Long-Term Outcomes of Patients With Late Presentation of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

BackgroundReal-world data on baseline characteristics, clinical practice, and outcomes of late presentation (12 to 48 h of symptom onset) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are limited.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate real-world features of STEMI late presenters in the contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) era.MethodsOf 13,707 patients from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institutes of Health database, 5,826 consecutive patients diagnosed with STEMI within 48 h of symptom onset during 2011 to 2015 were categorized as late (12 to 48 h; n = 624) or early (<12 h; n = 5,202) presenters. Coprimary outcomes were 180-day and 3-year all-cause mortality.ResultsLate presenters had remarkably worse clinical outcomes than early presenters (180-day mortality: 10.7% vs. 6.8%; 3-year mortality: 16.2% vs. 10.6%; both log-rank p < 0.001), whereas presentation at ≥12 h of symptom onset was not independently associated with increased mortality after STEMI. The use of invasive interventional procedures abruptly decreased from the first (<12 h) to the second (12 to 24 h) 12-h interval of symptom-to-door time (“no primary PCI strategy” increased from 4.9% to 12.4%, and “no PCI” from 2.3% to 6.6%; both p < 0.001). Mortality rates abruptly increased from the first to the second 12-h interval of symptom-to-door time (from 6.8% to 11.2% for 180-day mortality; from 10.6% to 17.3% for 3-year mortality; all p < 0.05).ConclusionsData from a nationwide prospective Korean registry reveal that inverse steep differences in the use of invasive interventional procedures and mortality rates were found between early and late presenters after STEMI. A multidisciplinary approach is required in identifying late presenters of STEMI who can benefit from invasive interventional procedures until further studied.     

胸前导联合并Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF导联ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死患者的临床和冠状动脉造影特点

目的：研究胸前导联合并Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF 导联 ST 段抬高的急性心肌梗死患者的梗死相关动脉,评估其梗死面积和左心室功能减退程度,探讨如何通过心电图判断其梗死相关动脉。方法：将354例心电图表现为胸前导联 ST 段抬高的急性心肌梗死患者分为3组：A 组,胸前导联合并Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF 导联 ST 段抬高(n=59),并根据梗死相关动脉进一步分为右冠状动脉闭塞者和左冠状动脉前降支闭塞者；B 组,单纯胸前导联 ST 段抬高(n=151)；C 组,胸前导联 ST 段抬高合并Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF 导联 ST 段压低(n=144)。测定肌酸激酶(CK)和肌酸激酶 MB 同工酶(CK-MB),超声心动图测定左心室射血分数(LVEF),通过冠状动脉造影判断梗死相关动脉。结果：A 组的梗死相关动脉分别为右冠状动脉,约56%；左冠状动脉前降支,约37%。其中,右冠状动脉闭塞者,闭塞部位多为右冠状动脉近段,ST 段抬高幅度在Ⅲ导联＞Ⅱ导联,在V_1导联＞V_3导联；左冠状动脉前降支闭塞者,闭塞部位多为左冠状动脉前降支中远段,ST 段抬高幅度在 V_3导联＞V_1导联。B 组和 C 组梗死相关动脉几乎均为左冠状动脉前降支(分别为96%和95%)。与其他两组相比,A 组 ST 段抬高的导联数最多,但 CK-MB 峰值最低,LVEF 值最高。结论：胸前导联合并Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF 导联 ST 段抬高的急性心肌梗死,可能是由右冠状动脉近段闭塞或环绕心尖部的左冠状动脉前降支远段闭塞引起的。其心肌梗死面积相对较小,心功能受损较少。在这些患者中,如果Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF 导联 ST 段抬高的总幅度较大,ST 段抬高幅度在Ⅲ导联＞Ⅱ导联,在 V_1导联＞V_3导联,梗死相关动脉为右冠状动脉的可能性较     

Sodium Channel Blockers Enhance the Temporal QT Interval Variability in the Right Precordial Leads in Brugada Syndrome

Background: Temporal QT interval variability is associated with sudden cardiac death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate temporal QT interval variability in Brugada syndrome (BS). Methods: We measured QT and RR intervals in precordial leads (V₁–V₆) based on 12‐beat resting ECG recordings from 16 BS patients (B group) with spontaneous ST elevation in right precordial leads (V₁–V₂) and from 10 patients with normal hearts (C group). We measured the response in B group before and after administration of pilsicainide (1 mg/kg). The standard deviation (QT‐SD, RR‐SD) of the time domain and total frequency power (QT‐TP, RR‐TP) were calculated for all precordial leads, and the latter was to analyze the frequency domain. Results: The right precordial leads in BS exhibited an additional and prominent ST elevation (coved‐type) after pilsicainide administration. Both QT‐SD and QT‐TP values were significantly more increased in B, than in C (5.1 ± 1.2 vs 3.6 ± 0.2 and 23.4 ± 2.9 vs 12.3 ± 1.7 msec₂, P < 0.01, respectively) and after pilsicainide administration in B. (5.1 ± 0.4 vs 3.9 ± 0.3, 25.8 ± 3.4 vs 16.3 ± 2.6 msec₂, P < 0.01, respectively) However, QT‐SD and QT‐TP did not significantly change in any of other leads (V₃–V₆) and RR‐SD and RR‐TP were similar for both groups, as well as after intravenous pilsicainide administration in B. Conclusions: The temporal QT interval variability was identified in BS. Moreover, sodium channel blocker induced temporal fluctuation in QT interval and it may possibly provide a substrate for ventricular arrhythmia in BS patients.     

Very Long-Term Clinical Outcomes After Direct Stenting in Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background/PurposeDirect Stenting (DS) could be associated with reduced distal embolization and improved reperfusion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the impact of DS on long-term outcomes remains unclear, therefore we evaluated the impact of DS on very long-term clinical outcome in STEMI.Methods/MaterialsBetween April 2002 and December 2004, patients presenting with STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were investigated. The study population was divided into two groups: DS and conventional stenting (CS) and stratified according to initial TIMI flow. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were assessed at 10 years and all-cause mortality at 15 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used. When the proportional hazards assumption was not satisfied, landmark analysis at mid-term (2 years) was performed.ResultsA total of 812 consecutive patients were evaluated, 6 patients were excluded due to inadequate angiographic images, 450 (55.8%) underwent DS and 356 (44.2%) CS.At 15 years follow-up, DS was associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality (DS 35.0% vs. CS 45.3%, aHR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.93, p = 0.010). The landmark analysis at 2 years identifies reduced 2-year MACE in DS compared with CS (6.8% vs.14%, aHR 0.67, 95% CI 0.49–0.93, p = 0.015) and beyond 2 years no significant differences were found between the groups (27.4% vs. 29.3%, aHR 1.00, 95% CI 0.74–1.36, p = 0.999). In patients with baseline TIMI 0–1, DS was associated with lower 10-year MACE and 15-year mortality compared with CS (aHR0.71, 95%CI 0.55–0.92, p = 0.010 and aHR0.65, 95%CI 0.50–0.84, p = 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsDS was associated with reduced 15-year all-cause mortality and reduced mid-term MACE rate in patients with STEMI. Clinical events reduction associated with DS was particularly relevant in patients with initial TIMI flow 0–1.     

A Case of Brugada Pattern Migrant from Right Precordial Leads to Peripheral Leads

Since the first report in 1992, Brugada pattern (BP) diagnosis is mainly based on analysis of the precordial leads. In cases with no clear BP evidence in the conventional right precordial leads (4^th intercostal space), limb leads analysis resulted helpful in suspecting BP. Fluctuations within right precordial leads between the diagnostic ECG pattern and nondiagnostic ECGs are well known. For the first time, in the patient herewith reported, the transformation of BP phenotype involves both precordial and peripheral leads, confirming that the analysis of all the 12 leads has a key role in BP diagnosis.     

非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征的预后危险因素与危险评分

目的：探讨非 ST 段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征的预后危险因素及不同危险评分的预测预后价值。方法：2003年1月至2004年4月期间,连续入院且资料完整的非 ST 段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者337例,随访 30天与1年的终点事件(心原性死亡和非致命性心肌梗死)。根据入院时的临床指标分别计算每例患者的心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)评分和全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)评分,进行多变量回归分析,筛查30天和1年时心血管事件的预测危险因素(根据有无终点事件发生分为30天事件组、30天无事件组和1年事件组、1年无事件组)；分析 TIMI 评分和 GRACE 评分的预后价值,以及与血运重建的相互关系。结果：随访1年共发生终点事件57例(16.9%)。死亡19例(5.6%),非致死性心肌梗北38例(11.3%)。预测危险因素包括：年龄、血肌酐升高、入院时心率、左心室射血分数＜0.40和高血压。TIMI 评分和 GRACE 评分方法预测30天终点事件的敏感性和特异性相似,但 GRACE 评分预测1年终点事件的敏感性和特异性优于 TIMI 评分,GRACE 评分＞ 133分的患者进行血运重建治疗后远期终点事件发生率明显下降(P=0.01)。结论：除传统危险因素外,血肌酐水平升高是非 ST 段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者预后的重要危险因素；GRACE 评分较 TIMI 评分能更好的预测非 ST 段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者1年的终点事件危险,GRACE 评分＞133分的患者进行血运重建的获益更多。     

Comprehensive Prognosis Assessment by CMR Imaging After ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background

Although the prognostic value of findings from cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has been established in single-center center studies in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), a large multicenter investigation to evaluate the prognostic significance of myocardial damage and reperfusion injury is lacking.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic impact of CMR in an adequately powered multicenter study and to evaluate the most potent CMR predictor of hard clinical events in a STEMI population treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

We enrolled 738 STEMI patients in this CMR study at 8 centers. The patients were reperfused by primary PCI <12 h after symptom onset. Central core laboratory–masked analyses for quantified left ventricular (LV) function, infarct size (IS), microvascular obstruction (MO), and myocardial salvage were performed. The primary clinical endpoint of the study was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events.

Results

Patients with cardiovascular events had significantly larger infarcts (p < 0.001), less myocardial salvage (p = 0.01), a larger extent of MO (p = 0.009), and more pronounced LV dysfunction (p < 0.001). In a multivariate model that included clinical and other established prognostic parameters, MO remained the only significant predictor in addition to the TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) risk score. IS and MO provided an incremental prognostic value above clinical risk assessment and LV ejection fraction (c-index increase from 0.761 to 0.801; p = 0.036).

Conclusions

In a large, multicenter STEMI population reperfused by primary PCI, CMR markers of myocardial damage (IS and especially MO) provide independent and incremental prognostic information in addition to clinical risk scores and LV ejection fraction. (Abciximab i.v. Versus i.c. in ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction [AIDA STEMI]; NCT00712101).     

Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Cardiogenic Shock

Background

Recent trials demonstrated a benefit of multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for noninfarct-related artery (non-IRA) stenosis over IRA-only PCI in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) multivessel disease. However, evidence is limited in patients with cardiogenic shock.

Use of Intravascular Imaging in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction

BackgroundThe use and impact of intravascular imaging in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients has received limited study.MethodsWe queried the National Inpatient Sample database (NIS) between January 2016 and December 2017 to identify hospitalizations of STEMI patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We used a 1:2 propensity-score (PS) matched analysis to compare in-hospital outcomes in patients with vs. without use of intravascular imaging. We conducted a multivariable regression analysis to identify variables independently associated with in-hospital mortality.ResultsWe identified 252,970 weighted discharges of PCI in STEMI patients, 5.5% of which included intravascular imaging. Patients in whom intravascular imaging was used were more likely to have acute stent thrombosis (4.7% vs. 1.4%, p < 0.001) and present with anterior STEMI (48.1% vs. 39.1%, p < 0.001). After PS matching (intravascular imaging n = 14,015, no intravascular imaging n = 28,025), the use of intravascular imaging was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (3.6% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.010). The risk of in-hospital complications and discharge to a facility (nursing facility or short-term acute hospital) was similar between both groups before and after PS matching. The use of intravascular imaging was associated with a higher index hospitalization cost [$25,218 vs. $20,515, p < 0.001]. On multivariable analysis, intravascular imaging was independently associated with lower in-hospital mortality [OR 0.735 (95% CI 0.662–0.816), p < 0.001].ConclusionIntravascular imaging was used in 5.5% of PCIs in STEMI patients and was independently associated with lower in-hospital mortality and higher index hospitalization cost.