氢质子磁共振波谱和磁共振弥散加权成像早期诊断新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的价值探讨

目的探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)的表观弥散系数值(ADC)和氢质子磁共振频谱(1H-MRS)在评价足月新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)中的临床价值。方法32例足月HIE患儿和同期10例健康足月新生儿生后10d内行DWI和1H-MRS扫描,记录代谢产物1H-MRS波峰下面积和ADC值,并进行比较。结果(1)HIE组右侧基底节和额叶的乳酸/肌酸比值(Lac/Cr)较对照组升高,N乙酰天门冬氨酸/肌酸比值(NAA/Cr)、胆碱/肌酸比值(Cho/Cr)较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);轻度、中度、重度HIE组右侧基底节和额叶的Lac/Cr比值逐渐升高,均高于对照组(P均<0.05),右侧基底节NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr比值逐渐降低,均低于对照组(P均<0.05)。HIE的临床分度与右侧基底节和额叶的Lac/Cr呈正相关,与右侧基底节的NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr呈负相关。(2)HIE组左右两侧豆状核及右侧额叶深部白质ADC值较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);HIE临床分度与左右两侧豆状核及右侧额叶深部白质的ADC值为负相关。(3)右侧基底节NAA/Cr与左右两侧豆状核ADC值呈正相关。...     

中重度肥胖儿童脑代谢的质子磁共振波谱变化

目的探讨肥胖儿童额叶和海马感兴趣区的脑代谢特征。方法对象为2005年安徽省肥胖儿童夏令营小学生。分别对9例肥胖(肥胖组)及其配对的体质量健康儿童(健康对照组)进行测量(身高、体质量、腰围、臀围)和瑞文推理测验;双能X线吸收仪(DXA)测定全身体脂百分比;采用氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)检测额叶、海马部位脑代谢特点。结果1.肥胖组额叶部位N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、额叶胆碱(Cho)、额叶肌酸(Cr)水平均显著低于健康对照组(126.88、80.38、53.13vs160.5、101.63、71.5)(Pa<0.05);2.肥胖组额叶NAA/Cr比高于健康对照组;海马部位NAA、Cr、NAA/Cr、Cho均较健康对照组高,但均无统计学差异(Pa>0.05)。结论中重度肥胖儿童额叶NAA减低表明额叶神经元数量减少,Cho减低提示中重度肥胖可能影响了儿童白质髓鞘化过程,造成白质髓鞘化过程慢于对照组;而Cr减低表明肥胖儿童额叶代谢低下。     

氢质子磁共振波谱在热性惊厥中的临床应用

目的应用氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)检测热性惊厥(FS)患儿脑组织生化代谢物,了解FS发作后脑损伤情况,探讨1H-MRS在FS中应用的意义。方法对25例FS患儿和6例神经系统正常儿童进行常规头颅MRI和颞叶海马区的1H-MRS检查。25例FS患儿中,15例为单纯性热性惊厥(SFS),10例为复杂性热性惊厥(CFS)。检测指标为N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)、胆碱(Cho)、谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺复合物(Glx)和乳酸(Lac)的信号强度,计算并比较NAA/(Cho Cr)和Lac/Cr的比值。结果头颅MRI检查结果为FS组及对照组均未显示异常。1H-MRS检测结果为NAA/(Cho Cr)比值,SFS组为0.71±0.05,CFS组为0.65±0.04,对照组为0.73±0.05,CFS组明显低于SFS组及对照组(Pa<0.01),但后二者之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。Lac/Cr比值SFS组(0.32±0.21)和CFS组(0.63±0.30)高于对照组(0.05±0.04)(Pa<0.05),且CFS组高于SFS组(P<0.01)。结论1H-MRS作为一项无创检查,能更敏感地发现FS患儿的早期脑损伤,为FS尤其是CFS患儿的治疗、评估预后提供客观依据。     

磁共振成像及质子磁共振波谱评价足月新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病

目的利用脑磁共振成像（MRI）及质子磁共振波谱（^1HMRS）技术探讨足月新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）脑形态学变化及脑代谢物的改变。方法对足月新生儿HIE46例进行头颅MRI、^1HMRS检查，并以无窒息史的9例新生儿作为对照。结果1．MRI显示HIE患儿存在12种异常征象，其中弥漫性脑水肿、灰白质分界消失、T1WI基底核异常高信号伴内囊后肢正常高信号消失、胼胝体水肿、脑回征、脑实质广泛出血等征象是脑损伤严重表现。2．^1HMRS显示乳酸／肌酸（Lac／Cr）比值、谷氨酸复合物-α钡酸（Glx—α／Cr）比值在HIE各组及对照组比较均有显著差异（P〈0．05），且与临床分度有显著相关性（ρ=0．76，059P〈0．0001），N-乙酰门冬氨酸／肌酸（NAA／Cr）比值在HIE重度组明显低于中、轻度组（P〈0．05）。结论MRI和^1HMRS相结合可客观反映HIE患儿脑形态及代谢变化，评价其脑损伤严重程度。     

全面性发育迟缓患儿磁共振波谱与认知功能的相关性研究

目的探讨不同程度全面性发育迟缓患儿额叶、海马区代谢物特点,并探索其与认知功能水平的相关性。方法纳入66例头颅磁共振成像无明显异常的全面性发育迟缓患儿,采用Gessell发育诊断量表评估认知功能水平,并根据发育商(DQ)分为轻度发育迟缓组(24例)、中度发育迟缓组(20例)、重度发育迟缓组(22例);利用磁共振波谱(MRS)技术,选择双侧额叶白质、海马区为感兴趣区,计算其中N-乙酰天门冬氨酸/肌酸(NAA/Cr)、胆碱/肌酸(Cho/Cr)、NAA/(Cho+Cr)的相对值,比较轻度、中度、重度发育迟缓组的代谢物水平,并探讨其与病情程度、认知功能的相关性。结果三组患儿的双侧额叶白质以及海马区NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr、NAA/(Cho+Cr)水平的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。各代谢物相对水平与病情程度、认知功能均无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论选择额叶白质及海马区行MRS检查,对评估全面性发育迟缓患儿的疾病严重程度及认知功能的价值不大。     

氢质子磁共振波谱检测小儿热性惊厥及癫癎临床价值研究

目的 探讨氢质子磁共振波谱(proton maglletic resonance spectrpscopy,1H-MRS)检测在热性惊厥(febrile seizure,FS)及癫瘖(epilepsy,EP)中的临床应用价值及意义.方法 2006-2007年收治惊厥患儿共41例,其中FS组25例.其中单纯性热性惊厥(simple febrile seizure,SFS)组15例及复杂性热性惊厥(complex febrile sei-zure.CFS)组10例;EP组16例,按有无合并热性惊厥史分为伴有热性惊厥组7例和不伴热性惊厥组9例.对热性惊厥和癫癎患儿进行常规头颅磁共振(MRI)及颞叶海马区1H-MRS检查,并选择6例神经系统正常儿童作对照组.1H-MRS检测指标:N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)、胆碱(Cho)、谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺复合物(Glx)和乳酸(Lac)的信号强度,计算NAb/(Cho Cr)和Lac/Cr的比值,并进行比较.结果 头颅MRI检查结果:FS组及对照组均正常,EP组除1例髓鞘发育不良外余均正常.1H-MRS检查结果显示:NAA(Cho Cr)比值SFS组为0.71±0.05.CFS组为0.65±0.04,EP组为0.62±0.04(其中伴有热性惊厥史EP组为0.60±0.03,不伴有热性惊厥史的EP组为0.64±0.04),对照组为0.73±0.05.NAA/(Cho Cr)比值在CFS组与EP组之间无明显差异(P>0.05),但两组均低于对照组(P<0.01);CFS组明显低于SFS组及对照组(P<0.01),但后两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);伴有热性谅厥史的EP组低于不伴有热性惊厥史的EP组(P<0.05). Lac/Cr比值SFS组(0.32±0.21)和CFS组(0.63±0.30)不仅高于对照组(0.05±0.04)(P<0.05),也明显高于EP组(0.11±0.09)(P<0.05);CFS组Lac/Cr高于SFS组,P<0.01;EP组Lac/Cr与对照组比较无明显差异.结论 (1)NAA/(Cho Cr)比值是反映脑损伤的客观指标,该指标在CFS及EP患儿脑组织中下降,提示存在神经元丢失或功能失常.(2)Lac/Cr比值是反映脑急性缺氧的指标,该指标在SFS及CFS患儿脑组织中升高,提示惊厥过程中存在脑局部缺血,即使是短暂单次的惊厥发作亦存在脑损伤.(3)1H-MRS作为一项无创的检查,能更敏感地发现FS及EP惠儿的早期脑损伤.有助于弥补MRI的不足及其他有创检查的损伤,为FS及EP患儿治疗、评估预后提供客观依据.     

紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿脑组织磁共振波谱研究

目的 应用氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)技术评估紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿脑代谢的变化.方法紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿29例,按不同的血氧饱和度(SaO2)分为紫绀组14例(SaO2为76% ～ 85%)、严重紫绀组15例(SaO2为65% ～ 75%);另选血氧饱和度正常、年龄性别相匹配的对照组儿童30例.应用场强为1.5T超导型磁共振扫描仪分别对这些儿童的右侧基底核区(感兴趣区20 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm 范围)进行氢质子磁共振波谱图像采集.检测指标为N-乙酰天冬氨酸(NAA)、乳酸(Lac)和肌酸(Cr),计算并比较紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿与对照组儿童、严重紫绀组与紫绀组患儿之间的NAA/Cr和Lac/Cr比值的差异.采用SPSS11.0统计软件进行统计分析.结果 紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿的NAA/Cr比值显著低于对照组(P ＜ 0.05),而Lac/Cr比值则明显高于对照组(P ＜ 0.001),差异均有统计学意义.严重紫绀组患儿的NAA/Cr比值也较紫绀组低(P ＜ 0.001),而Lac/Cr比值则较紫绀组高(P ＜ 0.001),差异均有统计学意义.结论 紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿脑组织存在NAA及Lac代谢异常,其改变程度与缺氧严重程度相关,提示慢性缺氧影响紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿的脑代谢.这将有助于阐明紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿脑功能障碍的发生机制,为早期诊断、及时干预,进而提高这些患儿的远期生活质量提供理论依据.     

氢质子磁共振波谱在原发性癫癎中的应用研究

目的：应用氢质子磁共振波谱(proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 'H-MRS)检测癫癎患儿的脑组织生化代谢物,探讨'H-MRS在原发性癫癎中的临床应用价值及意义。方法：对33例原发性癫癎患儿（癫癎组,其中14例有热性惊厥史）和6例正常儿童（对照组）进行常规头颅MRI和颞叶海马区的'H-MRS检查。检测N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)、胆碱(Cho)和乳酸(Lac)的信号强度,计算并比较NAA/（Cho+Cr）和Lac/Cr的比值。结果：头颅MRI检查：除1例癫癎患儿表现为髓鞘发育不良外其余所有研究对象均无异常。'H-MRS检测：NAA/（Cho+Cr）比值在癫癎组为0.64±0.07,低于对照组(0.73±0.05)（P＜0.01）;同时伴有热性惊厥史的癫癎患儿为0.61±0.07,低于不伴有热性惊厥史的癫癎患儿（0.66±0.06）（P＜0.05）。癫癎组Lac/Cr比值与对照组差异无统计学意义。结论：'H-MRS作为一项无创的检查,能更敏感地发现癫癎患儿的早期脑损伤,为癫癎的诊断和评估预后提供客观依据。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（6）：425-428］     

弥散加权成像早期预测新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤区域及其表观弥散系数值改变

目的 阐明弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)可于生后早期预测HIE患儿的损伤区域,并且评估不同区域的ADC值变化情况.方法 研究对象为2006年7月至2009年7月,我院新生儿病房收治26例HIE患儿,其临床分度为重度19例和中度7例,均于生后72 h内完成常规MRI和DWI扫描.其中,10例重度HIE患儿(ADC值组)行8个感兴趣区的ADC值测量,以同期住院的12例无神经系统疾病的足月儿为对照.8个感兴趣区分别为内囊后肢(PLIC)、腹外侧丘脑、基底节、中央沟周围皮层、枕叶皮层、半卵圆中心、脑干、额叶白质.结果 生后72 h内,26例HIE患儿的常规MRI示5例蛛网膜下腔出血、2例硬膜下出血,仅1例患儿的T2WI可见部分皮层稍高信号,此外未见其他异常.但26例HIE患儿的DWI均可见异常高信号.在19例重度HIE患儿中,17例(89%)表现为双侧腹外侧丘脑和中央沟周围皮层的异常高信号(其中6例伴有双侧基底节区异常高信号),仅2例(11%)表现为皮层及皮层下白质的异常高信号.7例中度HIE中,4例表现为皮层及皮层下自质的异常高信号,2例表现为脑室周围白质的异常高信号,仅1例表现为双侧腹外侧丘脑和中央沟周围皮层的异常高信号.ADC值组内囊后肢(PLIC)、腹外侧丘脑、基底节、中央沟周围皮层、枕叶皮层、半卵圆中心、脑干、额叶白质的平均ADC值依次为0.68(0.56～0.88),0.73±0.13,0.67±0.11,0.78±0.22,0.90±0.16,0.87±0.21,0.73±0.19,1.32±0.22×10-3 mm2/S.对照组内囊后肢(PLIC)、腹外侧丘脑、基底节、中央沟周围皮层、枕叶皮层、半卵圆中心、脑干、额叶白质的平均ADC值依次为0.96(0.95～1.02),1.02±0.90,1.15±0.99,1.08±0.07,1.09±0.08,1.39±0.20,0.96±0.05,1.58±0.18×10-3 mm2/S.与对照组相比,ADC值组8个感兴趣区的平均表观弥散系数(apparent difusion coefficient,ADC)值明显降低(P＜0.01).结论 在生后早期,重度HIE患儿的损伤区域大部分为丘脑-中央沟周围皮层,仅少数为皮层及皮层下白质.中度HIE患儿的损伤区域较多样,依次为皮层及皮层下白质、脑室周围白质和丘脑-中央沟周围皮层.HIE患儿的DWI图像异常部位及未见异常部位的ADC值均有不同程度的下降.

Abstract：

Objective To elucidate that diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) can be used to predict the injured regions of neonatal brain with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in the early phase of injury, and to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the multiple regions of the brain.Method The participants in this study were twenty-six infants with HIE from neonatology ward hospitalized between July 2006 and July 2009.Nineteen patients had severe HIE, and seven had moderate HIE.DWI and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed for each case within the first 72 hrs.The ADC values of eight regions of interest (ROIs) were measured in ten cases with severe HIE ( ADC values group). ROIs included posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), ventrolateral thalami, basal ganglia, perirolandic cortex, occipital cortex, centrum semiovale, brainstem, and frontal white matter.Twelve neonates were enrolled as the control subjects.Results During the first 72 hfs, the conventional MR1 of 26 patients showed subarachnoid hemorrhage in 5, subdural hemorrhage in 2, and mild high signal intensity in the cortex of only one patient.In the 19 cases with severe HIE, abnormal signal intensities were seen in ventrolateral thalami and perirolandie cortex of 17 patients ( 89% ), and the remaining 2 infants showed abnormal cortex and subcortical white matter.In 7 cases with moderate HIE, 4 had abnormal signal intensity in the cortex and subcortical white matter, 2 had abnormal periventricular white matter, and only one showed abnormal signal intensity in the ventrolateral thalami and perirolandic cortex.In the ADC values group, the average ADC values of posterior limb of internal capsule ( PLIC ), ventrolateral thalami, basal ganglia, perirolandic cortex, occipital cortex, centrum semiovale, brainstem, and frontal white matterrespectively were 0.68(0.56-0.88) ,0.73 ±0.13,0.67 ±0.11,0.78 ±0.22,0.90 ±0.16,0.87 ±0.21,0.73 ±0.19,1.32 ±0.22 × 10-3 mm2/S.In the control group, the average ADC values of posterior limb of internal capsule ( PLIC ), ventrolateral thalami, basal ganglia, perirolandic cortex, occipital cortex, centrum semiovale, brainstem, and frontal white matter respectively were 0.96(0.95-1.02), 1.02 ±0.90,1.15 ±0.99,1.08 ±0.07,1.09 ±0.08,1.39 ±0.20,0.96 ±0.05,1.58 ±0.18 × 10 -3 mm2/S. There was statistically significant difference in the average ADC values between each of 8 ROIs of infants with HIE and healthy neonates( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion In the first days after birth, the major injured regions of severe HIE were ventrolateral thalami and perirolandic cortex, the minor injured regions were cortex and subcortical white matter.Multiple regions of moderate HIE were injured, including cortex with subcortical white matter,periventricular white matter, and ventrolateral thalami with perirolandic cortex. The ADC values of the regions with abnormal signal intensity decreased, also some regions with the normal signal intensity.     

尿S100B蛋白和乳酸/肌酐比值对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病预后判断的价值

目的 探讨尿乳酸/肌酐(Lac/Cr)比值和尿S100B蛋白对新生儿窒息和缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)预后判断的价值.方法 检测78例足月窒息新生儿生后第1、2、3天尿Lac/Cr比值、尿S100B蛋白水平,对其中HIE患儿生后3、7、14、28 d分别进行新生儿神经行为评分(NBNA评分),在生后6个月对HIE患儿进行智能发育筛查测验(DST),同期25名足月正常新生儿为对照组.结果 窒息组与对照组1、5 min Apgar评分、第1天尿Lac/Cr比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001).窒息组第l天尿Lac/Cr与1、5 min Apgar评分呈负相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).HIE组第l天尿Lac/Cr比值、所有监测时间段尿S100B蛋白与生后3、7、14 d NBNA评分呈负相关.生后6个月36例HIE患儿接受了DST随访(随访率46.15%),20例中重度HIE中DQ 70～84分7例,第1天尿Lac/Cr介于4.69～6.24,3 d内尿S100B蛋白介于3.49～5.87 μg/L;DQ<70分13例,第1天尿Lac/Cr比值>6.22,3 d内尿S100B蛋白介于5.35～8.86μg/L.结论 尿Lac/Cr比值>4.69而尿S100B>3.49μg/L时,HIE可能预后不良.监测出生后第1天尿Lac/Cr比值和3 d内尿S100B蛋白对预测HIE的预后具有较高的应用价值,值得进一步研究.     

胶原成分在儿童系膜增生性肾小球肾炎中的变化

目的观察系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（ＭｓＰＧＮ）系膜区胶原成分的变化。方法应用链菌素亲生物素过氧化酶连接法观察了３０例轻度ＭｓＰＧＮ肾穿刺活组织标本和正常的肾小球系膜区Ⅳ型胶原及其α链（α１、α３、α５链）、Ⅵ型胶原及Ⅰ型胶原的变化。结果（１）正常肾脏组织中，Ⅳ型胶原及其α１（Ⅳ）链分布于系膜区和基底膜，α３（Ⅳ）、α５（Ⅳ）链分布于基底膜，Ⅵ型胶原分布于系膜区、肾小球基底膜和间质，Ⅰ型胶原仅分布于肾间质。（２）在轻度ＭｓＰＧＮ时，系膜区内Ⅳ型胶原及其α１链、Ⅵ型胶原含量较正常对照明显增多（Ｐ＜０．０１）；当系膜区系膜细胞超过４个时，Ⅰ型胶原开始在肾小球内出现，且在硬化肾小球内Ⅰ型胶原均呈阳性；α３（Ⅳ）、α５（Ⅳ）链与正常对照比较无明显变化，硬化肾小球α３（Ⅳ）、α５（Ⅳ）染色呈阳性。结论系膜区胶原成分增多可先于系膜细胞增生，并随系膜细胞增生而增多，间质胶原成分Ⅰ型胶原，不但出现于硬化肾小球内，而且出现于系膜细胞增生较重时     

Breastfeeding perceptions in communities in Mangochi district in Malawi

Aim: To investigate mothers’ perceptions of breastfeeding and influences from their social network. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was carried out in Mangochi district, Malawi where questionnaire data from 157 rural and 192 semi‐urban mother–infant pairs were obtained. Results: The proportion of mothers who thought that exclusive breastfeeding should last for 6 months and those who reported to have actually exclusively breastfed were 40.1% and 7.5% respectively. Of those who reported practising exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, 77.5% stated that exclusive breastfeeding should last for 6 months. This opinion was independently associated with giving birth in a Baby‐Friendly facility, OR = 5.22; 95% CI (1.92–14.16). Among the mothers who thought that exclusive breastfeeding should last for less than 6 months, 43.9% reported having been influenced in their opinion by health workers. Infant crying was the most common (62.4%) reason for stopping exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: The findings illustrate the positive impact health workers can have, as well as the need to raise awareness of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding among both health workers and mothers. Furthermore, continued counselling of mothers on how to deal with stressful infant behaviour such as crying may assist to prolong exclusive breastfeeding.     

关注社区获得性肺炎细菌病原的变化

近些年,引起儿童社区获得性肺炎(Community-acquired pneumonia,CAP)的病原发生了一些变化,如肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体不仅成为学龄儿童CAP的常见病原,而且3岁以下感染者也屡见报告,重症或难治性肺炎支原体肺炎病例在国内许多城市出现,嗜肺军团菌可能是小儿重症CAP的独立病原或混合病原之一的事实也再次为儿科临床所认识;新型病毒如C型鼻病毒、多瘤病毒等引起的感染在国内也已有文献报道;细菌方面,肺炎链球菌性坏死性肺炎(Necrotizing pneumonia)和脓胸增多,社区相关性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的坏死性肺炎并脓毒症病例在国内儿童出现,革兰阴性杆菌引起的婴幼儿CAP增多.     

Clinical evaluation in tinidazole in amoebiasis in children.

Forty children with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis were treated with tinidazole in a single dose of 50 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days. A cure rate of 97% was obtained. Tinidazole was tolerated well in children and proved to be a valuable new amoebicidal drug.