陈旧粉碎性髋臼骨折手术重建修复的策略及预后

背景：陈旧粉碎性髋臼骨折多为高动能严重复合损伤,现逐年增加,且无法早期手术。随着早期切开复位内固定手术的经验积累,对陈旧粉碎性髋臼骨折进行切开复位内固定重建手术势在必行。目的：探讨切开复位内固定手术重建修复陈旧粉碎性髋臼骨折的可行性、方法及疗效。方法：回顾性研究2003年10月至2010年6月应用先纠正髋臼周围骨盆骨折移位及股骨头臼关系,再重建修复髋臼关节面的方法治疗24例陈旧粉碎性髋臼骨折。骨折距手术时间3～6周,平均26.1天。分析手术时间、出血量及输血量、合并伤情况等。术后限制髋部活动4～6周,床上逐渐行关节功能锻炼,3月后下床扶拐活动,并逐渐负重。结果：随访10～36个月,平均15.6个月。关节面骨折复位质量采用Matta标准：解剖复位21髋,满意复位2髋,不满意复位1髋。采用改良Mered＇Aubigne-Postel临床结果评分：优21髋,良2髋,差1髋。术后发生股骨头坏死1例（4.17%）,异位骨化11例（45.83%）,坐骨神经一过性麻痹6例（25%）。结论：先行瘢痕切除松解、整体复位固定髋臼关节外骨折、恢复头臼关系,再应用可吸收螺钉固定、植骨、骨软骨骨折块镶嵌挤压等方法修复碎裂关节面的手术方法治疗陈旧粉碎性髋臼骨折,可达到满意复位及关节功能恢复。     

常规髋臼手术入路加大转子截骨治疗复杂髋臼骨折

目的 探讨常规髋臼手术入路加大转子截骨治疗复杂髋臼]骨折的疗效 方法 2006年1月至2009年12月共收治13例复杂髋臼骨折患者,男10例,女3例;年龄21 ～52岁,平均39.3岁;骨折根据Letournel-Judet分型:双柱骨折10例,T形骨折2例,前方+后方半横断骨折1例.受伤至手术时间为8～18d,平均12.1d.所有患者均采用常规髋臼手术入路(Kocher-Langenbeck入路或Kocher-Langenbeck加髂腹股沟联合入路)加大转子截骨治疗.术后采用改良Merle d'Aubigné和Postel 评分标准评定患者疗效,同时记录患者术后并发症的发生情况. 结果 13例患者术后获平均26个月(14 ～34个月)随访.骨折复位质量:解剖复位5例,良好复位7例,不满意复位(髋臼顶存在压缩骨折)1例.大转子截骨均愈合良好.根据改良Merle d'Aubigné和Postel评分标准评定患者疗效:优4例,良5例,中4例,优良率为69.2％.3例(23.1％)患者发生异位骨化,3例(23 1％)患者发生创伤性关节炎.无感染及股骨头缺血性坏死等并发症发生. 结论 髋臼前方+后方半横断骨折、T形骨折及双柱累及髋臼顶的骨折可通过在常规入路中加用大转子截骨治疗,手术显露好且有利于复位和固定,术后患者功能恢复良好.     

复杂性髋臼骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折及多处骨折的治疗与对策

目的:探索复杂性髋臼骨折(complex acetabular fractures,CAF)合并同侧股骨颈骨折及多处骨折的治疗方法与对策。方法:2000年8月-2005年3月,收治复杂性髋臼骨折合并同侧股骨颈及多处骨折12例,男7例,女5例;年龄24～51岁,平均37.5岁,皆系高能量损伤。合并其他部位骨折23处,平均2.6处。采用改良髋臼入路,应用髋臼三维记忆内固定系统(ATMFS)、空心加压螺钉、Richard钉、交锁髓内钉、天鹅记忆接骨器(SMC)等固定骶髂关节分离、复杂性髋臼骨折、股骨颈、股骨干、胫骨干、肱骨、尺桡骨骨折。结果:术后随访6～31个月,平均13.5个月。12例复杂性髋臼骨折均获解剖复位并达骨性愈合;同侧股骨颈骨折也获解剖复位,10例达骨性愈合。术后3～7个月(平均4.6个月),髋关节功能达到健侧水平;1例出现股骨头缺血性坏死行关节置换;1例股骨头坏死合并异位骨化导致关节骨性融合。4例骶髂关节分离获解剖复位;其他23处骨折,均获骨愈合。根据髋关节功能评分标准:优3例,良6例,一般1例,差2例。结论:采用改良髋臼入路、应用髋臼三维记忆内固定系统固定髋臼骨折,同时固定股骨颈骨折及合并的多处骨折,配合术后早期的功能锻炼,可以使髋关节获得良好的功能。     

脊柱骨盆内固定治疗骨盆后环骨折

目的观察采用脊柱骨盆内固定治疗Tile C型骨盆后环骨折的近期临床效果。方法对12例Tile C型骨盆后环骨折采用脊柱骨盆内固定治疗,经后方直形入路显露骶骨骨折及骶髂关节,于腰椎置入椎弓根钉,自髂后上棘向髋臼上缘置入髂骨钉,连接钉棒,用复位钳复位后固定连接杆,在骶髂关节处植骨。结果本组手术时间平均210 min,术中失血量平均1 426 ml。骨折复位质量按Matta标准评定:解剖复位6例,满意复位5例,不满意复位1例。12例获得平均18(12~36)个月随访。末次随访时采用Madjeed评分标准评定疗效:优5例,良4例,可3例。结论脊柱骨盆内固定治疗骨盆后环骨折,通过后路单一切口显露,直接复位并固定骨盆后环骨折,术后固定可靠,可以早起坐起活动。     

2种截骨方式治疗儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折的疗效比较

目的比较尺骨截骨延长与桡骨短缩截骨术治疗儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折的临床疗效。方法自2005-06—2013-05共诊治儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折28例,采用尺骨截骨延长13例,采用桡骨短缩截骨15例。结果术后切口均一期愈合,28例均获得随访,尺骨截骨组随访6~32个月,平均17个月,截骨处均一期愈合,平均愈合时间3.8周;采用Mackay进行效果评定:优11例,良1例,差1例。桡骨截骨组随访5~34个月,平均16个月,桡骨小头骨折均维持良好复位,截骨处一期愈合,平均愈合时间4周;采用Mackay进行效果评定:优9例,良3例,差3例。结论采用尺骨截骨延长较桡骨短缩截骨操作简单且能获得更好的临床疗效。     

低龄儿童2年以内陈旧性孟氏骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨低龄儿童2年以内陈旧性孟氏骨折手术治疗的疗效。方法对38例2年以内陈旧性孟氏骨折低龄患儿采取尺骨近端截骨克氏针内固定,桡骨小头切开复位、肱桡关节克氏针内固定。结果 38例全部得到随访,时间2~12个月。术后2例发生桡骨小头半脱位。4例桡神经损伤患儿功能完全恢复,其余患儿肘关节无畸形,无疼痛。肘关节伸直活动范围0°~20°(6°±4°),屈曲活动120°~135°(130°±5°),旋前平均80°±5°,旋后平均85°±5°。根据Mackay标准评定:优30例(78.9%),良6例(15.8%),差2例(5.3%)。结论尺骨近端截骨克氏针内固定手术治疗低龄儿童2年以内陈旧性孟氏骨折,疗效良好。     

髋臼按压板系统在髋臼骨折中的应用

目的探讨髋臼按压版系统在髋臼骨折应用体会。方法回顾性分析采用髋臼按压版系统治疗22例髋臼骨折的临床资料。结果随访6～12个月,平均8个月,复位质量按matta评分,优17例,良5例。髋关节功能按harris评分,优16例,好3例,可2例,差1例。术后发生骨性关节炎2例,股骨头坏死1例,异位骨化2例,无感染、医源性神经损伤。结论髋臼按压版系统操作难度小,按压板放置位置灵活,稳定性强,有助骨块复位,适于髋臼后壁(缘)骨折,或并发股骨头后脱位及低位后柱骨折的复位固定,效果显著。     

Pipkin骨折中髋臼盂唇损伤的诊断及治疗

目的总结Pipkin骨折中髋臼盂唇损伤的特点及采用带线锚钉修复的临床疗效。方法 2010年7月—2013年7月,收治Pipkin骨折合并髋臼盂唇损伤患者10例。其中男7例,女3例;年龄24~56岁,平均32.5岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤8例,高处坠落伤2例。根据Pipkin骨折分型:Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型2例。受伤至手术时间为6~14 d,平均8 d。采用经转子入路大转子截骨治疗Pipkin骨折、带线锚钉修复髋臼盂唇。术后参照Thompson及Epstein临床和影像学评定标准评价其临床疗效。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无深部感染、下肢深静脉血栓形成等早期并发症发生。10例患者均获随访,随访时间12~48个月,平均22个月。X线片复查示大转子截骨、髋臼骨折愈合时间为3~4个月,股骨颈、股骨头骨折愈合时间为6~11个月。MRI复查示髋臼盂唇均愈合良好。1例患者术后12个月出现股骨头缺血性坏死,行人工全髋关节置换术。末次随访时,按Thompson及Epstein临床和影像学评定标准,获优5例,良3例,中1例,差1例,优良率80%。结论 Pipkin骨折中髋臼盂唇损伤易漏诊,术前需结合髋关节MRI辅助诊断。采用经转子入路大转子截骨治疗Pipkin骨折、带线锚钉修复髋臼盂唇,能有效恢复髋关节功能,疗效满意。     

经髋臼基底三联截骨术治疗青少年髋臼发育不良

目的: 介绍经髋臼基底三联截骨术治疗青少年髋臼发育不良。方法: 2000年 3月~2004年 2月改进Tǒnnis术式, 设计经髋臼基底三联截骨治疗 22例患者。术前X线片显示:CE角为-25~15°, 平均 8. 4°; Sharp角为 45 ~70°, 平均 58. 6°: 臼头指数为 31% ~76%, 平均 61. 4%; ACP角为100~170°, 平均 139. 8°。CT片示: 髋臼前CE角大于正常, 髋臼前断面角和前倾角小于正常。CT三维重建示: 前、后外侧壁边缘角, 外侧髋臼倾斜角均大于正常, 水平面髋臼旋转角小于正常。结果: 16例 ( 16髋 ) 有 12 ~30个月(平均 20个月) 的随访结果。X线片示: CE角平均 32. 6°(15~52°), 比术前增大约 25°; Sharp角平均 41. 5°(38~46°), 减小约 18°; 臼头指数平均 81. 6% (69% ~89% ), 增大约 20%; ACP角平均 171. 1° ( 140 ~180°), 增大约31°。CT示: 髋臼前CE角和前倾角变小, 髋臼前断面变大。CT三维重建示: 髋臼前、后外侧壁边缘角变小, 外侧髋臼倾斜角变小, 水平面髋臼旋转角变大。结论: 经髋臼基底三联截骨术治疗青少年髋臼发育不良能够获得满意疗效。     

髋臼边缘压缩骨折的手术治疗

[目的]认识并掌握髋臼边缘压缩骨折的诊断和手术治疗技巧。[方法]对2008年8月~2013年10月本院收治的髋臼骨折患者中发现并手术治疗的16例合并髋臼边缘骨折患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,16例髋臼边缘骨折中14例经术前CT检查确诊,2例在髋臼骨折手术中发现。所有患者均通过Kocher-Langenbeck入路采用手术切开复位,对压缩骨折进行撬起和植骨,重建钢板内固定术。[结果]所有患者平均随访29个月(12~46个月),根据改良的Merle d'Aubigne和Postel的髋臼骨折临床结果评分标准:优7例,良5例,可2例,差2例。优良率75%。手术并发症:创伤性关节炎3例,股骨头无菌性坏死1例,无死亡、感染和骨折不愈合病例。[结论]髋臼后方边缘压缩骨折比较隐蔽,术前CT扫描可对这种骨折进行确诊。手术获得解剖复位的关键在于术中对压缩骨折进行精确撬起植骨。     

髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋臼发育不良

目的探讨髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋臼发育不良的疗效。方法应用髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋臼发育不良16例（18髋）,截骨线距臼周缘2 cm,做穹隆状截骨,凿断后再用弧度骨凿将髋臼向前外下方旋转。髋臼矫正到较正常位置后,截骨间隙呈楔形状,用类似间隙大小的楔形同种异体骨块嵌入,并用可注射状人工骨填满间隙,最后用2枚可吸收螺钉固定。测定并比较术前和术后JOA评分、CE角和Sharp角。结果16例均获随访,时间442个月。术后摄片髋关节复位位置好,股骨头及髋臼形状基本正常。髋臼旋转截骨及植入骨块2个月后骨性愈合,6个月后髋关节功能恢复正常17髋,较差1髋,无患髋的骨性关节炎病变继续恶化。JOA评分：术前为75.2分±3.1分,术后为93.5分±3.5分;CE角：术前为15.8°±1.3°,术后为33.4°±1.7°;Sharp角：术前为47.3°±2.5°,术后为29.8°±2.1°。JOA评分术后增加18.3分;CE角增加17.6°,Sharp角减少17.5°,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论髋臼旋转截骨术可矫正头臼间异常的匹配关系,使疼痛得到缓解,并使骨性关节炎的过程得到有效遏制,是治疗髋臼发育不良合并早、中期骨性关节炎的理想术式。     

Cementless acetabular reconstruction after acetabular fracture.

BACKGROUND: Total hip arthroplasty in patients with posttraumatic arthritis has produced results inferior to those in patients with nontraumatic arthritis. The use of cementless acetabular reconstruction, however, has not been extensively studied in this clinical context. Our purpose was to compare the intermediate-term results of total hip arthroplasty with a cementless acetabular component in patients with posttraumatic arthritis with those of the same procedure in patients with nontraumatic arthritis. We also compared the results of arthroplasty in patients who had had prior operative treatment of their acetabular fracture with those in patients who had had prior closed treatment of their acetabular fracture. METHODS: Thirty total hip arthroplasties were performed with use of a cementless hemispheric, fiber-metal-mesh-coated acetabular component for the treatment of posttraumatic osteoarthritis after acetabular fracture. The median interval between the fracture and the arthroplasty was thirty-seven months (range, eight to 444 months). The average age at the time of the arthroplasty was fifty-one years (range, twenty-six to eighty-six years), and the average duration of follow-up was sixty-three months (range, twenty-four to 140 months). Fifteen patients had had prior open reduction and internal fixation of their acetabular fracture (open-reduction group), and fifteen patients had had closed treatment of the acetabular fracture (closed-treatment group). The results of these thirty hip reconstructions were compared with the intermediate-term results of 204 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasties with cementless acetabular reconstruction in patients with nontraumatic arthritis. RESULTS: Operative time (p < 0.001), blood loss (p < 0.001), and perioperative transfusion requirements (p < 0.001) were greater in the patients with posttraumatic arthritis than they were in the patients with nontraumatic arthritis. Of the patients with posttraumatic arthritis, those who had had open reduction and internal fixation of their acetabular fracture had a significantly longer index procedure (p = 0.01), greater blood loss (p = 0.008), and a higher transfusion requirement (p = 0.049) than those in whom the fracture had been treated by closed methods. Eight of the fifteen patients with a previous open reduction and internal fixation required an elevated acetabular liner compared with one of the fifteen patients who had been treated by closed means (p = 0.005). Two of the fifteen patients with a previous open reduction and internal fixation required bone-grafting of acetabular defects compared with seven of the fifteen patients treated by closed means (p = 0.04). The thirty patients treated for posttraumatic arthritis had an average preoperative Harris hip score of 41 points, which increased to 88 points at the time of follow-up; there was no significant difference between the open-reduction and closed-treatment groups (p = 0.39). Twenty-seven patients (90%) had a good or excellent result. There were no dislocations or deep infections. The Kaplan-Meier ten-year survival rate, with revision or radiographic loosening as the end point, was 97%. These results were similar to those of the patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty for nontraumatic arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: The intermediate-term clinical results of total hip arthroplasty with cementless acetabular reconstruction for posttraumatic osteoarthritis after acetabular fracture were similar to those after the same procedure for nontraumatic arthritis, regardless of whether the acetabular fracture had been internally fixed initially. However, total hip arthroplasty after acetabular fracture was a longer procedure with greater blood loss, especially in patients with previous open reduction and internal fixation. Previous open reduction and internal fixation predisposed the hip to more intraoperative instability but less bone deficiency.     

Uncemented acetabular components for arthritis after acetabular fracture

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the results of uncemented acetabular components used to treat posttraumatic arthritis after acetabular fracture at a minimum of 10 years. Thirty-four hips in 33 patients (mean age, 49.7 years, range, 19-78 years) were treated from 1984 to 1990 at one institution with a total hip arthroplasty using an uncemented titanium porous-coated socket. Four patients died before 10 years (all with implants intact). Nine patients had the acetabulum revised: four had the shell and liner revised (one for loosening, one for loosening and dislocation, and two for osteolysis) and five had the liner alone revised (three for polyethylene wear and two for dislocation). All patients with unrevised hip replacements who were alive and patients who were not lost to followup had no or minimal pain at final followup (range, 10-16 years); no components were radiographically loose. Uncemented sockets had a low rate of loosening in this challenging patient population, but polyethylene wear and osteolysis were problematic.     

The acetabular teardrop and its relevance to acetabular migration

Five pelvises were photographed, roentgenographed, and sequentially sectioned or reamed to determine the location and appearance of the acetabular teardrop figure. The teardrop is located inferomedially in the acetabulum, just superior to the obturator foramen. The lateral lip is the exterior, and the medial lip is the interior of the acetabular wall. The ilioischial line projects over the medial acetabulum only fortuitously on the straight anteroposterior (AP) roentgenogram. Because of parallax, the relationship between the ilioischial line and the teardrop changes for views varying as little as 10 degrees in horizontal obliquity from the true AP roentgenogram. Because the teardrop comprises a well-defined, constant portion of the medial acetabular wall whereas the ilioischial line does not, the authors recommend using the acetabular teardrop rather than the ilioischial line for the detection and measurement of medial and superior acetabular migration.     

The Kerboull acetabular reinforcement device in major acetabular reconstructions

Sixty consecutive revision total hip arthroplasties were performed with bulk allograft bone supported by the Kerboull reinforcement acetabular device in 53 patients from 1980 to 1987. The average age of the patients at the time of hip revision was 57.7 years. Acetabular bone loss according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons grading system was Type III for 48 hips in 41 patients and Type IV for 12 hips in 12 patients. Three failures, defined as radiologic loosening of the socket, revised or not, were reported in this series at a mean 8-year followup. Eight patients died of unrelated causes at a mean of 5 years. No patient was lost to followup. The mean followup of the series was 10 years +/- 3 years. The mean preoperative Merle d'Aubigné hip functional score was 11.7 +/- 2.4 versus 17.4 +/- 0.6 at the latest followup. Consolidation of the graft was considered completed in all 60 hips and occurred by 12 months. Remodeling of the graft proceeded for 3 to 4 years. The survival rate at 13 years was 92.1% +/- 5% using loosening of the acetabular component as the end point. This study indicated that acetabular allograft reconstructions reinforced by the Kerboull acetabular device were able to provide satisfactory long-term clinical and radiologic results.     

Results for a custom acetabular component for acetabular deficiency

We report our experience with a triflanged titanium cementless custom-made acetabular implant in the management of complex major acetabular deficiency for revision total hip arthroplasty in 27 patients. The mean follow-up period was 58 months (range, 48-72 months). There were 9 men and 18 women. Clinical assessment was performed using Charnley's modification of the Merle d'Aubigne and Postel scoring system. Radiographic assessment was carried out using the DeLee and Charnley grading system. All patients had improved hip scores at latest examination. Six patients (22%) had complications. Two patients (7.4%) required further revision surgery. This procedure is technically demanding and has a high complication rate. Until better long-term results are shown, this procedure should be restricted to patients for whom a Girdlestone pseudarthrosis is the only surgical alternative.     

Revision of failure acetabular components with cementless acetabular components

Outcomes of cemented acetabular components show unacceptably high rates of loosening over the short-term, and increased failure over the long term. The use of uncemented acetabular components with porous coatings and supplemental screw fixation has improved the success rates of revision surgery with bone loss. Intermediate follow-up results of uncemented acetabular components for revision surgery suggest excellent outcomes with superior fixation compared with cemented components. Use of large components that rely on the posterior column and acetabular dome for fixation appear to function satisfactorily, even in a significantly bone deficient acetabulum.     

Periprosthetic acetabular bone loss using a constrained acetabular component

We describe two patients with a constrained acetabular component who required treatment for recurrent dislocation showing postoperative periprosthetic acetabular bone loss. These hips required revision surgery and demonstrated considerable bone loss caused by the migrated acetabular component. Impingement may have occurred with increased stress at the bone-prosthesis interface, and the sharp ends of screws with a metal shell may have gradually plowed up the acetabular bone. These failures illustrate the potential risk of using a constrained acetabular component.     

Use of acetabular models in planning complex acetabular reconstructions

The number of patients requiring revision total hip arthroplasty continues to increase each year. Accurate preoperative planning is a key factor in obtaining a good result. Radiographis provide little information concerning the actual extent of the acetabular defects. Computed tomography-generated models ofthe acetabulium can provide the surgeon with accurate information concerning the size and location of the defects. Evaluation of radiographs and models in 24 cases showed that radiographs alone failed to detect all 13 anterior wall defects (P < .001), 8 of 18 posterior wall defects (44.4%, P < .001), and 8 of 19 segmental central defects (42%, P < .001), all of which were easily identified with the models. This study showed that preoperative planning based on the foam models accurately predicted the actual implant used in 22 of 24 cases (92%).     

髋臼旋转截骨术治疗早中期髋关节发育不良

目的探讨髋臼旋转截骨术治疗早中期髋关节发育不良的手术技术要点及中期疗效。方法2000年5月至2006年5月对12例（14髋）早、中期髋关节发育不良患者进行了髋臼旋转截骨术,所有患者均为女性,手术时年龄13—46岁,平均28．9岁。随访时间3．1—9．1年,平均6．0年。术前、术后及随访时X线片上测量CE角,髋臼顶角及头外移指数。Harris评分判断髋关节功能。手术采用Oilier外侧“U”形入路,股骨大转子截骨显露。术后未行外固定。结果患者疼痛症状得到明显改善,Harris评分术前72分,术后91分（P〈0．001）。CE角术前0．9°,术后27°（P〈0．001）;髋臼顶角术前为29°,术后5°;头外移指数术前为0．68,术后0．65。所有病例截骨块及股骨大转子截骨处愈合良好。结论Oilier外侧“U”形入路行髋臼旋转截骨术髋臼缘显露充分;治疗早中期髋关节发育不良可以缓解疼痛,延缓骨关节炎的进展速度,中期随访疗效满意。