继续医学教育阶段的伦理学问题及对策

医学模式由传统的生物医学模式转变为生物-心理-社会医学模式,医疗服务也由传统的单纯治疗型、被动的医疗服务逐渐转变为主动参与、医患互动的医疗服务模式。医学科学的进步和医学模式的转变使医学教育既要努力提高医师的医疗知识、技能,又要兼顾医患交流技能的培养。因此,继续医学教育过程中也不可避免的经常遇到伦理学问题。突出表现在医疗实践与临床教学的矛盾、患者知情权与临床教学之间的矛盾、患者隐私权与临床教学之间的矛盾和临床教学与医疗环境之间的矛盾。针对上述矛盾,在医疗和教学过程中应严格遵循医学伦理原则,临床教员以身作则、言传身教,要加强医患沟通技巧教育,培养进修医师处理新型医患关系的能力,不断改进教学方法,合理把握进修医师的医疗参与度。只有深入加强临床教学过程中医学伦理学教育,建立和谐的医患关系、教学关系,才能培养出优秀的适应新形势的医学人才。     

医患沟通在小儿外科临床实习教学中的应用和探讨

医患沟通是一门包含了心理、社会、法律、伦理等各方面内容的综合课程,对于医学生来讲医患沟通已经成为与医疗技能同等重要的技能之一,随着医学向"生物-心理-社会"这一模式的转变,医患沟通已成为医疗服务中必不可少的重要工作环节。本文针对小儿外科医患沟通的特点,阐述在临床教学中加强实习医师医患沟通能力培养的必要性,并提出提高实习医师医患沟通能力的技巧。     

医学伦理原则在骨科实习教学中的应用

实习阶段是医学生医学实践的起步阶段，也是医学生已有的医学伦理观、道德观与现实发生冲撞、医德医风形成的开始。生产实习既是医学生通过实践把理论知识转化为专业技能的重要途径，也是医学生接触社会、服务患者、强化医德意识、确立医德信念的关键时期。因此，医学伦理教育是临床实习医师实习期间的重要课程，正确引导实习生掌握好医学伦理原则，可以使其在今后的医疗中自觉的以病人健康权益为重而严格执行医疗规章，在技术上精益求精、不断学习、不断进取，可以大大避免和减少医疗事故的发生。     

临床教学面临的法律伦理问题的探索与实践

在当今医患关系异常紧张的形势下,临床教学中的一些法律伦理问题直接影响医学生培养质量和医疗安全。传统的床边教学法常因难于兼顾患者与学生双方的权益而不能充分开展。为了解决临床实习教学面临的难题,我院开展了集床边教学、模拟教学和PBL(problem-based learning)教学等方法于一体的"多位一体"实习教学法的研究和实践。结果显示该模式能更好地兼顾患者与学生的权益,增加学生学习训练的机会,缓解了临床教学所面临的法律伦理问题的困境。     

临床实习教学中诊疗最优化原则应用探讨

临床实习教学是培养医学生的重要组成部分,加强医学生临床教学中诊疗最优化原则的贯彻实施至关重要,有利于提高医疗质量和构建和谐、互信的医患关系,更好的服务患者和促进医学事业的发展。     

浅谈临床教学中的几个法律问题

临床医学是一门实践性很强的综合学科,临床教学则是培养医学生医疗基本技能和实际工作能力的重要环节,临床教学中的一些法律问题直接影响医学生培养质量和医疗安全.同时,临床教学是一个受教学和医疗法制双重制约的综合行为,临床教学计划的实施最终又要落实到患者身上,教学医院、临床教师、临床医学生这些医疗行为主体之间以及和患者之间存在许多法律关系,若对此认识不清,就有可能损害患者的合法利益而遭遇医疗诉讼并阻碍医疗教育事业的发展.     

泌尿外科临床教学面临的问题与对策

随着医疗体制改革的进一步深入,医患关系发生了根本性变化,患者的自我保护意识及权利要求越加强烈,而泌尿科教学常涉及患者的隐私,如处理不当可引发矛盾与冲突.文中剖析了目前泌尿外科临床教学中所面临的问题,逐一分析了医学生实习效果不佳的原因,并提出了相应对策.力争在尊重患者权利的同时又能满足医学生的求知权利,从而完成医学生向医生的过渡.     

以医患沟通为导向强化医疗纠纷防范意识提高《神经病学》临床实践教学质量

当前,随着生物医学模式逐渐向生物-心理-社会医学模式转变,并随着患者自我维权意识逐渐增强和相关法制的健全,体现构建"以患者为中心"的新型医患关系的确立,医患纠纷事件频繁发生,医患矛盾呈逐年上升的趋势。其中,医务人员沟通能力缺乏是一个重要原因,医患沟通越来越成为医疗服务中必不可少的重要工作环节。因此,医学生作为医学界的未来,在临床实习教学中,医学生医疗纠纷风险显著增加并备受关注,如何培养其减少和防止医患纠纷发生,如何培养其提高医疗纠纷防范意识,越来越成为现今临床教学的重要组成部分。医患沟通是实习医生综合能力培养中的一项基本技能,实习医生掌握良好的医患沟通能力是实现和谐医患关系的基础,也是提高医学生临床医疗技能的前提。本文以医患沟通为导向,探讨神经病学临床实践教学中加强实习医生医患沟通能力培养的策略和技巧,以期找出加强医患沟通能力培养的最佳解决方案。在临床工作中的各个环节上学会真诚有效地与患者沟通,不断提高专业技术水平,构建和谐医患关系,最大限度地防范医患纠纷发生,努力提高神经病学临床实践教学质量,保证神经病学临床实践教学中医学生医疗安全,促进神经病学学科健康发展。      

培养临床实习医生处理医患关系的思考与探索

临床实习医师是医学院校根据国家规定和要求到临床实习一年才能毕业的医学生群体。医患关系是在医疗实践过程中产生和发展的一种人际关系,当前的医患关系呈"多元化"发展趋势,它包含了医患双方在医疗实践过程中的社会、心理、道德和法律的复杂关系。而协调和改善这种"多元"性医患关系,必须从临床实习医生做起,树立正确的伦理道德观与价值观,构建和谐的医患关系。     

新医改背景下高职院校临床教学面临的问题与对策

临床教学是医学生成长为医师的关键环节,临床教学质量的优劣直接影响着医学人才培养质量.新医改背景下医学专科生临床教学面临的问题和影响因素是多方面的.根据工作岗位需求改革人才培养模式,重视对学生进行临床前培训,注重人文素质教育,改善医患关系,教育学生正确处理就业、升学与学习的关系;加强临床教师队伍建设;加强临床教学管理与监控,促进临床教学质量不断提高;培养适应基层需要的高素质医学人才.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.