免疫治疗在胃癌新辅助治疗中的研究进展

胃癌（GC）在我国发病的重要特点是中晚期确诊病例占确诊人数的大多数,早期诊断的患者不足10%。对于进展期的GC患者来说,标准治疗策略是手术联合术后辅助治疗或者术前新辅助+手术联合术后辅助治疗,而近年来免疫治疗成为一种治疗肿瘤的创新方法。如何在新辅助治疗中最大程度地利用免疫治疗,从而取得更好的临床获益值得探讨。本文综述了免疫治疗在GC新辅助治疗中的研究进展,进一步研究新辅助治疗联合免疫治疗对免疫系统功能的影响将有助于提高对GC的治疗水平。     

中医扶正培本治疗对乳腺癌新辅助化疗患者免疫功能的影响

目的:观察中医扶正培本治疗对乳腺癌新辅助化疗患者细胞免疫功能的影响。方法:54例乳腺癌初治患者按治疗方式分成A组(单纯新辅助化疗)29例,B组(新辅助化疗 扶正培本治疗)25例,在治疗前后检测患者细胞免疫功能的变化。结果:A组治疗后CD3、CD4、NK细胞明显下降,CD8上升(P<0·05);CD4/CD8下降(P>0·05);B组治疗后CD3CD4、CD4/CD8、NK细胞下降,CD8上升(P>0·05)。结论:新辅助化疗使乳腺癌患者细胞免疫功能明显下降,联合扶正培本治疗能使细胞免疫功能明显改善。     

功能成像技术对局部晚期直肠癌新辅助治疗预测与评估价值

对于局部晚期直肠癌,新辅助放化疗后行手术切除,再行术后辅助化疗,已发展为标准治疗模式。新辅助治疗可使肿瘤病灶发生不同程度的退缩,部分患者术后病理证实达到完全缓解,有助于增加直肠癌患者根治性手术概率,并降低复发率,改善患者的远期预后。近年来,新辅助治疗疗效的预测和评估,成为临床医生关注的焦点。在影像学方面,常规的形态成像技术,不能够准确反映新辅助放化疗后肿瘤治疗效果,而DWI-MRI、DCE-MRI、PET-CT等功能成像技术不仅能够反映肿瘤退缩程度,还可以反映治疗前后肿瘤功能代谢方面的变化,因而更为准确。现对直肠癌新辅助放化疗影像学疗效评价方法的应用现状进行综述。     

影像学评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗反应的研究进展

传统用于评估肿瘤对于新辅助化疗反应的常规成像方式有一定的局限性,功能成像能够早期预测新辅助化疗反应,从而个性化的指导治疗。但目前对于新辅助化疗随访患者的影像学评估方法并无标准。本文旨在讨论用于评价乳腺癌新辅助化疗患者化疗反应情况的各种影像学方法尤其是功能成像的准确性、优势、局限性和未来发展方向。     

新辅助放化疗对中低位直肠癌患者排便状况的影响

目的：探讨新辅助化疗对中低位直肠癌患者排便状况的影响。方法将单纯进行手术治疗的患者纳入对照组,新辅助放化疗结合手术治疗的患者纳入研究组。比较两种治疗方法对患者术后排便功能的影响。结果新辅助放疗组患者治疗前后肿瘤距齿状线距离存在显著差异,P＜0．05;两组患者治疗后排便异常存在显著差异,P＜0．05;年龄,行辅助放化疗和直肠癌根治术后吻合口距肛缘的距离是大便失禁发生率的影响因素,P＜0．05。结论新辅助放化疗对中低位直肠癌患者,能达到提高肿瘤切除率和提高保肛成功率的目的,虽然对术后患者排便功能有一定的影响,但是也不失为一种有效的治疗方法。     

食管癌的新辅助治疗进展

新辅助治疗是在成功的术后辅助治疗经验基础上提出的术前辅助治疗。其目的是增加手术切除肿瘤的可能性并提高患者的生存率,包括新辅助化疗、新辅助放疗和新辅助放化疗。本文拟就食管癌的新辅助治疗作一综述。     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评价方法进展

随着新辅助化疗在乳腺癌临床治疗中的广泛应用,新辅助化疗已成为乳腺癌综合治疗的重要组成部分.对于新辅助化疗疗效评价一直缺乏较为及时、准确、有效的方法,常规的体格检查已不能满足临床疗效评价的需要.不断发展的影像学技术在乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评价中起重要作用.但只能检测肿瘤形态学改变,存在一定局限性.乳腺血氧功能检测是新近发展的一项新技术,在评估化疗疗效方面有其独到之处,肿瘤生物学标志物因其肿瘤的特异性,在评价新辅助化疗疗效中也越来越重要.本文综述各种方法在乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评价中的原理及应用现状.     

乳腺癌新辅助内分泌治疗的研究进展

新辅助内分泌治疗作为新辅助化疗的一种安全有效的替代和补充,正被越来越多地应用于激素受体阳性的局部晚期乳腺癌患者中。但新辅助内分泌治疗在适应患者的筛选、疗效、预后的评判及治疗规范等方面仍存在诸多争议。现从新辅助内分泌治疗与新辅助化疗的比较、不同新辅助内分泌药物的比较、新辅助内分泌治疗的疗程、新辅助内分泌治疗联合化疗或靶向药物、新辅助内分泌治疗疗效、预后的评判及新辅助内分泌治疗后的辅助放疗指征等方面总结新辅助内分泌治疗的现状和进展。     

局部晚期食管癌的新辅助治疗

新辅助治疗是指在成功的术后辅助治疗经验基础上提出的术前辅助治疗,其目的 在于增加手术切除肿瘤的可能性并提高患者的生存率,包括新辅助化疗、新辅助放疗和新辅助放化疗.新辅助放化疗在促进切除率和提高生存率上可能成为局部晚期食管癌新辅助治疗的首选方案.     

浙江省乳腺癌新辅助治疗专家共识（2018）

摘 要：乳腺癌新辅助治疗是局部晚期乳腺癌和可手术乳腺癌的重要治疗方式。乳腺癌新辅助临床诊治尽管已取得很多进展,但仍然面临诸多争议,有必要对乳腺癌的新辅助治疗形成共识。在结合2018年的共识投票基础上,综合新辅助诊治的研究结果,浙江省医学会外科学分会和浙江省医师协会乳腺肿瘤专业委员会联合发布《浙江省乳腺癌新辅助治疗专家共识（2018）》。共识结合了理论与实践,针对乳腺癌新辅助治疗的适应证与意义、新辅助治疗的评估、新辅助治疗的方案和新辅助治疗完成后的局部区域治疗四个方面进行原则性总结并详细阐释,同时附以共识投票结果,以期更好地指导乳腺癌的新辅助临床诊治。     

Does MRI predict pathologic tumor response in women with breast cancer undergoing preoperative chemotherapy?

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy precludes the accurate pre-surgical pathologic measurement of tumor size. The purpose of this study is to review imaging studies performed in patients who received preoperative chemotherapy prior to surgery and determine whether MRI, ultrasound (US) or physical exam best predicted final pathologic tumor size. METHODS: Stage I, II, and III breast cancer patients were treated with neoadjuvant therapy on trial. As part of the trials, women underwent MRI, US, and physical exam prior to the start of therapy and 1 week after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: Of the 68 patients with MRI data, the correlation coefficient (r) of MRI to pathologic size of tumor was r = 0.749. Among the 52 patients who had an US assessment the correlation of US to pathology was r = 0.612. Sixty-two patients had physical exam data, and the correlation of examination to pathology size was r = 0.439. MRI correctly predicted 8 of 11 complete responders and accurately evaluated the size of non-responders to neoadjuvant therapy (r = 0.869) CONCLUSIONS: In a select group of women undergoing neoadjuvant therapy for invasive breast cancer, MRI best predicted pathology response. The use of MRI in neoadjuvant therapy may allow for accurate prediction of patients eligible for breast conservation.     

HR+/HER2-乳腺癌新辅助治疗及疗效预测指标研究进展#br#

激素受体阳性/人表皮生长因子受体 2 阴性(HR+/HER2-)乳腺癌对辅助化疗疗效尚不理想，而将新辅助疗法应用于局部晚期乳腺癌已成为一种安全有效的方案。但新辅助治疗的最佳治疗方案仍存在诸多争议，对于新辅助治疗的预测因子的价值和临床应用前景尚不明确。新辅助方案之间的联合应用是否进一步增加疗效，目前仍有争论。新辅助治疗在HR+/HER2-乳腺癌中的应用及预测相关指标具有很好的前景。该文根据最新研究成果，从新辅助化疗方案、新辅助内分泌与新辅助化疗的比较、新辅助化疗联合新辅助内分泌治疗，CDK4/6抑制剂联合内分泌治疗、新辅助治疗各疗效预测指标等方面进行综述。     

The wind of change in the therapy of lung cancer

Total mesorectal excision has been established as a standard surgical procedure for rectal cancer. MRI is now routinely used for preoperative staging of rectal cancer and provides accurate assessment of the tumor relative to the circumferential margin, that is, the mesorectal fascia. This identifies patients at risk of local recurrence and those likely to benefit from neoadjuvant therapy. Compared with CT and ultrasound, MRI is more reliable for the evaluation of the extent of locoregional disease, planning radiation therapy, assessing postoperative changes and pelvic recurrence. The evaluation of nodal metastases remains a challenge with routine MRI. In this review, we describe the role of MRI in staging rectal cancer as well as highlight some limitations and recent advances to overcome these.     

Magnetic resonance imaging: A potential tool in assessing the addition of hyperthermia to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer

The poor overall survival for patients with locally advanced breast cancers has led over the past decade to the introduction of numerous neoadjuvant combined therapy regimens to down-stage the disease before surgery. At the same time, more evidence suggests the need for treatment individualisation with a wide variety of new targets for cancer therapeutics and also multi modality therapies. In this context, early determination of whether the patient will fail to respond can enable the use of alternative therapies that can be more beneficial. The purpose of this review is to examine the potential role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in early prediction of treatment response and prognosis of overall survival in locally advanced breast cancer patients enrolled on multi modality therapy trials that include hyperthermia. The material is organised with a review of dynamic contrast (DCE)-MRI and diffusion weighted (DW)-MRI for characterisation of phenomenological parameters of tumour physiology and their potential role in estimating therapy response. Most of the work published in this field has focused on responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens alone, so the emphasis will be there, however the available data that involves the addition of hyperthermia to the regimen will be discussed The review will also include future directions that include the potential use of MRI imaging techniques in establishing the role of hyperthermia alone in modifying breast tumour microenvironment, together with specific challenges related to performing such studies.     

CESM与MRI评价乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的价值比较

目的:比较增强光谱钼靶(CESM)和磁共振成像(MRI)在乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评估中的临床应用价值。方法:纳入我院2018 年1月至2019 年 5 月经病理证实的42 例乳腺癌新辅助化疗患者作为研究对象。所有患者在新辅助化疗前后均进行CESM和MRI检查,评估新辅助化疗疗效,分析检验两种检查方法与病理学的一致性,并比较两者的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值差异。结果:CESM检查的客观缓解率（ORR）为81.0%,与病理学的一致性为0.741,MRI检查的客观缓解率为78.6%,与病理学的一致性为0.797,二组之间差异无明显统计学意义(P>0．05)。CESM检查的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为1、0.88、0.90、0.66、1,MRI为1、0.91、0.93、0.73、1。结论:在评价乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效方面,CESM 的检查性能与MRI相当,具有较好的应用前景。     

乳腺磁共振在乳腺癌诊断治疗中的运用

乳腺MRI具有很好的软组织分辨率和无射线辐射等优点,对乳腺癌的早期诊断和局部分期明显优于乳腺X线摄影和超声检查。随着乳腺癌个体化、规范化综合治疗理念的推广,乳腺MRI在综合治疗中的作用日益受到重视,伴随对乳腺MRI临床应用的开展和研究的深入,其在乳腺癌分期中的评估、保乳手术病例术前的筛选、腋窝淋巴结转移原发不明者的诊断、新辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy, NAC)的疗效评估、随访监测中的应用价值也得到了很好的评估。同时,乳腺MRI对肿瘤范围的客观准确的评估也是正确选择治疗方式的依据。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在膀胱癌新辅助治疗中的应用进展

膀胱癌是一种泌尿系统常见的肿瘤,单纯根治切除手术治疗的患者面临较高复发和转移风险,5年生存率为60~80%。在减少复发、转移和延长生存期的探索中,指南推荐以顺铂为基础的化疗作为标准新辅助治疗。但部分患者无法耐受化疗或对化疗不敏感,新辅助治疗应用率较低,未广泛开展。程序性死亡因子1(PD-1)和程序性死亡因子配体1(PD-L1)是重要的免疫检验点共抑制分子,通过抑制T细胞的激活和增殖通路参与肿瘤的免疫逃逸。近年来一批PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂被批准用于局晚期膀胱癌的一线、二线治疗,疗效及安全性得到证实,因此一些最新的研究探索将PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂运用于新辅助治疗。本文主要对近年来相关研究进行了回顾与总结,探讨PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在膀胱癌新辅助治疗应用的前景和可能发展的方向。     

定量动态增强磁共振评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的应用研究

背景与目的：乳腺癌的新辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy, NAC)已成为成熟的治疗方法,但疗效评估尚未有统一有效的方法。该研究即探讨定量动态增强磁共振在乳腺癌NAC疗效评估中的价值。方法：24例术前行NAC的乳腺癌确诊患者(24例均为浸润性导管癌),分别于NAC前、第2个疗程后、化疗结束但术前3个时间点行定量动态增强磁共振检查,分析NAC前后肿瘤最长径及动态增强磁共振定量参数：容量转移常数(Ktrans)、速率常数(Kep)、血管外细胞外间隙容积比(Ve)的变化。结果：24例患者均为单侧单发乳腺癌病灶,以RECIST标准分为有效组(17个)和无效组(7个),有效组与无效组Ktrans、Kep在NAC前与第2个疗程、化疗前与化疗结束差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),Ve在有效组与无效组治疗前后差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：定量动态增强磁共振可用来评估NAC疗效,并且Ktrans、Kep可做到定量,使评估结果更为客观真实,但Ve对判断治疗效果未见明显优势。     

Evaluation of response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast.

AIMS: This study aimed to examine the feasibility of utilizing dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) of the breast for the planning of surgical intervention following neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). METHODS: Following their neoadjuvant therapy, women with LABC were followed-up by DCE-MRI in addition to clinical examination and mammography. If any modality suggested residual disease, surgery was carried out--initially salvage mastectomy and then breast-conserving surgery where appropriate. RESULTS: Seventeen women were recruited: stage III (n=16), stage IV (n=1) mean age 55 (range 34-74). Following neoadjuvant therapy, 10 mastectomies and two local excisions were performed for 10 histologically confirmed residual cancers. Median follow-up for those women not undergoing surgery is 3.24 (IQR 2.8-3.5) years. DCE-MRI proved 100% accurate for the delineation of residual disease and facilitated the planning of the local excisions. Clinical examination and mammography proved inaccurate (PPV 83% and 75% and NPV 55% and 80%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: DCE-MRI is a potentially accurate method of delineating residual tumour following neoadjuvant therapy for LABC and may be used to plan appropriate operative intervention where required.     

The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer treatment

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has become popular, especially for patients with advanced breast cancer. The pros and cons of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for treating breast cancer patients are reviewed. The advantages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy are 1) overall survival and recurrence-free survival rate are the same as post-operative chemotherapy, 2) serves as an in vivo sensitivity test, 3) increases the rate of breast conserving therapy, 4) facilitates the study of cancer biology. On the other hand, the disadvantages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy are 1) it modifies the stage, 2) treatment delay of PD cases, 3) residual intraductal component may be left behind after breast conserving surgery, 4) there are some cases of over-treatment. Combination chemotherapy is one possible way to increase the pathological CR rate, although the optimal order and cycles have not been determined. To avoid residual cancer cells after breast conserving surgery, the shrinkage pattern should be evaluated by MRI. Core needle biopsy should be performed before neoadjuvant chemotherapy to avoid over-treatment. It is essential to develop more effective regimens and stratify patients based on predictive factors.