中西医结合保留静脉瓣膜动脉化治疗下肢严重缺血性疾病

目的:总结保留瓣膜的原位大隐静脉动脉化中西医结合治疗严重下肢缺血性疾病的疗效.方法:对15例患者行保留静脉瓣膜的原位大隐静脉动脉化手术,术后严密观察肢体血运变化,同时应用前列地尔和复方丹参注射液改善微循环.结果:手术后下肢缺血症状即得到明显改善,并逐渐好转,无1例因肢体缺血加重而施行截肢;6例手术后2个月～3年死于急性心脑疾病,9例健康存活,6例仅有轻微肢体缺血症状.结论:中西医结合保留瓣膜静脉动脉化是治疗肢体严重缺血性疾病的一种良好方法.     

原位大隐静脉旁路移植术治疗下肢缺血34例

目的：探讨原位大隐静肪房路移植术治疗下肢缺血的疗效。方法：用自制的静脉瓣膜刀为34例患者行原位大隐静脉房路移植术，其中3例做膝上Guo动脉吻合，16例行膝Guo下动脉吻合，11例行胫后动脉吻合，4例行胫前动脉吻合。结果：26例出院时静息痛消失，7例患者间歇跛行消失，平均踝/肱比由术前的0.34(0-0.52)提高到0.78(0.48-1.2)。本组6、12、24、36、48个月的通畅率分别为91.8%、88.14%、84.99%、80.52%、80.52。结论：原位大隐静脉房路移植术能有效地改善或消除肢体缺血，自制静脉瓣膜刀能有效破坏大隐静脉的瓣膜，保证了移植静脉良好的通畅率。     

静脉动脉化治疗严重下肢缺血的远期疗效分析

目的：探索静脉动脉化治疗严重下肢缺血的新术式。方法：在对大隐静脉、胫后静脉瓣膜进行解剖学和生物力学研究的基础上，设计静脉瓣膜切除或破坏、原位一期静脉动脉化两种新术式，治疗动脉广泛闭塞所致严重下肢缺血患者７１例（７４条肢体）。结果：随访１～８年（其中随访５年以上３２例），静息痛消失率９６．５％，间隙性跛行消失率９３．７％，截肢率降至２．７％，获得满意效果。结论：两种新术式通过静脉通道，逆行灌注动脉血，确能改善或重建严重缺血下肢的血循环，具有满意的远期疗效。     

大隐静脉一期原位动脉化治疗严重下肢缺血

总结治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎导致肢体严重缺血、坏死的经验。１９９５年１月－１９９７年１月，采用大隐静脉一期原位静脉动脉化加大隐静脉瓣膜破坏方法治疗１５例（２８条肢体）血栓闭塞性脉管炎所致肢体的缺血。经４个月－２６个月随访，１４例闰状缓解明显，１例８年前曾在外院静脉动脉化手术治疗者效果较差。此术式一期完成，操作简便，肢体无端血循环改善迅速，症状缓解满意，不影响静静脉回流。认为，有足趾坏疽者，应在血循环改     

显微外科静脉瓣膜切除在下肢静脉动脉化手术中的应用

为探索静脉动脉化重建缺血下肢血循环的新途径，根据大隐静脉瓣膜的解剖观察和抗逆向压力测试结果，应用显微外科技术切除大隐静脉的主要瓣膜，一期完成原位大隐静脉动脉化，以重建严重缺血下肢的血循环。临床治疗重症血栓闭塞性脉管炎、动脉硬化性闭塞所致下肢广泛动脉闭塞共４３例，经随访１～４年，４１例效果满意。文章重点介绍大隐静脉瓣膜的解剖、定位、切除和原位大隐静脉转流的手术要点，并就术式评价、指征等进行讨论。     

复合静脉动脉化治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的临床研究

作者将２７例动脉三分支以下闭塞的患者随机分为三组，分别采用三种动静脉转流的术式进行治疗。经临床观察表明股两个平面原位静脉动脉化重建缺血肢体循环，近期症状改善和远期供血能力均明显优于深组低位转流，优于大隐静脉原位动脉化。为血栓闭塞性脉管炎，动脉粥样硬化，以及其它原因引起的动脉三分支以下闭塞的患者提供了一种新的治疗方法。     

股腘动脉闭塞症的手术治疗

目的 探讨股腘动脉旁路移植术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(C、D级病变)的近中期疗效.方法 2005年1月至2009年2月,170例患者(191条肢体)行股动脉以远血管重建术.其中男性108例,女性62例;年龄45～85岁,平均67岁.症状包括间歇性跛行78例,静息痛62例,下肢缺血性溃疡19例,远端组织坏死11例.所有患者术前均行动脉造影检查,根据TASC Ⅱ分级:C级病变127条肢体,D级病变64条肢体.手术方法包括大隐静脉原位旁路移植术15条肢体,大隐静脉转位20条肢体,人工血管旁路移植术128条肢体,大隐静脉与人工血管组合旁路移植术28条肢体.结果 围手术期无死亡病例.术后随访6～36个月,平均(24±6)个月;76例失访,随访率57%(109/191).一期通畅率84.4%(92/109),其中人工血管旁路移植通畅率88.2%(75/85),大隐静脉(原位、转位、组合)旁路移植通畅率70.8%(17/24).二期通畅率89.9%(98/109).结论 人工血管旁路移植术是治疗严重股腘动脉闭塞症(TASC C和D级病变)的主要方法,手术疗效满意.     

血管腔内介入联合外科手术治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症

目的：探讨下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的治疗手段及临床疗效。方法：采用下肢动脉球囊扩张、支架植入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形及原位大隐静脉动脉化,治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症31例（36条患肢）,行髂动脉支架植入球囊扩张术33条患肢;股总动脉支架植入球囊扩张术3条患肢,23条患肢行股一胭动脉人工血管旁路术,12条患肢行股深动脉成形术,6条行原位的大隐静脉动脉化。结果：手术均获得成功,未出现严重并发症。术后踝肱指数（0．65±0．18）与术前（0．25±0．11）相比较有明显提高（P〈0．05）。平均随访14个月（2～24个月）,与术前相比,患者术后症状明显好转,跛行距离加大（〉1000m）。结论：下肢动脉腔内介入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形术、大隐静脉动脉化等是治疗多节段多平面下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的有效方法。     

小隐静脉原位旁路术治疗下肢动脉缺血症

为探讨下肢动脉缺血症旁路重主新的移植材料,笔者于１９９２年５月至１９９７年５月,应用小隐静脉原位旁路术治疗下肢动脉闭塞严重缺血症１８例２４条肢体并监测随访１－５年。结果：１８例近期缺血症状均显著改善,临床有效率达８８．８％,远期疗效优良率达８３．３％,经寿命青法统计分析,移植物１,３,５年通畅率分别为９５．８％,７９．６％和７０．０％,认为以小隐静脉移植材料重建因肢体循环具有不受长度限制,我需预破     

大隐静脉动脉化治疗下肢慢性缺血88例

目的探讨静脉动脉化治疗下肢广泛动脉闭塞的疗效.方法对广泛动脉闭塞无流出道的慢性缺血患者88例（104条肢体）施行大隐静脉原位一期静脉动脉化加腰交感神经节切除.结果104条肢体中,随访82条,随访6个月至6年,平均3年.所有患者间歇性跛行明显减轻,夜间疼痛好转,创面愈合良好,下肢无肿胀.结论本术式可使动脉血流通过大隐静脉通道,改善或重建缺血下肢的血液循环.     

In situ saphenous vein bypass for occlusive disease in the lower extremity

In situ saphenous vein bypass, using the new valve incision techniques, has shown great promise in the early clinical trials to date. This procedure allows disruption of the venous valves without removal of the vein from its bed, thus allowing preservation of the vasa vasorum and maintenance of the endothelial integrity of the veins. This has allowed an overall improvement in the patency rates of the lower extremity bypasses, particularly in the bypasses to the infrapopliteal position. Also, and perhaps most important, it has permitted the use of smaller veins, with a minimum diameter of 2 mm. This greatly increases the number of patients who can benefit from such a vein bypass since reversed vein bypasses previously have required veins to have a minimum diameter of 3.5 to 4 mm. Long-term follow-up of in situ bypasses is not yet available. However, if the encouraging preliminary results of these bypasses are substantiated on long-term follow-up, in situ saphenous vein bypass may well become recognized as the procedure of choice for lower extremity bypass.     

A novel approach: ascending venous arterialization for atherosclerosis obliterans.

OBJECTIVE: Lower limb arterial occlusion with no patent distal artery suitable for revascularisation is a common problem. The aim of this study was to assess the role of revascularisation to distal veins (ascending venous arterialization) in patients not reconstructable by conventional bypass. METHOD: Ascending venous arterialization is a distal arteriovenous fistula. Reversed great saphenous vein grafts, from above the knee, were anastomosed to the common femoral artery, superficial femoral artery or popliteal artery and distally to the saphenous vein at the level of medial malleolus. No intervention was done to destroy the venous valves. The great saphenous vein was ligated below the knee. In this way, oxygenated blood could reach to dorsal venous arch and the tissues below the knee in an ascending fashion through the great saphenous vein, which was not removed. RESULTS: All of the patients recovered immediately after the operation. The lesions on the feet and on the toes of the patients improved in a short time. Intermittent claudication of the patients disappeared. Strong pulses were detected on the dorsal venous arch with manual Doppler in 3 weeks. The below knee tissues were perfused with the applied technique. CONCLUSION: Ascending venous arterialization can be applied for limb salvage to the patients who do not have a suitable arterial bed to revascularize with conventional techniques.     

Replacement of in situ saphenous venous aneurysms with arterial autografts

BACKGROUND: Aneurysm formation in arterialized autologous saphenous veins is an unusual complication of in situ femoral popliteal bypass procedures. METHODS: In a personal series of 207 in situ saphenous femoral popliteal bypass operations, three nonanastomatic venous aneurysms occurred. All three venous aneurysms occurred in male patients who had no adequate autologous vein available as an interposition graft. The use of eversion endarterectomized superficial femoral artery is reported as a substitute interposition graft with long-term results. RESULTS: In the 3 male patients in this series, nonanastomatic aneurysms developed in their in situ saphenous femoral popliteal bypass grafts. The venous aneurysms developed between 5 and 8 years after the original surgical procedure. No adequate vein was available as a replacement for the excised venous aneurysm. Prosthetic conduit was not used owing to the remote possibility of a subclinical infection. A segment of eversion thromboendarectomized superficial femoral artery removed from the same leg was used as a replacement interposition graft in each patient. The in situ venous graft with the autologous interposition thromboendarterectomized superficial femoral artery remained patent until each patient's death 4 to 7 years after the venous aneurysm replacement. CONCLUSIONS: A short segment of endarectomized superficial femoral artery has been found to be a novel solution for the treatment of isolated saphenous vein graft aneurysms when no suitable vein is available. These patients should be maintained on lifelong aspirin therapy owing to the thrombogenic potential of endarectomized artery.     

Oral bacteria are a possible risk factor for valvular incompetence in primary varicose veins.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate a possible link between valvular incompetence in primary varicose veins and chronic infection of periodontal disease by assessing the presence of oral bacteria in the great saphenous vein from patients with varicose veins and control subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-four primary varicose vein patients were enrolled in the study. 12 control saphenous veins were obtained from patients undergoing peripheral arterial bypass without clinical evidence of venous reflux. In total, 56 saphenous vein specimen (44 varicose veins and 12 control veins) were examined for 7 periodontal bacteria using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS: Of the 44 primary varicose vein patients, 31 patients were women and mean age was 59 years (range, 39-79 years). PCR examination of the diseased vein specimens showed that 48% were positive for at least one of 7 periodontal bacterial DNA. No bacteria were detected in the control specimens. CONCLUSION: Bacterial colonisation or infection of varicose veins is a frequent event although we were not able to establish whether this is a cause or consequence of the development of varices but this could be considered a risk factor for the development of varices.     

Arterial reconstruction at diverse sites using nonreversed autogenous vein. An application of venous valvulotomy.

Improved instrumentation for venous valve extirpation has allowed rapid development of the in situ technique for femoral-tibial arterial reconstruction. Extension of this valvulotomy technique permits the expeditious construction of branched, nonreversed saphenous vein grafts for multiple vessel revascularization, and allows use of veins otherwise unsuitable in length for certain arterial bypass procedures. The nonreversed vein graft also appears to offer advantages over the reversed graft with regard to the size of the proximal and distal anastomoses when used as an aortorenal or iliorenal graft as well as in other anatomic locations. Over the past 30 months these techniques were used to implant 10 vein grafts at diverse sites in nine patients with initial success in all instances and one late graft failure.     

Femoral venous trauma: techniques for surgical management and early results

During a 4 year period (1979 through 1983), 181 major arterial (69 percent) and 81 venous (31 percent) injuries were treated surgically. Of the venous injuries, 24 (30 percent) involved the femoral veins (9 common femoral, 15 superficial femoral). Management of these femoral venous injuries included lateral venorrhaphy in 10 cases (42 percent), venous patch angioplasty in 5 cases (21 percent), end-to-end anastomosis in 4 cases (17 percent), interposition autogenous saphenous vein grafts in 3 patients (12 percent), and ligation in 2 cases (8 percent). One case that included common femoral venous ligation and one that included a failed interposition saphenous vein graft in the superficial femoral vein subsequently were managed with in situ saphenous vein bypass. For one interposition saphenous vein graft repair of the common femoral vein we utilized the spiral vein graft technique. Excluding one early death from associated injuries and one superficial femoral venous injury managed by ligation without postoperative complications, 17 of 23 (74 percent) femoral venous repairs were judged patent postoperatively (13 confirmed by venography and 4 by noninvasive testing). The adjuvant use of intermittent pneumatic calf compression and low molecular weight dextran appears to have been beneficial in maintaining patency of the femoral venous repairs. Early clinical follow-up demonstrated the presence of edema in 6 of 8 cases (75 percent) initially treated by ligation or complicated by postoperative occlusion. Early postoperative edema, present in 4 of 17 (24 percent) patients with patent venous repairs, had resolved by the time of discharge. We recommend routine repair of femoral venous injuries. When significant edema or ischemia develop following obligatory venous ligation or postoperative occlusion of a venous repair, revision or venous bypass should be considered.     

In situ versus reversed saphenous vein for femoropopliteal bypass: a prospective randomized study of 100 cases

With the purpose of comparing results using the greater saphenous vein in situ or as a reversed conduit, 100 femoropopliteal bypasses, performed in 91 patients between October 1980 and January 1985, were randomized into two statistically comparable groups of 50 procedures of each type. Seventy-five percent of patients had cutaneous signs of ischemia and 20% had isolated rest pain. Average follow-up was 32 months for the in situ group and 33.4 months in the reversed bypass group. The quality of the vein was statistically better in the in situ group (p<0.01). There were six cases of early thrombosis in the in situ group compared to four in the reversed bypass group. In the in situ group, half of the thromboses could be attributed to inadequate valviar destruction. Seven delayed thromboses were noted in the in situ group whereas there were two in the reversed saphenous vein bypass group. The actuarial rates of bypass patency at three years in the reversed and in situ groups were 88.2 and 70.8%, respectively (x2=2.62; NS). Analysis of results suggests that: 1) the reversed saphenous vein bypass provides excellent results if vein harvest and preparation are as atraumatic as possible; 2) expertise in rendering the valves incompetent markedly increases patency in thein situ technique; 3) during the first 12 months, Doppler follow-up of measured distal pressures is necessary in order to detect pathologic changes of the bypass and adjacent arterial tree.     

大隐静脉原位转流术重建下肢血液循环

目的:评价大隐静脉原位转流术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的疗效.方法:运用自制瓣膜切除器开展大隐静脉原位转流术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症38例共40例肢体.患者术前踝肱指数(ABI)为0-0.58(平均0.29),均经动脉造影证实.术后移植物均可扪及搏动,有28条肢体足背或胫后动脉搏动恢复,17例同时行输入输出道动脉重建术,溃疡清创术6例,4例于术后3天内出现移植物搏动消失,行第2次重建术,结果:ABI平均值同术前0.29上升至0.84,严惩缺血肢体挽救率为100%,经寿命表统计分析,1-5年的血管累积通畅率分别为92%,87%,82%,72%和65%,结论:大隐静脉原位转流术是治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的理想方法之一,同时行输入功输出道动脉重建术,对保证移植血管的通畅有着重要的意义.     

Creation of spliced vein conduit using microvascular anastomotic coupler

The single-segment great saphenous vein continues to be a conduit of choice for lower extremity arterial bypass. In patients without an adequate continuous segment of great saphenous vein, a spliced vein graft may be used as an alternative. Creating a spliced vein conduit can be technically challenging and time consuming. We present a technique of creating a spliced vein conduit by using a microvascular anastomotic coupler.     

血栓闭塞性脉管炎合并动脉硬化闭塞导致下肢缺血的手术治疗

目的 探讨下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎(thmmboangiitis obliterans,TAO)合并动脉硬化闭塞症(arteriosclerosis obliterans,ASO)手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2007年治疗的TAO合并ASO 6例患者的资料.2例行腹主动脉切开取栓+内膜剥脱+腹主动脉-股深动脉人工血管旁路移植-胭动脉人工血管-小腿动脉自体大隐静脉旁路移植术,1例行腹主动脉切开取栓+内膜剥脱+腹主动脉-右股深动脉人工血管旁路移植-膝下胭动脉人工血管旁路移植术;1例行左髂总动脉-左股深动脉人工血管旁路移植一胫前动脉自体大隐静脉原位移植术,1例行左侧人工血管切开取栓+左股深动脉成形-膝下腘动脉人工血管旁路移植术,1例行右股总动脉-左股总动脉人工血管旁路移植-胫后动脉自体大隐静脉旁路移植术.结果 5例患者术后恢复顺利,1例于术后当天出现股动脉-腘动脉人工血管和远段的大隐静脉桥血栓形成,立即再次手术行人工血管和大隐静脉切开取栓术,并同时行胫后动静脉吻合.6例患者均痊愈出院,无死亡病例.5例患者的下肢远端静息痛完全缓解,1例部分缓解.足部溃疡的2例创面明显缩小,无感染发生.所有患者得到随访,平均随访为6.5个月,3例足部溃疡愈合.1例术后3个月出现左股部切口感染,最终行膝上截肢处理,残端一期愈合.其他5例患者的移植血管通畅,症状缓解.结论 对TAO合并ASO患者如果手术治疗方式恰当,可以取得比较好的疗效.