继发于多发性硬化的肥大性下橄榄核变性

肥大性下橄榄核变性（hypertrophic olivary degeneration, HOD）是一种少见的跨突触神经变性。现将内蒙古民族大学附属医院诊冶的1例继发于多发性硬化后的HOD报告如下,以期提高对该病的认识水平。     

进行性核上性麻痹的临床特征及头部磁共振特点

进行性核上性麻痹(progressive supranuclear palsy,PSP)是一种少见的中枢神经系统变性疾病,临床上主要表现为早期出现明显的姿势不稳伴反复跌倒、轴性肌张力增高、垂直性核上性眼肌麻痹、假性球麻痹、皮质下痴呆及对左旋多巴反应差的特点;约占帕金森综合征的7%,占非典     

捏脊疗法合节段性按摩对痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿坐位能力的影响

目的探讨捏脊疗法合节段性按摩对痉挛型脑瘫患儿坐位能力的影响。方法选取60例尚无独坐能力的6～18个月痉挛型脑瘫患儿,治疗前均进行粗大运动功能评估中坐位功能区(A区、B区)的评分,采用捏脊疗法合节段性按摩法治疗,2次/d,20d为一个疗程,共3个疗程后观察GMFM(A区、B区)评分变化。结果治疗后GMFMA区、B区评分较治疗前均有提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),总有效率达85%。结论捏脊疗法合节段性按摩可有效改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿的坐位能力。     

川楝素对大白鼠膈肌神经肌肉接头超微结构的影响

本实验用电子显微镜观察了大鼠肌注川楝素后,膈肌神经肌肉接头超微结构的改变。给药后3小时,在突触前看到明显的结构改变,主要是突触小泡数量显著减少。其次是长管形泡增多、自噬体样结构经常出现,以及线粒体较分散、较趋近于突触前膜等。川楝素对突触后结构的影响则不明显。仅看到部分神经肌肉接头在接头区有肌原纤维Z-线消失和Schwann细胞突起伸入突触间隙的现象。本实验可能为阐明川楝素的作用机理提供了一点形态学依据。     

APP17肽对D-半乳糖脑老化模型小鼠海马超微结构的影响

目的　观察APP17肽 (App17p)对D 半乳糖 (D gal)脑老化模型小鼠海马超微结构的影响。方法　用D gal制造小鼠脑老化模型 ,并皮下注射APP17p ,8wk后取小鼠海马CA1区进行电镜观察。结果　①D gal组小鼠海马神经元轴索微管结构出现明显溶解 ;线粒体数量多于APP17p +D组 ,但差异无显著性 ;线粒体肿胀并有空泡变性 ,电子密度增高 ;核糖体及粗面内质网明显减少 ;神经毡中突触明显减少 ,与APP17p +D组相比 (P <0 0 5 ) ;海马神经元的结构未发现异常变化。②APP17p +D组小鼠海马神经元轴索中微管结构正常 ,微丝清晰 ;线粒体膜及结构正常 ,线粒体脊清晰 ;粗面内质网、核糖体丰富 ;神经毡中突触增多 ,突触内可见大量清亮突触小泡。结论　D gal能引起小鼠海马超微结构异常 ;APP17p对此有防治作用     

42只白内障晶状体病变的声像图诊断分析

目的 分析白内障晶状体病变超声图像表现,以提高该病超声诊断准确率.方法 采用直接眼睑检查法,对30只正常人眼和42只白内障眼晶状体进行观察.结果 超声图像分四型:①囊膜型:晶状体的前囊膜形成完整的梭形结构;②皮质型:晶状体的皮质区域回声增强;③核型:晶状体的核心区域回声增强;④完全型:整个晶状体显示弥漫性强回声.结论 晶状体前后囊膜形成完整的梭形结构,早期白内障的诊断即可成立.高频探头诊断白内障具有较高的临床实用价值,应作为白内障的一项常规检查.     

不随意运动型脑性瘫痪34例临床分析

目的:探讨不随意运动型脑性瘫痪平均确诊年龄、病因、分类、临床表现及头颅MRI。方法对34例不随意运动型脑性瘫痪患儿平均确诊年龄、病因、分类、临床表现及头颅MRI资料进行分析。结果平均确诊年龄11个月,病因以新生儿窒息、黄疸迁延或核黄疸、早产或未成熟儿为主,不同病因、不同部位损伤其临床症状组合不同,临床表现为手足徐动舞蹈型和张力障碍型两个亚型,头颅MRI异常率61.8%,黄疸迁延或核黄疸所致脑瘫者11例仅有2例头颅MRI异常。结论不同病因、不同部位损伤引起不随意运动型脑性瘫痪临床可以表现不同亚型,黄疸迁延或核黄疸引起脑瘫早期要高度重视。     

文冠果壳苷对大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注损伤的改善作用及机制初探

目的考察文冠果壳苷对大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注损伤的改善作用,并从改善突触功能的角度,探讨其作用机制。方法利用大脑中动脉阻塞法(MCAO)制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,TTC染色法计算脑梗死面积,HE染色法观察海马CA1区神经细胞病理形态改变,透射电镜观察大脑皮层缺血半暗带区神经元及突触超微结构改变,Western blotting检测突触相关蛋白SYP、PSD95及GAP43的表达。结果文冠果壳苷显著改善模型大鼠神经功能缺失症状,减少脑梗死面积,改善海马CA1区神经细胞的病理改变,并改善脑缺血半暗带区神经元及突触超微结构的损伤,增加突触相关蛋白SYP、PSD95及GAP43的表达。结论文冠果壳苷可显著改善大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与促进突触重塑和/或减轻突触结构与功能的损伤有关。     

运动对快速老化小鼠海马突触素表达的影响

目的研究运动对快速老化小鼠（SAMP8）海马突触素表达的影响,探讨运动改善阿尔茨海默病（AD）学习记忆功能的机制。方法 3月龄SAMP8小鼠40只随机分为运动组（采用跑笼运动训练）和对照组,2个月后HE染色观察2组海马神经元形态改变;免疫组化技术检测2组海马突触素表达。结果 5月龄SAMP8小鼠对照组海马部分神经元细胞变性、死亡,核浓缩,空泡变性;运动组偶有神经元细胞变性、死亡,大部分细胞形态正常。海马突触素表达运动组较对照组显著增高（P〈0.05）。结论运动可以延缓SAMP8小鼠海马神经元变性,提高海马突触素表达,这可能是运动改善AD学习记忆功能的重要机制之一。     

安宫牛黄丸对脑外伤后血脑屏障损伤及脑水肿作用机制的研究

目的系统地分析安宫牛黄丸对脑外伤后血脑屏障损伤及脑水肿的影响，阐明其作用的分子机制，揭示其开窍醒脑的机理，为临床合理应用及进一步开发利用其治疗脑外伤后所致脑水肿提供依据。方法以Feeney法建立大鼠闭合性脑损伤模型，同绕脑外伤性脑水肿中血脑屏障损伤的主要环节，探讨安宫牛黄丸对脑损伤后脑含水量、BBB通透性以及神经细胞突触数量的影响，系统地分析安宫牛黄丸对血脑屏障损伤及脑水肿的影响，阐明其作用的分子机制，揭示其开窍醒脑的机理。结果与假手术组比较，模型组损伤侧脑含水量及脑皮质EB含量明显增加（P〈0．01）。与模型组比较，安宫牛黄丸组损伤侧脑含水量及脑皮质EB含量明显降低（P〈0．05）。与假手术组比较，模型组损伤侧脑皮质电镜下突触密度显著性降低（P〈0．01），与模型组比较，安宫牛黄丸组损伤侧脑皮质电镜下突触密度明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论安宫牛黄丸可减轻脑水肿、保护血脑屏障、降低毛细血管通透性、提高脑组织对缺血、缺氧的耐受性，从而保护脑组织。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.