ µg g⁻¹ for C. gigas and P. maximus, respectively). Most importantly, the presence of bivalves induced an increase in the cellular DA contents of both Pseudo-nitzschia species (up to 58-fold in P. fraudulenta in the presence of C. gigas). This is the first evidence of DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia species stimulated in the presence of filter-feeding bivalves. The results of this study highlight complex interactions that can influence toxin production by Pseudo-nitzschia and accumulation in bivalves. These results will help to better understand the biotic factors that drive DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia and bivalve contamination during Pseudo-nitzschia blooms.     

Encapsulation of a lipid precursor,the eicosapentaenoic acid,to study the development of the crassostrea gigas oyster flavours

The present study is part of a larger project whose aim is to understand how the oyster Crassostrea gigas develops its aromas from a lipid precursor, the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in glyceride form. The objective of this study is, therefore, to prepare an encapsulation process that will enable the bivalve to be supplied with this lipid precursor. The complex coacervation method was chosen as it gave the best compatible microcapsules with respect to the nutritional aspects of oyster (i.e. digestibility) and the environmental constraints (i.e. behaviour and stability in seawater). The aim of this study is to manufacture and optimize a process of complex coacervation, to obtain capsules made of gelatin and acacia gum with a size under 100 μm in diameter and containing very small drops of cod liver oil (rich in EPA). The preservation of these microcapsules in seawater has been confirmed.     

糙皮侧耳糖蛋白的性质及体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的：对糙皮侧耳真菌提取液进行纯化,并对纯化组分的理化性质及体外抗肿瘤作用进行研究。方法：用离子交换、凝胶过滤进行纯化,采用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定蛋白分子量,用氨基酸自动分析仪测定氨基酸的组成,通过福林酚法测定其蛋白和多糖的含量,用薄层层析确定多糖的组成,将ＰＯＧＰ直接与Ｓ１８０腹水瘤细胞及小鼠正常细胞液混合,观察其活性。结果：纯化得到对肿瘤细胞具有细胞毒作用的糖蛋白（ＰＯＧＰ）,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显     

人参皂苷C-K静脉乳剂的制备及理化性质考察

目的研究人参皂苷C K静脉乳剂的处方及制备工艺 ,并对其理化性质进行考察。方法以人参皂苷C K为原料 ,以精制豆磷脂为乳化剂 ,加入适量的辅助乳化剂、稳定剂 ,用正交实验法优化乳剂的处方及工艺 ;用加速实验法考察乳剂的理化性质。结果制备的乳剂符合《中华人民共和国药典》对静脉乳剂的要求 ,经过影响因素试验确定了乳剂的储存条件。结论制备的乳剂性质稳定 ,为乳剂的进一步开发奠定了基础     

Effects of exposure to oxamyl,carbofuran, dichlorvos,and lindane on acetylcholinesterase activity in the gills of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been used to test the exposure of mollusk bivalves to pesticides and other pollutants. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is a species with a worldwide distribution, and it has a high commercial value. The use of this species as a bioindicator in the marine environment, and the use of measurements of AChE activity in tissues of C. gigas require prior evaluation of organisms exposed to several toxic compounds in the laboratory. In our study, the effects of pesticides on AChE activity in the gills and mantle tissues of C. gigas were analyzed by exposing animals to organophosphate (dichlorvos), carbamate (carbofuran and oxamyl), and organochlorine (lindane) pesticides. Adult Pacific oysters were exposed to several concentrations (0.1–200 μM) of dichlorvos, carbofuran, and oxamyl for 96 h, and lindane (1.0 and 2.5 μM) was applied for 12 days. In gill tissues, all pesticides analyzed caused a decrease in AChE activity when compared to the control unexposed group. The mean inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) values were determined for dichlorvos, carbofuran, and oxamyl pesticides. Dichlorvos had the highest toxic effect, with an IC₅₀ of 1.08 μM; lesser effects were caused by oxamyl and carbofuran, with IC₅₀s of 1.67 and 3.03 μM, respectively. This study reports the effects of pesticides with several chemical structures and validates measurement of AChE activity in the gill tissues of C. gigas for use in environmental evaluations or food quality tests. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 25: 327–332, 2010.